Introduction to Biological Engineering
1. Introduction to Biological Engineering and Bioprocesses
Biological Engineering/Biotechnology
Landmarks and Technologies
Miguel Prazeres
Biotechnology
Technology based on biology
the use of cellular and biomolecular processes to solve
problems or make useful products
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Milestones
vaccines
fermentation
4000-8000 BC
1st genome sequence
H. influenza
penicillin
DNA
recombinant
structure
DNA
microbiology
1797
monoclonal
antibodies
1857
1928
1953
PCR
Dolly
human
genome
1973 1975 1983 ‘95 ‘97 2000
Traditional Biotechnology
New Biotechnology
food and beverage, primary & secondary
metabolite, waste treatment…
biopharmaceuticals, antibodies,
tissues, stem cells, enzymes…
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The birth of modern Biotech
“Process for producing biologically functional
molecular chimeras”
U.S. Patent No. 4,237,224
1972 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combined
their efforts to create recombinant DNA technology
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Recombinant DNA Technology
DNA
protein
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US 4,237,224
Date
Title
Inventors
Assignee
Submission date
http://www.google.com/patents
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Revenues
Cohen-Boyer
US$ 255 000 000
10%
annual fees
90%
royalties
2442 products, 468 companies, US$35 billion sales during patent life
Biotechnology landmarks
1953 – James Watson and Francis Crick publish structure DNA
1958 – Mather Meselson and Franklin Stahl demonstrate how DNA replicates
1961-63 – researchers crack the genetic code linking gene to protein
1972 – Paul Berg and colleagues create 1st rDNA molecules using restriction enzymes
1973 – Cohen and Boyer describe rDNA techniques
1975 – Köhler and Milstein describe cell line able to produce monoclonal antibodies
1980 – US Supreme Court decides Diamond vs Chakrabarty
1982 – first rDNA-based drug marketed: Humulin (human insulin)
1984 – first genetically engineered vaccine developed (hepatitis B)
1986 – a-interpheron approved for cancer; first monoclonal antibody approved; Leroy
Hood and Lloyd Smith automate sequencing; kick off of human genome project
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Biotechnology landmarks
1987 – Chiron sells 1st genetically engineered vaccine; human growth hormone developed
1988 – 1st US patent issued for transgenic mice; genome project funded by US congress
1989 – Epogen approved for renal disease anemia
1990 – first human gene therapy for immune disorder
1991 – Craig Venter invents EST technology
1995 – first genome sequence of free living organism published: Haemophilus influenza
1997 - Dolly the sheep born- first clone of adult mammal
1998 – Celera genomics proposes to sequence human genome first
1999 – first human chromosome sequence published
2000 – race to sequence human genome declared tie between Celera Genomics and
Human genome project
2010- synthesis of a bacterial genome from a computer record
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Technologies and Tools
Recombinant DNA technology
Hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies
Bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics…
Cloning, sequencing ,PCR, oligonucleotide and gene synthesis…..
Protein, metabolic, cell and tissue engineering
Bioprocessing technology
Biosensors, microarrays
Highthroughput screening, drug discovery, gene and protein synthesis…
Nanobiotechnology, biomicrofluidics
Synthetic biology….
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Hybridomas and Monoclonal Antibodies
monoclonal antibody
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Hybridomas and Monoclonal Antibodies
monoclonal antibody (~150 000 g/mol)
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Bioinformatics
Sequence analysis, structure visualization, structural analysis, molecular
simulation and dynamics, molecular docking, chemoinformatics, data mining…
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Oligonucleotide Synthesis
(~ 0.25 € /nt)
oligo1
A C A G C G T A T G T A
oligo 2
A C C GGG T
oligo 3
T G T A
(e.g. https://eu.idtdna.com/)
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PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Gene Synthesis
target gene sequence
(ATTCGCGGGT….)
oligo pool
PCR steps
final gene
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Metabolic Engineering
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Bioprocessing
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Microarrays
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Highthroughput …
screening, drug discovery, gene synthesis , protein expression...
6, 24, 96, 384 or 1536 sample wells
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Microfluidics
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Nanobiotechnology
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Synthetic Biology
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Webography
PubMed:
a free search engine accessing databases of references and abstracts on life
sciences and biomedical topics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
Protein Databank:
3D shapes of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do
ExpPASy:
Bioinformatics Resource Portal which provides access to scientific databases and
software tools in different areas of life sciences including proteomics, genomics,
phylogeny, systems biology, population genetics, transcriptomics etc.
https://www.expasy.org/
Pymol
an open source molecular visualization system you can download to your pc
https://www.pymol.org/
IDTA:
a company providing custom oligonucelotides synthesis
https://eu.idtdna.com/pages/products/dna-rna/custom-dna-oligos
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