Improving System Performance with
Compressed Memory
Sumit Roy, Raj Kumar, Milos Prvulovic1,
Client and Media Systems Laboratory
HP Laboratories Palo Alto
HPL-2001-111
April 24th , 2001*
E-mail: [email protected]
system
architecture,
compression,
performance
evaluation
Linux, memory
optimization
This report summarizes our research on implementing a
compressed memory in computer systems. The basic premise is
that the throughput for applications whose working set size
does not fit in main memory degrades significantly due to an
increase in the number of page faults. Hence we propose
compressing memory pages that need to be paged out and
storing them in memory. This hides the large latencies
associated with a disk access, since the page has to be merely
uncompressed when a page fault occurs. Our implementation is
in the form of a device driver for Linux. We first evaluate a
number of compression algorithms for use in the driver for
Linux. We then show results with some applications from the
SPEC 2000 CPU benchmark suite and a computing kernel.
It is seen that speed-ups ranging from 5% to 250% can be
obtained, depending on the application behavior.
* Internal Accession Date Only
Approved for External Publication?
Presented at the IEEE 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 23-27
April 2001, San Francisco, California.
1 Currently at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, work performed while at HP Labs
 Copyright IEEE 2001
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Q8F1 ¾ E T KNK T \1 T 18EÇ9h ¼7½2T /2Â2Q%81 ¾ E T KVK T \Ö1 T 1-8EÇ9ÆQÉ@FQ ½­T K,ÈvE T%ö / T Âs4bIl9^/­K T \ ¾ @af T K"ÈvEV81
4 ½­T Q8F1 ¾ E T KNK T \ 1 T 1-8EÇ9h ¼7½2T Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \¶1 T 18EN9»3JÂ 4V/2EVÂ QÉ@FQ ½2T K ¾ @Ff T KjÈvEV81 4 ½­T
K U @ ¾ \ T MO3JQ T h ¼7½ 35K ¾ @FEN4¿8FÈÙ4 ½2T 1 T 1-8EÇ9Å3JKÑ1-@FÂ<@Ff T \_Ã9@Y T EV T I„\ T MO3JQ T \2EN35M T EhÑí T 4Z@F35I T \
8 ¾`T EV@a4b358ÂÄ8FÈó4 ½2T KN9OKÇ4 T 1ÿ35K7\ T KNQEV35_ T \H35ÂÄ4 ½2T Â T Ø04AK T Q%4V3J8Âgh
ä !"óånæ#æ2ì{ènå%$&gæ#Ñì'!
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@F_2I T \ T MO35Q T \2EV3lM T E"18O\2/2I T h ¼7½ 35K71-8O\2/2I T,¾ EV8:MO3J\ T K"KV/ ¾2¾ 8EÇ47Èv8E7Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \H3JÂ0W}1 T 1-8EÇ9
QÉ@aQ ½ 3JÂ2fH8FÈ7_2I580QZY^\ T MO3JQ T K%h ¼7½2T 1À@a3JÂÖ_ T  T Ê­4 ÈvEV8F1×354Q81 T K UD½2T »3543JK/2K T \»8¹K U @ ¾
\ T M035Q T K=¥_2/­4Ô3l4,Q@FÂÖ_ T /­K T \Ö8ÂÊ<I T KÇ90KÇ4 T 1 \ T M035Q T KÓ@aK UnT IJIŠháXÂ4 ½2T ]¥3JÂÃ/0Ø3J1 ¾ I T 1 T ÂÃ4b@[W
4b358ÂÆ4 ½2T 1-8O\2/2I T E T¾ IJ@FQ T KA4 ½­T)( IJ3J T @FE (<¾„T EVKV8FÂ<@FIJ3l4X9Æ8FÈ'4 ½2T GH/­I54b3 ¾ I T í T MO3JQ T í,EV3lM T E%h ¼7½2T
GH/2Il4b3 ¾ I T í T MO3JQ T í,EV3lM T EÓ3JKÅ@H_2IJ8OQZY¹\ T MO3JQ T \2EV3lM T EÐ4 ½ @a4 KV354VKÐ8»4V8 ¾ 8FÈ"8F4 ½­T EÐ_2I580QZYÎ\ T W
q
Access to paged
out Memory
Invoke Page Fault
Handler
Read Pages
Swap
Device
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MO3JQ T KÅ@F­\ ¾ EV8:MO3J\ T Kj@F\2\­354b358Â<@FI'Èv/­Â2Q%4V3J8Â<@aIJ354X9F=KN/2Q ½ @FKÐ\235KVYÖQ8FÂ2QÉ@a4 T Â<@[4b3J8FÂÌ@FÂ2\»Ma@FEN3J8/2K
I T M T IJKD8FÈ6Diká{íÐh ¼ 8@a\2\^@j T>U Èv/2Â2Q%4V3J8Â2@FIJ3l4X9=­18O\2/2I T KDQÉ@FI5I T \+* ¾`T ENKV8Â2@FIJ3l4b3 T K,*j@FE T /­K T \.T Ø­@F1 ¾ I T K 8aÈ ¾„T EVKN8Â<@FI5354b3 T K@FE T/( Eb@F35\ e ( = ( Eb@F35\ c ( @FÂ2\ ( EV@F3J\ d ( hL T EVKN8Â<@FI5354X9 ( IJ3J T @FE ( @FIJI58 U K
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I@aEVf T E=\ T MO35Q T h ÚÍT Q8/­IJ\ ½ @ÉM T @F\2\ T \Ì@ T%UÒ¾`T ENKV8Â<@aIJ354X9^Èv8EÔ8/2EÔQÉ@FQ ½ 3JÂ2fHQ81 ¾ E T KVK T \
1 T 18EN09 - ½ 8 U¿T M T E=4 ½2T G/2I54V3 ¾ I T í T MO35Q T í,EN35M T E= UD½ 35Q ½ 3JK@Ä]¥3JÂÃ/0ØY T EVÂ T I1-8O\2/2I T = ½ @aK
@ ½ @FEV\0W}Q8O\ T \¹IJ35KN48FÈD@FI5I ¾„T EVKN8Â<@FI5354b3 T K@FÂ2\Í@F\2\235Â2f@ T%U 8F T E Tö /235E T KÓQ ½ @FÂ2f T KÐ35¹4 ½­T
Q8O\ T háXÂ2KN4 T @F\g= UnT Q81 ¾ I T 4 T I59ÅE T¾ IJ@FQ T 8Â T 8FÈÙ4 ½2Tk¾`T ENKV8Â2@FIJ3l4b3 T K U 354 ½ 8/2ENK= UD½ 3JQ ½ E T KN/2I54VK
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Q8O\ T h
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Q8F1 ¾ E T KNK T \ ¾ @Ff T K=O@K U @ ¾ \ T MO3JQ T =O@FÂ2\j4 ½­T E T f/­I@FE'/­Â2Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \-1 T 1-8EÇ9=Ã@FKK ½ 8 U ÂÀ35Â
35f/2E T r­h ¼7½­T \ T MO3JQ T \2EN35M T ED@ ¾2¾`T @aEVK"@FK"@ÅE T fF/2I@FEn_2IJ8OQZY\ T M035Q T 4b8Å4 ½2T KN9OKN4 T 1÷8Â2Q T 354735K
IJ8@F\ T \Ùh ¼7½ 3JKD_2IJ8OQZY\ T MO3JQ T 3JKÛÈv8FEV1-@a4V4 T \@FK"@K U @ ¾^¾ @FEÇ4b3l4b3J8FÂÆ@FÂ2\H@F\2\ T \@FK"@jK U @ ¾2¾ 35Â2f
\ T M035Q T 4b8Æ4 ½2T KN9OKN4 T 1h Ú´½2T ¹4 ½2T 8 ¾`T Eb@[4b3J­fKÇ9OKN4 T 1 4VEV3 T KÔ4b8K U @ ¾ 8/­4 @ ¾ @Ff T =354 U 35IJI
3J­354b3J@a4 T @ U EN354 T 8»4 ½ 35KÐK ¾`T Q%3@FI¿K U @ ¾ \ T MO35Q T h ¼7½2T \ T MO3JQ T \2EV3lM T E 3JÂs4 T EVQ T%¾ 4bKÐ4 ½2Tľ @Ff T
@FÂ2\ÏQ8F1 ¾ E T KNK T K-354hÏá}4j4 ½2T ÂÏQ8 ¾ 3 T Kj4 ½­T Q%81 ¾ E T KVK T \ ¾ @af T 4b8Ö4 ½2T¾ E T MO3J8/2KNI59ÌE T K T ENM T \
1 T 18EN9À@FE T @­h Ú´½2T Â4 ½2TÔ¾ EV8OQ T KVK74bEN3 T KÛ4V8j@FQQ T KNK"4 ½2TÔ¾ @Ff T KN81 T 4b351 T 3JÂ4 ½­T Èv/04b/2E T =24 ½­T
\ T M035Q T \2EN35M T EÐ35ÂÃ4 T ENQ T¾ 4bKÅ4 ½2T E T @a\ÏE Tö / T KN4j4b84 ½2T K U @ ¾ \ T MO35Q T @FÂ2\Ì\ T Q8F1 ¾ E T KNK T Kj4 ½­T
¾ @Ff T hÅí T Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂÖ8FÈ¿@ ¾ @Ff T 35K1Ð/2Q ½ Èx@FKN4 T E,4 ½ @FÂÖE T @F\23J­fÄ\<@a4Z@ÈvEN81$@Ä\235KVY?h ¼7½ 35K
4bEV@FÂ2KNI@a4 T K73JÂs4V8E T \2/­Q T \4b8F4b@FI T Ø T Q/­4V3J8Â4b351 T Èv8FEÛ4 ½2T @ ¾2¾ IJ3JQ@a4b358Âgh
d
Driver
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Central
Processing
Unit
Cache
Device
Driver
Uncompressed
Memory
Swap Device
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Y T EVÂ T I?1 T 1-8EÇ9=s_<@aK T \-8ÂIJ8s@F\Ð4V3J1 T7¾ @FEV@F1 T 4 T EVKh ¼7½ 3JK1 T 18EN9 3JKÑQÉ@aENM T \À35ÂÃ4V8Ê­Ø T \ÀKN3JÁ T
_2/2QZY T 4VKï~Ý d ú2¿9Ã4 T KÑ35Âj4 ½2T Q/2ENE T ÂÃ4¿3J1 ¾ I T 1 T Âs4Z@a4V3J8Â<ð>h ¼7½2T _2/2QZY T 4VKÛ@FE T Q ½ @F3JÂ T \4V8f T 4 ½2T E
3JÂs4V8j@ÐIJ3J­Y T \ÆI53JKN4=O4 ½ 3JKÛÈv8FEV1Kn4 ½2T 35Â2354V3@FI<ÈvE TT IJ35KN4h ¼7½2T KV35Á T 8FÈóK U @ ¾ Ê<I T 4 ½ @a474 ½ 3JKn\ T MO3JQ T
E T%¾ E T K T ÂÃ4VKÅ3JK@FI5KV8^K ¾„T Q3lÊ T \Ì@[4 I58s@F\Ö4b3J1 T h ¼7½ 3JKMF@aIJ/ T 3JK/2K T \Í4V8^QE T @a4 T @ ¾ @Ff T 4Z@F_2I T =
U 354 ½ 8 TAT ÂÃ4VEN9 ¾„T E¿K U @ ¾¾ @Ff T h ¼7½2Tk¾ @Ff T 4Z@F_2I TAT Âs4bEN935Â2QI5/2\ T K¿@ ¾ 835ÂÃ4 T EÑ4b84 ½2T KN4b@FEN4¿8FÈ
4 ½­T _2/­QZY T 4ÛQ ½ @F3JÂ-3J UD½ 3JQ ½ 4 ½2T Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \ ¾ @Ff T 3JK ½2T I5\@F­\-4 ½­T KN3JÁ T 8FȄ4 ½2T Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \
¾ @Ff T h
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4 ½­T7¾ @Ff T @FK U¿T I5I<@FK'4 ½2T 1 T 1-8FEN9ÓQ81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Â@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1h¥áXÂKV81 T QÉ@aK T K4 ½2T Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \
\<@a4b@AQ@FÂÅ@FQ>4b/<@FI5I59_ T I@FENf T E\2/ T 4b8AKV81 T Q%8Â2KN4b@FÂs4'\<@[4Z@A8:M T E ½­T @F\2KÈvEV81 4 ½2T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â
@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1
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4 ½­T¾ @Ff T 4b@F_2I TkT Âs4bEÇ9hÑá}È4 ½2T Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂH@aQ ½ 3 T M T \ÆÈv8E7@ÅIJ@FEVf T ÂÃ/21Ð_ T ED8FÈ ¾ @Ff T K73JKnM T EÇ9
¾ 808E%=­3l473JK ¾ 8KVKN3J_2I T 4 ½ @a474 ½2T E T 3JK7­8F4 T ­8/2f ½ 1 T 1-8FEN9-E T K T EÇM T \H4b8ÅKN4V8E T 4 ½2T 1hiÛ474 ½ @[4
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K T M T E T 1 T 1-8EÇ9 ¾ E T KNKV/2E T =@FÂ2\Ö354,Q8/2I5\I T @F\4b8Ä3J­KN4Z@a_23JI5354X9h S"T Â2Q T 4 ½2T \2EV3lM T EKN4Z@aEN4bK,4V8
U EV3l4 T Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \ ¾ @af T KÔ4b8H\23JKNY`=/2KV35Â2f@ ½ 3JKÇ4b8EÇ9Ö8FÈ7@FQ%Q T KVK T KÐ4b8H\ T 4 T EV13JÂ TUD½ 35Q ½ @FE T
4 ½­T I T KVKÈvE Tö / T Âs4VI59Î/2K T \ ¾ @af T K%hÀi K ¾`T Q%3@FI T Âs4VEN9Ö3JÂ4 ½2T-¾ @Ff T 4Z@F_­I T 3JÂ2\­3JQÉ@[4 T K UD½2T 4 ½2T E
4 ½­T,¾ @Ff T 3JKÛ8Â4 ½2T \235KVY?hÑL@af T K78ÂÄ\­3JKVY-@FE T KN4V8E T \35ÂÄ@FÂÄ/2­Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \ÆÈv8EV1há}È@ÐI@[4 T E
@FQ%Q T KNKA4V8-@ ¾ @Ff T 13JKNK T K"35ÂÄ4 ½2T Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂHQ@FQ ½2T =?4 ½­T¾ @Ff T QÉ@FÂ_ T KN/ ¾2¾ I53 T \ÈvEN81ù4 ½­T
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@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1K¥4 ½ @[4ÑF@ IJI580Q@a4 T 1 T 18EN9_2/­QZY T 4Vn
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ú
Allocate Memory
Set up Data Struct.
Receive Page Fault
Y
Y
In Compressed
Memory ?
Decompress Page
Read Fault ?
N
N
Schedule for
compression
Read from Disk
Compress Page
Return Page
Free Space ?
N
Retire Old
Pages to Disk
Y
Mark Buckets Busy
35f/2E T q IJ8 U Q ½ @FEÇ4A8aÈG T 1-8FEN9mn81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂÆiAIJf8EN354 ½ 1
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4 ­½ T 8 ¾„T Eb@a4V3JÂ2fkKN9OKN4 T 1 Y T EV T I~=s­8E\28 T K'3l4E T%ö /­3JE Tn½ @FEV\ U @FE T KV/ ¾­¾ 8EÇ4ÈvEV81 4 ½­T Q81 ¾ /­4 T Eh
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4 ½­T Ek351 ¾ EV8:MO3JÂ2f4 ½2TÓ¾„T ENÈv8EN1À@F­Q T hAikÂ@a\2\2354V3J8Â2@FI@F\­Ma@FÂs4Z@af T 8FÈÑ8F/2EkKÇ90KÇ4 T 1 3JK"4 ½ @[4k4 ½­T
\2EN35M T EQÉ@FÂÎ_ T \­9OÂ<@F13JQÉ@aIJI59I58s@F\ T \Ö@FÂ2\Ö/2Â2I58s@F\ T \ghjG T 1-8EÇ9Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358ÂÖKVQ ½2T 1 T KÓQ@FÂ
I T @F\¹4V8 ¾ 808FE ¾`T EÇÈv8EV1-@FÂ2Q T 35¹Q@FK T 8FÈD@ ¾­¾ IJ35QÉ@a4V3J8Â2K,4 ½ @a4ÓQ81 ¾ E T KVKÓKV/2_­KN4Z@aÂÃ4V3@FI5I59 U 8EVK T
4 ½ @FÂÍ4 ½­T @FKNKV/21 T \ËÝ:ØÍ[email protected]Â2Q T 4 ½2T 8PM T EV@FIJI1 T 1-8FEN9Î@FQ%Q T KNKV35_2I T 4b8H4 ½2T @ ¾­¾ IJ35QÉ@a4V3J8Â
3JKE T \2/2Q T \¶_s9 4 ½2T Èx@aQ%4b8FE-E T K T ENM T \¶Èv8EKN4b8FEV3J­fÍQ8F1 ¾ E T KNK T \ ¾ @Ff T K%=7354-E T KV/2Il4bKÀ35 18E T
¾ @Ff T Èx@F/­I54bK%h á}È,4 ½2T Èx@a/2I54VK ½ @:M T 4V8»@FQ%Q T KNKÀ4 ½­T \235KVYÌ\2/ T 4b8 ¾ 808EjQ%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â EV@a4b358K=
4 ½­T @ ¾2¾ I53JQÉ@[4b3J8FÂHEN/2Â2KKVI58 UnT E,4 ½ @FÂ3lÈ4 ½2T E T U¿T E T Â28Ä1 T 1-8FEN9E T K T EÇM T \ÎÈv8EkQ81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Âgh
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¾ @Ff T K7Èv8EVQ T KD4 ½2TU 8EVYÃ35Â2f-K T 4"8FÈ ¾ @Ff T KA8F/­4D8FÈ4 ½2T 1À@a3JÂÄ1 T 18EN9À3JÂs4b8Å4 ½­T \­3JKVY?hÑáXÂKV/2Q ½
@^Q@FK T =8 TÀU 8/2I5\»K T%T @^Q8­KV3J\ T Eb@a_2I T KVIJ8 U \28 U ÂÌ35ÂÍ4 ½2T @ ¾2¾ I53JQÉ@[4b3J8FÂgh S 8 UnT M T E35ÂÍ8/­E
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4 ­½ T 8 ¾`T Eb@[4b3J­f^KN9OKÇ4 T 1 Èv8E1À@FÂ2@Ff T 1 T Âs4h ¼7½ /2KÐ4 ­½ T Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8F»QÉ@FQ ½­T QÉ@F»_ T I58s@F\ T \
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3
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Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8F @aIJf8EN354 ½ 1Hh ¼7½­T K T 4 T KN4VK UnT E T QÉ@FENEV3 T \Ë8/­4Å8F @a S L CÔ@É9s@FY¹þ,i U 354 ½ @
dFee G S ÁkL T Âs4b35/21ÒáVáNá ¾ EN80Q T KVKN8E¿@FÂ2\ c Ý76G/2¿9Ã4 T Kn8FÈÙ1 T 1-8EÇ9h ¼7½2T 8 ¾„T Eb@a4V3JÂ2fÔKN9OKÇ4 T 1 35K
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@ÉMa@F3JIJ@F_2I T 3JÂÍñ q ò hÑikI5Ig4 ½2T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â^@aIJf8EN354 ½ 1-K UnT E T Q81 ¾ 35I T \ U 3l4 ½ 8/04"@FÂs9ÆQ81 ¾ 3JI T E
8 ¾ 4V3J13JÁ@a4b358Âgh ¼7½2T 3JÂs4 T ÂÃ4 U @FK"4V8ÀQ@ ¾ 4b/­E T 4 ½2T 4 ½2T 3JÂs4VEV3J­KV3JQ ö /<@FI5354X9Ä8aÈ4 ½­T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â
@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1= U 354 ½ 8/­4"Q8FÂ2KV35\ T EN3JÂ2fjQ8O\235Â2fÅ8E7Q8F1 ¾ 35I T EÛQ ½ @FEV@FQ%4 T EV35KN4V3JQK%h
¼ ½2T 3JÂ ¾ /04H\2@a4Z@ËK T 4bK U¿T E T 8_04Z@F35Â T \ô_s9ô4b@FYÃ3JÂ2fÏE T f/2IJ@FEÆKVÂ<@ ¾ WXK ½ 8F4bK8FÈ 4 ½2T K U @ ¾ Ê<I T
7
UD½ 35I T EV/2­Â23JÂ2f^@HIJ@FEVf T MO3JKN/<@FI53JÁÉ@[4b3J8FÂÖ@ ¾2¾ I53JQÉ@[4b3J8FÂgh ¼7½2T 3JÂs4 T ENMa@FIÑ_ T 4 U¿TT ÂÌQ@ ¾ 4V/2E T K U @FK
c:e 13JÂÃ/­4 T Kh ¼7½2T @ ¾2¾ IJ3JQ@a4b358¶/2K T \ U @FKH@ÌQ81 ¾ /­4 T EÄMO3JKN3J8 ¾ EN8fEb@a1 4 ½ @a4\28 T Krí
KVQ T Â T WXE T Q8FÂ2KN4VEV/2Q>4b3J8FÂ ÈvEV81 1 /2I54V3 ¾ I T ÝFíû351À@af T Kñ ò h ¼7½2T \<@a4Z@Ö3JÂË4 ½­T KNÂ<@ ¾ W}K ½ 8F4 U @FK
4 ½­T ÂQ%81 ¾ E T KNK T \ U 354 ½ 4 ½2T Ma@FEV358/2KA@FIJfF8EV3l4 ½ 1KÛ/2KN3JÂ2f-q e oú_Ã9Ã4 T Q ½ /2Â2YÃKÔ@FKA3JÂ ¾ /04Éh ¼7½ 35K
Q8FEVE T K ¾ 8Â2\2KÐ4V8^4 ½­Tľ @Ff T KV3JÁ T 8FÈD4 ½­T KN9OKN4 T 1hÎÜ@aQ ½ Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358»K ¾„T%T \Ë\<@a4b@ ¾ 835Âs4 35K
8_­4b@F3J T \_Ã9Ó@ÉM T Eb@FfF3JÂ2f"4 ½2T 4b351 T 4b8"Q8F1 ¾ E T KNK4 ½ @a4Q ½ /2­Y8:M T E cÉe EV/­Â2Kh ¼7½2T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â
Eb@[4b3J8­=2@FK U¿T IJI@aKD4 ½2T \ T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358ÂHK ¾„T%T \Èv8E7q e oúÅ_s9Ã4 T¾ @Ff T K=`@FE T KV3J13JIJ@FEVIl9j8_­4b@F3J T \
ÈvEV8F1ù1Ð/2Il4b3 ¾ I T EV/2Â2K%h
35f/2E T K d W =?K ½ 8 U 4 ½2TÓ½ 3JKN4V8fEV@F1-K7Èv8E74 ½2T Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358Â^EV@a4b3582=24 ½­T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â^K ¾„T%T \
@FÂ2\Ë4 ½­T \ T Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Â K ¾`TT \gh ¼7½2T½ 3JKÇ4b8fFEb@F1Kj@FE T 8_04Z@F35Â T \Ï_s9ËQ8/2Âs4V3JÂ2fÎ4 ½2T \<@a4b@
¾ 8 3JÂs4bK¥35Â c:ee _2/2QZY T 4VK= UD½ 35Q ½ @aE TT M T Â2Il9ÔK ¾ @aQ T \Ó_ T 4 UnT%T Â4 ½2T IJ8Ffs@FEV3l4 ½ 1KÙ8aÈO4 ½2T 1-35Â23J1 /21
@FÂ2\Í1À@[Ø0351Ð/21 Ma@FI5/ T KÓ8FÈ T @FQ ½ K T 4hý"8F4 T 4 ½ @a4Ó4 ½2T @[Ø T KÅ@aE TÀ¾ IJ8F4N4 T \¹8ÂÌ@^I58fs@FEN354 ½ 1-35Q
KVQ@FI T h
á}4j3JKÅQ%I T @FEVIl9»K T%T ÂËÈvEV81R3Jf/­E T d 4 ½ @a4j1-8FKN4 ¾ @Ff T KjQ81 ¾ E T KVKj_s9Ë@Èx@FQ>4b8EÅ8FÈk@F_`8/­4-Ý0=
3JENE T K ¾`T Q%4V35M T 8FÈ4 ½2T @FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1Ò/­K T \ÙhÛÕ,Â2Il9@ÐÈ T%UÞ¾ @Ff T KD@FE T Èv8/2Â2\Ä4b8ÅI53 T 35Â4 ½2TT ØO4bE T 1 T K
8FÈ ½ @ÉMO3J­fÀM T EN9 ½ 3Jf ½ 8FEAM T EN9^IJ8 U Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂEV@a4b358KhAá}4,35KkK T%T Â4 ½ @a4 8;:=<?>Ž @FK"4 ½2T _ T KÇ4
Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂEV@a4b3582=­Èv8I5IJ8 U¿T \Ä_s9SFMHONPQNË@aÂ2\LF)HJI7KÅh
S 8 U¿T M T E=24 ½2T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358ÂEb@[4b3J8Ó@FI58 T 35K¿Â­8F4n4 ½2T 8Â2Il9QEV3l4 T EV3J8FÂÈv8E¿K T I T Q>4b358Âghí,/2EN3JÂ2f @
¾ @Ff T Èx@F/2I54=O4 ½2T \ T Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358ÂÆ8FÈ4 ½2T¾ @Ff T IJ3 T KÛ35Â4 ½2T Q%EV3l4b3JQ@FI ¾ @a4 ½ =<@FÂ2\Ä4 ½ /2KD3l4bKÛK ¾„T%T \
3JK7KN3Jf­35Ê<Q@FÂs4ÉhikKDK TT ÂH3JÂÄ4 ½­T \ T Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂHK ¾„T%T \^Q%/2ENM T 35Â+3Jf/­E T ú­=­4 ½2T E T 35KD@Å1Ð/2Q ½
fE T @a4 T E7Ma@FEV3J@FÂ2Q T _ T 4 U¿TT ÂHMa@FEN3J8/2KD@aIJf8EN354 ½ 1-K%hmnI T @FENI59= 8;:=<?> 3JKÛ4 ½2T KVI58 U¿T KÇ4A@FIJf8FEV354 ½ 1h
35Â<@FIJIl9= ¾ @Ff T Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358»4X9 ¾ 3JQ@FIJIl9Î80Q%Q/2ENKÅ8Â2I59 UD½2T  @ ¾ @Ff T 35K K U @ 2¾ ¾`T \Ï8/­4h ¼7½2T
Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂK ¾„T%T \ÓQ/2EÇM T 3JK¥K ½ 8 U  3JÂ
3Jf/2E T háXÂ4 ½ 3JK¥Q@FK T8;:=<?> 3JK @FÂÔ8EN\ T E¥8FÈ01-@FfÂ23l4b/2\ T
6
Count
zlib
WKdm
WK4x4
lzo
lzrw
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
1
2
20
10
5
Compression Ratio
50
100
3JfF/2E T d S 3JKÇ4b8fEV@F1ù8aÈmn81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Â6"@a4b358KÛÈv8E7\23lü T E T ÂÃ4"@aIJf8EN354 ½ 1-K
KVI58 UnT Eó4 ½ @FÂÔ4 ½2T 8F4 ½2T Eó@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1Kh ¼7½ 3JK3JK¥I53JY T I59k\2/ T 4b874 ½2T Q8F1 ¾ I T Ø0354X9k8FÈ­4 ½2T @FIJfF8EV3l4 ½ 1=
3 T h'4 ½2T @a\2\2354V3J8Â2@FI„Q%8KN4"8FÈó4 ½­TÔS /­ü„1À@a T Â2Q8O\235Â2f2hT2Û@FK T \8ÂÄ4 ½2T K T E T KV/2Il4bK%=OFMHJI7K÷@aÂ2\
F)HONPQN¹@aE T 4 ½­T _ T KÇ4nQ%81 ¾ EV813JK T 3JÂÐ4 T EN1-KÑ8FȄQ81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂjEV@a4b3582=s\ T Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358ÂK ¾`TT \Ù=
@FÂ2\Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂK ¾„T%T \gh
U
VWGJç?ì'Xóånæ#T ¸ ­ê Xæ
¼7½2T Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂHKNQ ½2T 1 TU @FK T Ma@FI5/<@a4 T \Æ8Â@FÂ S L CÔ@É9s@aYþßG6 ee U 354 ½ \2/2@FI rrG S Á
L T Âs4b3J/­1 áVáNá ¾ EN80Q T KNKV8ENK»ïŠÝ d úC×Èv/2IJIAK ¾`TT \ ]óÝ»QÉ@FQ ½2T ðÄ@FÂ2\ÞÝ d úÏG/2¿9Ã4 T K8FÈÓ6Aí6DiG¹h
¼7½2T K U @ ¾ \ T MO3JQ TU @FKA@o0h cZY 2Þ.2m7.0á7ß"I54bEV@r c:e YÃE ¾ 1 S @FEN\í,3JKVYí,EV35M T h ¼7½2T 8 ¾`T Eb@[4b3J­f
KN9OKÇ4 T 1 U @FK]¥3JÂÃ/0ØÝ0hªÝ0h c úÀÈvEV81ÿ4 ½­T .0/?.­Ü h e \­3JKN4VEV35_2/­4b358Âgh ¼7½2T 1 T 18EN9Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â
@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1 /2K T \H3JK Ú CqaØ0q UD½ 3JQ ½ 3JK7\ T KVQEN3J_ T \3JÂÆ\ T 4Z@F35Ig3J¹ñŽq ò h
¼7½2T @ ¾2¾ I53JQ@a4b358Â2K4 T KN4 T \Q%8Â2KN3JKN48FÈÙK T M T EV@FI ¾ EV8fFEb@F1K'ÈvEV81p4 ½2T .­LÑÜm¶Ý eee mÛLÑßô_ T ­Q ½ W
1-@FEVY"KV/23l4 T h ¼7½2T E T KV35\ T Âs4KN3JÁ T K8_­4Z@a3J T \_Ã9,EV/2Â2­3JÂ2f\[]Z^_;`aÛ8Â@7KN9OKÇ4 T 1 U 354 ½ Ý d úDG/2¿9Ã4 T K
@FE T K ½ 8 U ÂÄ35 ¼ @F_2I T c hý"8F4 T 4 ½ @[4ÛKV8F1 TA¾ EV8fFEb@F1K ½ @:M T @Èx@a3JEVIl9ÅI@aEVf Tb /2Q>4b/<@a4V3J8ÂÀ3JÂÀE T K{W
3J\ T Âs4"KV3JÁ T \2/2EN3JÂ2fÅ4 ½­T 3JE T Ø T Q/04b3J8FÂ@FÂ2\Ä4 ½ /­K"4 ½2T KV3JÁ T K"@FE T K ½ 8 U Â@FK7EV@FÂ2f T Kh
¼7½2T Ma@FI5/ T K"Èv8EA4 ½2T 35Âs4 T f T Ek_ T ­Q ½ 1À@aEVYÃK U¿T E T @aIJKV8-E T%¾ 8EÇ4 T \3JÂËñc6 ò @FÂ2\@afE T%TÓU¿T IJI U 354 ½
4 ½ 8K T K ½ 8 U  ½­T E T h.03J­Q T 8/2EÑ8_OB T Q%4b3lM T"U @FKÑ4b8ÓEV/2Â-@ ¾2¾ IJ3JQ@a4b358Â2K U 3l4 ½ 1-8O\ T EV@a4 T 4V8ÓIJ@FEVf T
1 T 18EN9ÌÈv8O8F4 ¾ EV3JÂs4VK U¿T E T KN4VEV3JQ>4 T \ Èv/2EN4 ½2T E35ÂsM T KÇ4b35fs@a4b358Â2Kj4b8edgf^hd0ij7kmlejZd0i;nolqp7^^srZf„=
@FÂ2t
\ pu^0jhi-ÈvEN81÷4 ½2TJ 8s@a4b35Â2f ¾ 83JÂs4k_ T Â2Q ½ 1-@FEVYÃK=@aÂ2\qvw0iQ^l/vpu^l/x]uy[kz?=@FÂ2\/{wsiQ^|
ÈvEV8F1õ4 ½­T 35Âs4 T f T ED_ T Â2Q ½ 1-@FEVYÃK%h
o
Count
zlib
WKdm
WK4x4
lzo
lzrw
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
500
50 100 200
5 10 20
1 2
Decompression Rate (10^6 Bytes/sec)
35f/2E T ú í T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358ÂH. ¾„T%T \Èv8E7\235ü T E T Âs4A@FIJfF8EV3l4 ½ 1K
Histogram of Compression Rate
Count
zlib
WKdm
WK4x4
lzo
lzrw
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
50 100
5 10 20
2
1
Compression Rate (10^6 Bytes/sec)
35f/2E T mn81 ¾ E T KVKV358Â^. ¾„T%T \ÆÈv8E7\23lü T E T Âs4A@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1K
c:e
IJ8s@[4b3J­fÅL835Âs4
LEV8fEV@F1 G/¿
2 9Ã4 T K
/
J
3
K
U ¾sU T
cú
Xá Âs4 T f T E
LEV8FfEb@F1
G/2¿9Ã4 T K
fÁ3 ¾
c6e
M ¾ E
Ý~}Ær d
fQ%Q
}Ær c
1Q%È
cc } o
Q%Eb@aȮ4X9
Ý
Ýaú
¾ @FEVK T E
T 8Â
c
¾„T EVIJ_­1-Y
c } c:e fs@ ¾
c oÝ
M8EÇ4 T Ø
q 6J} c ÝFÝ
_2Á3 ¾ Ý c oJ} c 6aq
4 U 8 U 8I5È
Ý
K U J3 1
fFEV3J\
@ ¾2¾ IJ/
1 T KV@
@FEN4
Tö /<@FY T
@F1 ¾
@ ¾ KV3
coe
dFd
c6e
6
r
q c
cr
co c
¼ @F_2I T c 6 T KV35\ T Âs4k.035Á T 8FÈ'.­LÑÜ¿mÝ eee 2 T Â2Q ½ 1-@FEVYÆLEN8fEb@a1-KïŠÝ d úG/2¿9Ã4 T K,.Ã90KÇ4 T 1ð
G 8KÇ4ÛßAýAá}þÞIJ35Y T KN9OKN4 T 1KÛ3J­QIJ/­\23JÂ2f]¥3JÂÃ/0Ø U 3JIJI24VEN9Å4V8Ó1-@FY T /2K T 8FÈg@FIJI?@ÉMa@F3JIJ@F_2I T 1 T 1-8FEN9
H
_s9j\235MO35\23JÂ2f3l4Ñ_ T 4 UnT%T ÂÀ4 ½2T Y T EV T I„\<@[4Z@ÔKN4bEN/2Q%4V/2E T K=0@ ¾2¾ I53JQ@a4b358ÂÅE T%ö /­3JE T 1 T Âs4bK¿@FÂ2\K ¾ @FQ T
Èv8E_2/0ü T EV3J­f,Ê<I T Kh ¼7½ 35KÑ1 T @FÂ2K'4 ½ @a4É=sf3lM T ÂKN/Q3 T Âs4n1 T 18EÇ9= T M T  ¾ @Ff T K4 ½ @a4@aE T /2K T \
Eb@aE T Il9Ô_s9Ð@FÂ @ ¾2¾ I53JQ@a4b358Â U 35IJIsQ%8Âs4b3JÂÃ/ T 4b8,E T KN3J\ T 3JÂ 1 T 18EÇ9,4b35IJI4 ½­Tn¾ EN8fEb@a1 4 T EN1-35Â<@a4 T Kh
SAT Â2Q TÑU¿T @aIJKV871 T @aKV/2E T \Ô4 ½2T \­9OÂ<@a1-35Q U 8ENYÃ3JÂ2fDK T 4óKV3JÁ T K¥Èv8EÙ4 ½2T K T¿¾ EV8fEV@F1Kg_s9 T Ø T Q%/­4b35Â2f
4 ½­T 1 8´4 ½2T KV@F1 T 1-@FQ ½ 35 T =,_­/­4 U 354 ½ Ma@FEN9O35Â2fË1 T 1-8EÇ9 KN3JÁ T K=,ÈvEN81 úFq G/2¿9Ã4 T K4V8
Ý d úԀ
G 2¿9Ã4 T K%T
h 3JfF/2E T 6,K ½ 8 U K4 ½ @[4'4 ½2T @aQ%4b/2@FI­\­9OÂ<@a1-35Q U 8FEVYÃ3JÂ2fK T 4ÑKN3JÁ T Èv8E@ ¾2¾ IJ3JQ@a4b358Â2K
IJ35Y T {w0iQ^|mlvwsi‚^„=s@aÂ2ƒ
\ x]uyg[kz3JKóI T KVK4 ½ @FÂ úFq/
G 29O4 T K@aÂ2\Ó4 ½ @a44 ½2T K Tn¾ EN8fEV@F1-K@FE T Â28a4
IJ35Y T I59^4V8H_ T  T Ê24ÈvEV81 1 T 1-8EÇ9Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358¹35¹KÇ9OKN4 T 1-K U 354 ½ 18E T 4 ½ @F c 7Ý 6/
G 2¿9Ã4 T K
8FÈD1 T 18EN9FhÖí,/ T 4V84 ½2T KN4bEN3JQ>4ÅE T%¾ 8EÇ4b35Â2f^E Tö /23JE T 1 T Âs4bKÅ8aÈ74 ½2T .­LÑÜmÒQ8Â2KN8EN4V3J/21= U¿T
QÉ@aÂ2Â28F4K ½ 8 U 4 ½2T @aQ%4b/2@FI T Ø T Q/04b3J8FÂ4b3J1 T K%hkáXÂ2KÇ4 T @F\g= U¿TŽ @ÉM T ­8EV1-@FIJ35Á T \H4 ½­T E T KV/2Il4bKA4V8
4 ½­T"T Ø T Q/04b3J8FÂ4V3J1 T 8Â@1À@FQ ½ 3JÂ TÛU 3l4 ½ Ý d úÔ/
G 29O4 T K8FȄ1 T 1-8EÇ9h'.03JÂ2Q T jZdi;n ½ @a\-@IJ@FEVf T
@F18/2Âs4"8FÈ ¾ @Ff3J­f35Â4 ½2T c 7Ý 6-/
G 2¿9Ã4 T Q8­Ê2f/2Eb@[4b3J8FÂ^@F­\H\235\H­8F4kQ%81 ¾ I T 4 T KV/2Q%Q T KVKNÈv/­IJI59
T M T Â^@aÈ®4 T EA@ÐM T EN9ÆI58Â2fÐ4V3J1 T = U¿T \23J\ÆÂ28F4"/2K T 4 ½ 35K ¾ EV8fFEb@F1÷@aÂÃ9ÀÈv/2EN4 ½2T E%h
LÑEN8fEV@F1
U / ¾sU J3 K T
@ ¾ KV3
fÁ%3 ¾
fs@ ¾
_2Á%3 ¾ Ý
¼ 8F4b@FI
ï~G/2¿9Ã4 T KZð
oú
cú e
úFq
cú e
úFq
mn81 ¾ E T KNK T \
ï~G/2¿9Ã4 T KZð
cú
qg6
6
rsÝ
cú
¼ @F_­I T Ý G T 1-8EÇ9Æmn8Â0Ê<f/2EV@a4b358ÂÄÈv8E".­LÑÜm Ý eee Ü'Ma@FIJ/2@a4b358Â
cc
40
wupwise
applu
apsi
gzip
gap
vortex
bzip2
„
Slowdown (base=256)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
64
96
128
160
192
Memory Size (MBytes)
224
256
3Jf/2E T 6 Ü'ü T Q%4A8FÈóMF@aEN9O3JÂ2f-G T 1-8FEN9Æ.O3JÁ T 8ÂÆK T M T Eb@FI.­LÑÜm Ý eeFe 2 T Â2Q ½ 1À@FENYÃK
¼7½2TD¾ EN8fEb@a1-Kó4 ½ @a4 U¿T 4 T KN4 T \jÈv8E ¾`T ENÈv8FEV1-@FÂ2Q T 3J1 ¾ EV8:M T 1 T Âs4bK ½ @F\j\23lü T E T ÂÃ4 U 8ENYO35Â2fK T 4
KV35Á T Kh ¼7½2T 1À@FQ ½ 3J T Q8F­Ê<f/2EV@a4b358ÂÄÈv8EÛ4 ½­T K ¾„T%T \2/ ¾ 4 T KN4VK"Èv8E T @FQ ½^¾ EV8fEV@F1ù35K"@FKDK ½ 8 U Â
3JÂ ¼ @a_2I T Ý0h ¼7½2T @F1-8F/2Âs4Û8FÈ¥Q%81 ¾ E T KVK T \Ä1 T 1-8FEN9jE T%ö /23JE T \À4V8Ðf35M T /­Kn4 ½2T _ T KN4nE T KN/2I54VKn35K
@FI5KV8K ½ 8 U Â3JÂ4 ½2T 4Z@F_­I T hb3Jf/2E T oÀK ½ 8 U Kk4 ½2T 8PM T EV@FIJIóK ¾`TT \2/ ¾ 4 ½ @a4 U @FKA8_­4Z@a3JÂ T \ U 354 ½
T @aQ ½¹¾ EN8fEV@F1Hh ¼7½2TjT Ø T Q%/­4b358¹4V3J1 T 3JÂ4 ½ 3JKQ@FK T 3JKÂ28FEV1-@FIJ35Á T \H4b8Ä4 ½2TjT Ø T Q/­4V3J8ÂÖ4b351 T
8Â^@1-@FQ ½ 35Â TU 354 ½ 4 ½2T Kb@a1 T 1 T 18EN9ÄKN3JÁ T =?_2/­4AÂ28À1 T 18EÇ9ÄE T K T EÇM T \Èv8EDQ81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Âgh
á}4AQÉ@FÂ_ T K TT Â4 ½ @[4AÈv8ED4 ½­T K TÓ¾ EV8FfEb@F1K UnT f T 4AK ¾`TT \2/ ¾ KEV@FÂ2f35Â2fÅÈvEV81 d-â Èv8FEb{wsiQ^|
4b8 d^â Èv8J
E pu^jhi UD½2T ÂÌQ%81 ¾ @FE T \Í4b84 ½2T /2Â2Q8F1 ¾ E T KNK T \ÌQ@FK T h ¼7½2T 8 ¾ 4b351À@aI'ÈvEb@FQ>4b3J8FÂ
8FÈ ¾2½ 9OKV3JQ@FI1 T 18EN94 ½ @[4ÔK ½ 8/­IJ\Ö_ T E T K T ENM T \¹Èv8FEQ81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂÖIJ3 T K,_ T 4 U¿TT  c:eÆâ @aÂ2\
r eâ Èv8E78F/2E7K T 4k8FÈ T Ø ¾`T EN3J1 T Âs4bK%h
0. 35Â2Q T 4 ½2T .­LÑÜmûÝ eFee _ T Â2Q ½ 1-@FEVYÃK ½ @ÉM T @»Ê­Ø T \ô1 T 18EÇ9 Èv8O8F4 ¾ EV3JÂs4= U¿T @FI5KV8»4 T KN4 T \
8/2EKÇ9OKN4 T 1 U 354 ½ @KVQÉ@aI@F_2I T Q8F1 ¾ /04Z@a4V3J8Â<@aIY T EV T I~=.0/­QQ T KVKN35M T ÕkM T EÓ6 T IJ@[Ø­@a4b358Âgh ¼7½ 35K
¾ EN8fEb@a1 ¾`T EÇÈv8EV1KÅ@ T @FE T KN4j T 3Jf ½ _`8EÅ@ÉM T Eb@Ff35Â2fÖ@FI5f8EV3l4 ½ 1×8FÂË@E T Q>4Z@F­f/2I@aE 1-@a4bEN3lØ
@FÂ2\Æ35Kn4X9 ¾ 3JQ@FIJIl9-/­K T \ UD½ 35I T KN8I5MO35Â2f ¾ @FEÇ4b3@aI„\23lü T E T ÂÃ4V3@FI Tö /<@a4V3J8­Kh ¼ 8ÅY TT%¾ 4 ½2TT IJ@ ¾ K T \
4b351 T 4VEb@FQ>4Z@F_2I T =s4 ½­T 1-@FQ ½ 35Â T KN3JÁ T"U @FKnE T \2/­Q T \4V8 úaqÅG/2¿9Ã4 T Kh ¼7½2T E T KV/2Il4bK¿@FE T K ½ 8 U ÂÄ35Â
35f/2E T c:e h ¼7½2T T Ø T Q%/­4b358Â^4b351 T Kk@aE T @afs@F3JÂÂ28EN1À@aIJ3JÁ T \Æ4b84 ½2T 4b3J1 TÔUD½2T ÂEN/2Â U 3l4 ½ 8/04
1 T 18EN9ÀQ81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Âgh ¼7½2T E T KN/2I54VKAQ%8­Ê<EN1 4 ½ @[4"4 ½2T 8 ¾ 4b351À@aIÙÈvEb@FQ>4b358ÂÆ8FÈ'1 T 18EN9-4 ½ @[4
K ½ 8/2IJ\_ T Q%81 ¾ E T KVK T \IJ3 T KD@FEN8/2Â2\^Ý djâ h ¼7½2T Q8FÂ2KN4b@FÂs4k8:M T E ½2T @F\^8aÈ@F_`8/­4 c q-/
G 2¿9Ã4 T K
ïx3 T hÓ@F_`8/­4ÓÝ eÆâ 8FÈÑ4 ½2T 1 T 18EN9H3JÂ4 ½ 3JK1-@FQ ½ 35Â T ð"3J1 ¾ 8K T \_s9Y T ENÂ T IÑ\<@a4b@KN4VEV/2Q>4b/2E T K
QÉ@a/2K T KV8F1 T Â28FÂ0WX35ÂÃ4V/2354V35M T _ T½ @ÉMO3J8E%m
h <8E T Ø­@F1 ¾ I T =s8FÂ2Q T dÔâ 8FÈ?4 ½2T 1 T 18EN9Ó3JKE T K T ENM T \
Èv8E¿Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Âg= T M T Â@ ¾ EV8fFEb@F1 4 ½ @[4ÛE T%ö /23JE T KD@FKÛI5354N4bI T @FKDÝ ejâ 8FÈ¥4 ½2T 1 T 18EN93J­Q/2ENK
@M T EÇ9jI@FENf T ÂÃ/21Ð_ T E8FÈ ¾ @Ff T Èx@F/2Il4bK%hmn8Â2K Tö / T ÂÃ4VI594 ½ 35KI T @F\2K4b8Ó@FÂ8PM T EV@FIJI<KNIJ8 U \28 U ÂÀ35Â
4 ½­T @ ¾2¾ I53JQ@a4b358ÂghA.03J13JIJ@FEVIl9=2K ¾„T%T \2/ ¾ K@FE T K TT  UD½2T Â4 ½2T E T%ö /23JE T \KV35Á T 8aÈ4 ½2TÓ¾ EV8fFEb@F1
Tö /<@aIJK'4 ½­T 4b8F4b@FI ¾2½ 9OKV35QÉ@FI­1 T 1-8EÇ9 8aÈ`4 ½2T 1-@FQ ½ 3J T @FÂ2\jú­hªÝ dâ 4b8 dFeÔâ 8FÈ?4 ½2T 1 T 18EN935K
Q8F1 ¾ E T KNK T \Ùh ¼7½2T Y T EN T IÃ8:M T E ½2T @F\ÐQ@F/2K T K4 ½2TѾ EV8fFEb@F14V8 ¾ @Ff T K T M T E T Il9 UD½­T  3l4E T%ö /­3JE T K
úFqÓ/
G 2¿9Ã4 T Kn35ÂÐ4 ½2T Â28­Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \ÀQ@FK T h Ú´½2T Â1 T 18EN9 Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Âj3JKÑ35ÂÃ4VEV8O\2/2Q T \g=s4 ½­T
cÝ
2
1.8
1.6
Sppedup
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
ip
ga
2
p
ip
gz
bz
up
w
ap
is
si
e
0
w
SPEC 2000 Benchmark
35f/2E T o . ¾„T%T \2/ ¾ 8FÈ'.­LÑÜm Ý eee 2 T Â2Q ½ 1-@FENYOK U 354 ½ G T 18EN9Æmn81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â
\ 8F/­4AÈvEV@F1 T KDÊ24k35ÂH4 ½2T Q%81 ¾ E T KVK T \1 T 1-8FEN9=`@F­\H4 ½­T 1-@PBN8EN354X9Ä8FÈ@FQQ T KVK T K,4V8-4 ½­T
¾ F@ f T ^
K U @ ¾ 2\ 3JKNY@FE T KV@ÉM T \Ùh
4
6.25 % compressed
12.5 % compressed
25 % compressed
50 % compressed
75 % compressed
3.5
3
Speedup
…
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Application Size (MBytes)
35f/2E T c:e .0Q@FIJ35Â2f 4 ½2T .0/2QQ T KNKV35M T ÕkM T ED6 T I@PØ2@[4b3J8F†2 T ­Q ½ 1À@aEVYÖïxúFqG/2¿9Ã4 T KA1-@FQ ½ 35 T ð
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ik T @FEVIl9 KÇ4b/2\09Ð8FÈ?/2KN3JÂ2fQ%81 ¾ E T KVKV358ÂÅ3J 1À@F35 1 T 18EN9Ô4b@FEVf T 4 T \Å1-8_­3JI T Q8F1 ¾ /04 T ENK U 354 ½
IJ351-3l4 T \H1 T 18EN9H@F­\ T 4 U 8EVY^_<@FÂ2\ U 35\­4 ½ =¥@FK U¿T I5I'@FKKN1À@FI5I8E,Â28ÄI580Q@FI\­3JKVYÃKjñÝ ò h ¼7½2T
Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂ^KVQ ½­T 1 TÓU @FKk351 ¾ I T 1 T Âs4 T \Æ_Ã9 T Ø04 T Â2\­3JÂ2f4 ½2T \­9OÂ<@F13JQ4bEV@F\23J­f8aÈ1 T 1-8FEN9
_ T 4 U¿TT Â-4 ½2T MO3JEÇ4b/<@FI­1 T 1-8EÇ9 KÇ9OKN4 T 1)@FÂ2\Å4 ½2T \235KVYÐ_­/­ü T EÑQÉ@FQ ½2T 3JÂÅ4 ½2T . ¾ EV3l4 T Õ ¾`T Eb@[4b3J­f
cr
.O9OKN4 T 1h ¼7½2T Q81 ¾ E T KVK T \Þ1 T 1-8EÇ9¶E T f3J8FÂ U @FK3JÂs4bEN80\­/2Q T \ @FK@Ì4 ½ 35EV\ôQ8Â2KN/21 T EÆ8FÈ
1 T 18EN9Fh ¼7½2T E T KN/2I54VK UnT E Tž 808FEA\2/ T 4b8I58 U Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂEV@a4b358ïv/2KV35Â2fÀ4 ½­T ]‰g6 Ú c ño ò
Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂÀ@FI5f8EN354 ½ 1ðó@FÂ2\E T KÇ4bEN3JQ%4 T \á5ÕÐ= UD½ 3JQ ½ 8Â2Il9Å@FI5IJ8 UnT \Å4bEb@aÂ2KNÈ T EVK3JÂjqYÅ_2I580QZYÃKh
¼7½ 8/­f ½ 4 ½2T KÇ9OKN4 T 1ø@FIJI58 U¿T \\­9OÂ<@F13JQ@F\PBN/2KN4V1 T ÂÃ4"8FÈ4 ½2T KV35Á T 8FÈ'Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358Â1 T 1-8EÇ9=
KV8F1 T 8FÈ24 ½2T @ ¾2¾ IJ35QÉ@a4V3J8Â U 3l4 ½ Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358Â EV@a4b358KI T KVK4 ½ @FÂÅÝ 5c KN4V3JI5IsK ½ 8 U¿T \j@AKNIJ8 U WX\­8 U ÂÙh
Õ,Â4 ½2T 8F4 ½2T E ½ @FÂ2\g=@ ¾­¾ IJ35QÉ@a4V3J8Â2K UD½ 35Q ½ Q%81 ¾ E T KNK T \Í@F_`8/­4r 5c K ½ 8 UnT \Í351 ¾ EN8:M T 1 T Âs4VK
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K ¾`TT \@F­\À_<@F­\ U 3J\­4 ½U 8/2I5\À_ T E Tö /235E T \-4b8K ½ 8 U K ¾`TT \­/ ¾ Kh¿Õ,/2EÑ3J1 ¾ I T 1 T Âs4Z@a4V3J8 \28 T K
Â28F4ÐE Tö /235E T 18O\235Ê<Q@a4b358Â2KÔ4b84 ½2T 8 ¾`T EV@a4b35Â2fKN9OKÇ4 T 1h ÚÍT @aIJKV8^/2K T @HÊ0Ø T \ÏÈvEV@FQ%4V3J8¹8FÈ
E T K T ENM T \1 T 18EN9 UD½ 3JQ ½ E T \2/2Q T K"4 ½2T Q81 ¾ I T Ø0354X9À8FÈ4 ½2T 3J1 ¾ I T 1 T Âs4Z@a4V3J8Âgh
iø1-8O\ T ID8FÈk1À@a3JÂÏ1 T 1-8EÇ9 U 354 ½ \<@[4Z@¹Q%81 ¾ E T KVKV358 U @FK-\ T M T IJ8 ¾„T \ 3J ñr ò hÞ.O4b@FÂ2\<@FEN\
1 T 18EN9 ½ 3 T Eb@FENQ ½ 9Î180\ T IJ35Â2fÀ4 T Q ½ Â23 ö / T K U¿T E T-T ØO4 T ­\ T \»4V8H35Â2QI5/2\ T 4 ½­T-T ü T Q%4Ó8FÈÛQ%81jW
¾ E T KVK T \H1 T 1-8EÇ9h ¼7½­T 18O\ T I U @FK74 ½­T  T Ma@FI5/<@a4 T \ U 354 ½ 1 T 18EN94bEV@FQ T K=?@FKNKV/213J­fÅKV8FÈ®4ÇW
U @FE T = ½ @FEV\ U @FE T @FÂ2\Â28ÆQ8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8FÂgh ¼7½­T E T KN/2I54VKK ½ 8 U¿T \Ö4 ½ @a4,KV8FÈ®4 U @FE T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â
@FI58Â T Q8/2I5\Íf3lM T @HKN9OKÇ4 T 1 3J1 ¾ EV8:M T 1 T Âs4 8aÈD@Èx@FQ>4b8EÓ8FÈÛ4 U 82= UD½ 35I T½ @FEN\ U @aE T @aKVKV35KN4 T \
Q8F1 ¾ E T KNKV3J8F»3J1 ¾ EV8:M T \ ¾`T EÇÈv8EV1-@FÂ2Q T _s9Î/ ¾ 4V8@F»8EN\ T E8FÈD1-@FfÂ23l4b/2\ T h S 8 U¿T M T E=4 ½­T
180\ T I8 ¾ 4b351-35KN4b35QÉ@FI5I59À@FKVKN/21 T \Ö@Q8FÂ2KN4b@FÂs4Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8Â^Eb@a4V3J8À8aÈ¿Ý 5c h ¼7½2T @F/­4 ½ 8ENKkÈv/2EÇW
4 ½­T E¿@F\­M8OQÉ@[4 T 4 ½ @a4 ½ @aEV\ U @FE T 1 T 18EN9ÅQ%81 ¾ E T KVKV358Â-@FIJ8Â T Q@FÂ ¾ EV8:MO3J\ T 4 ½­T Q%81 ¾ E T KNKV358Â
_<@F­\ U 3J\­4 ½ Èv8FEA@aQEV8FKVKD4 ½2T _„8@FEV\Æ3J1 ¾ EN8PM T 1 T Âs4bK"3JÂÄ4 ½2T KÇ9OKN4 T 1Hh ¼7½2T 9 ö /28F4 T @ÅÊ<f/­E T 8FÈ
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@FÂ2\\ T Q81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂK ¾`TT \2KAQ@FÂ_ T 8_­4b@F3J T \ ¾ /2E T I59À3JÂÆKV8aÈ®4 U @FE T h
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m 81 ¾ E T KVKN3J8ÂÏ4b8ÍÜ'ØO4 T Â2\
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mn81 ¾ E T KVK T Ä
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Ú @[4bKV8FÂH6 T K T @FENQ ½ m T ÃÂ 4 T E%=ÙÝ eee h
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ñc Ý ò k
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