CALORIFIC EQUIVALENTS FOR
STUDIES IN ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS
Compiled by
Kenneth W. Cummins
Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Second Edition, October, 1967
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
Notations ............................................................................................... 2
I. Superscript for Calorie Values and Error Terms .. 2
Season Material was Collected .................................... 2
II.
......... 3
Parts of Organisms Used
III.
4
.........................................................
IV. Methods of Analysis
...........................................
4
V. Authors and Sources of Data
6
VI. General Notes
VII.
Notations for Mean Values ............................................. 10
Literature Cited in Introduction ................................................... 11
Table of Calorific Equivalents ....................................................... 12
I. Primary Producers ....................................................... 12
12
A. Aquatic
14
B. Terrestrial ................................................................
II. Microconsumers ............................................................. 32
32
A. Aquatic
B. Detritus (defined as partially decayed organic
matter plus bacterial and fungal flora) ............. 32
1. Aquatic ................................................................... 32
32
2. Terrestrial
III. Macroconsumers ............................................................. 33
A. Aquatic ........................................................................ 33
B. Terrestrial ................................................................ 40
IV. Miscellaneous Materials ............................................... 47
48
V. Summary Values
A. Primary Producers ............................................... 48
B. Microconsumers ..................................................... 50
C. Macroconsumers ..................................................... 51
IN TRODUCTION
Since Lindeman (1942) exerted a synthesizing influence on the theory
of the "trophic dynamic aspects of ecology," the tendency to deal in the
common denominator of the calorie has increased steadily among ecologists.
The progression has recently culminated in the equilibration of ecosystem
ecology and ecological energetics (e. g. Philipson, 1966).
This equivalence intended by ecological investigators has created a
demand for calorific values. Several summaries of calorific values have
been presented previously (e. g. Slobodkin and Richman, 1961 and Golley,
1961). The present tabulation is an attempt to expand former summaries
and to indicate areas, speaking both taxonomically and ecologically, where
calorie data are wanting.
A number of problems associated with a tabulation of caloric equivalents should be stressed. In the first place the total theoretical gram
calorie range for living organisms, namely about 3850 for pure carbohydrate
to about 9500 for pure fat is rather narrow and actual organisms would be
expected to exhibit only a portion of this range (4013 to 8190 from the table
on a per ash-free gram basis). This means, that given the other rather
large errors with which ecology is presently forced to deal, it might be
more realistic to use a median calorie value or a grand mean, or at the
very least a producer mean and a consumer mean. Another frequent objection concerns the large variation in calorie values dependent upon such
variables as the season of collection, diet of the organisms (and, incidentally,
whole individual values almost always include the gut contents of such
organisms) and sex of the individuals burned. The latter objection is particularly critical since females carrying eggs usually would be expected to
have the highest values for a given species. With regard to seasonal variation, of particular interest are the extremely high values of premigratory
birds due to large fat reserves.
Another variable concerns methodology. The three most common
procedures employed so far involve 1) various types of oxygen bomb
calorimeters manufactured by the Parr Instrument Company (Moline, Illinois
61265), 2) modifications of the Philipson Bomb such as that manufactured
by Gentry-Wiegert Instruments (313 Silver Bluff Road, Aiken, South
Carolina 29801) or 3) wet dichromate oxidation as described by Maciolek
(1962).
With regard to the problem of per gram dry weight vs. per ash-free
gram weight values, it seems that both values are still required. This is
especially true if ash values are based on residual weights obtained in bomb
calorimetry. Such ash determinations are highly variable and separate
percentage ash measurements will eventually be required. Naturally, such
refinements in percentage ash must be applied to per gram dry weight
determinations. Also, since many ecologists are interested in converting
biomass data to calorie equivalents, the almost complete lack of data on
ash-free weights means that such conversions must be made by multiplying
grams dry weight times per gram dry weight calorie values. However,
there is no doubt that the comparison of calorie value s along taxonomic or
ecologic lines is best accomplished by employing calorie per ash-free gram
values. Finally, unless percentage water data are available conversions
between per gram dry weight and wet digestion values are impossible.
2
Regardless of the many objections, it does seem reasonable at
present to take stock of the calorie values obtained thus far. In most cases
these values carry with
h them specific data as to the nature of the material
burned and some estimate, such as standard error, of the variation
encountered within a given set of samples. Comparison of values for the
same species obtained in different laboratories should allow conclusions
to be drawn relative to seasonal, habitat3 dietary and other differences
that might be expected. Thus, if either extreme prevails, that is very
narrow ranges cutting across vastly different taxonomic and ecologic groups
or, wide ranges of variation even within the same species, we will have
the data from which to decide on an approach that will yield maximum
benefit to the field of ecology.
Much of the tabulation which follows was compiled with the help of
the staff and students of the Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology of the
University of Pittsburgh. Many of the included values were brolgit to my
attention by workers at other institutions and their assistance is greatfully
acknowledged. Naturally, the table is not complete, particularly since a
wealth of data undoubtedly exist in various theses and manuscripts yet to be
brought to my attention.
The data have been organized according to categories that should
be most useful for ecosystem ecologists. The primary organization is
according to trophic levels and the secondary organization is according to
habitat. Within secondary categories the data are presented by taxonomic
grouping down to the family level. Summary mean values have been
presented separately. These are not "true means" since table entries were
averaged rather than individual determinations. The outline of the tabular
presentation can be found in the table of contents above.
NOTATIONS
I. Superscript Notations for Calorie Values and Error Terms
1. Value calculated from data reported by the author
2. Standard error
3. 95% confidence limits
4. Standard deviation
5. Coefficient of variation
6. Plus or minus the range, i. e. difference between high and low values
7. % deviation from the mean
II. Season Material Was Collected
1. January
2. February
3. March
4. April
5. May
6. June
7. July
•
3
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL
WINTER
LABORATORY CULTURE
NOVEMBER THROUGH MARCH
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR
JUNE THROUGH JULY
APRIL THROUGH MAY
OCTOBER THROUGH MAY
OCTOBER, DECEMBER THROUGH MAY, JULY
III. PARTS OF ORGANISM USED AND SEX
1.
ENTIRE PLANTS OR ENTIRE CELLS IN THE CASE OF ALGAE, BACTERIA OR
PROTOZOANS
2.
STEMS
3.
LEAVES OR NEEDLES
4.
ROOTS
5.
SEEDS, 5A. HULLED SEEDS
6.
FLOWERS, 6A. MALE FLOWERS, 6B. FEMALE FLOWERS
7.
NECTAR
8.
EGGS, 8A. EGG SACS WITH EGGS, 8B. OVARIES WITH EGGS, 8C. NEWLY
FERTILIZED, 8D. YOLK ONLY
9.
LARVAE OR NYMPHS
10.
PUPAE
11.
ADULTS, I LA. ADULT MALES, 11B. ADULT FEMALES
12.
ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES, FRUITS
13.
ROOTS, STEMS LEAVES, FLOWERS
14.
ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES
15.
STEMS, LEAVES
16.
STEMS, LEAVES, CAPSULE WITH SPORES
17.
THALLUS
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
FRUITS
TOPS (MIXED), STEMS, LEAVES, ROOTS, FRUITS, FLOWERS
MIXED PROPORTIONS OF STEMS, LEAVES, ROOTS, FRUITS, FLOWERS
BARK
ENTIRE ANIMAL WITHOUT SHELL
ANIMALS DIVIDED INTO THREE GENERAL SIZE CLASSES: A=SMALL, B=MEDIUM,
C=LARGE
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
ENTIRE ANIMALS OF VARYING SIZE CLASSES; 24A BOTH SEXES, 24B.
NOT DETERMINED
JUVENILES, 25A. MALES, 25B. FEMALES
ADULTS - VALUES FOR NON-FAT (THAT IS FAT EXTRACTED) INDIVIDUALS
ADULTS - VALUES FOR BODY FAT ONLY
PREPUPAL LARVAE
NEWLY EMERGED ADULTS
ELEVEN DAY PUPAE
SEXES
•
4
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
144 hour tadpoles
Live needles
Live twigs
All above ground parts
Dead twigs
Dead leaves
Copepodite stages: a=I, b=II, c=III, d=IV, e=V
Copepodite stage V, fat only
IV. Methods of Analysis
1. Unknown
2. Wet digestion, 2a. dichromate digestion method
3. Parr oxygen bomb
a. Macrobomb non-adiabatic
b. Macrobomb adiabatic
c. Semi-microbomb non-adiabatic
d. Semi- microbomb adiabatic
4. Phillipson bomb
5. Gentry- Wiegert bomb (modified Phillipson bomb)
6. Bertkelat bomb
7. Values calculated from organic analysis, protein, lipid and
carbohydrate)
8. Miniature bomb of McEwan and Anderson (see reference no. 19)
V. Authors and Sources
1. Comita, W. G. and D. W. Schindler. 1963. Calorific values of
microcrustacea. Science, 140 (3574): 1394-1395.
2.
Smirnov, N. N. 1962. On Nutrition of Caddis Worms Phryganea
grandis.L. Hydrobiologia. 19: 252-261.
3.
Iv lev, U. S. 1934. Eine Midromethode zur bestimmung des von
Nahrstoffen. Biochemishe Zeitschrift, 275: 49-55.
4.
Joshi, Bharat S. 1965. Original data (under direction of Dr. R. T.
Hartman). Biology Department, University of Pittsburgh.
5.
Coffman, W. P., J. C. Wuycheck and K. W. Cummins. 1966.
Original data. Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, University of
Pittsburgh.
6.
Richman, S. 1958. The transformation of energy by Daphnia pulex.
Ecol. Monogr., 28: 275-291.
7.
Ketchum, B. H. and A. C. Redfield. 1949. Some physical and
chemical characteristics of algal growth in mass cultures. U. Cell.
Comp. Physiol. , 33: 281-299.
8.
Trama, F. B. 1957. The transformation of energy by an aquatic
herbivore, Stenonema pulchellum. Unpubl. Ph. D. Dissertation,
Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.
5
9.
Kuenzler, E. J. 1961.
Georgia, Athens, Ga.
Unpublished data. Dept. Zool. , Univ.
10.
Bliss, L. C. Caloric and lipid content in alpine tundra plants.
Ecology, 43: 753-754.
11.
Long, F. 1934. Application of calorimetric methods to ecological
research. Plant Physiology. , 9: 323-337.
12.
Golley, F. B. 1958. Energy dynamics of a food chain of the old
field community. Unpubl. Ph. D. Dissertation. Mich. State, Univ. ,
East Lansing, Michigan, and unpublished data, Dept. Zool. , Univ.
of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
13.
Kendeigh, C. S. and G. C. West. 1965. Caloric values of plant
seeds eaten by birds. Ecology, 46: 553-555.
14.
Connell, C. 1961.
unpubl. data.
15.
Schmid, W. C. 1965. Energy intake of the mourning dove Zenaidura
macronra marginella. Science, 150: 1171-1172.
16.
Tryon, C. A. 1962-1966. Original data.
of Ecology, Univ. of Pittsburgh.
17.
Bliss, L. C.
Urbana, Ill.
18.
Slobodkin, L. B. and S. Richman.
of animals. Nature, 191: 299.
19.
McEwan, W. S. and C. M. Anderson.
26: 280.
20.
Paine, R. T. 1965. Natural History, limiting factors and energetics
of the opisthobranch Navanex inermis. Ecology, 46: 603-619.
21.
Paine, R. T. 1964. Ash and Calorie determinations of sponge and
opisthobranch tissues. Ecology, 45: 384-387.
22.
Teal, J. M. 1957. Community metabolism in a temperate cold spring.
Ecolo. Monogr. , 27: 283-302.
23.
Englemann, M. D. 1961.
of an old field community.
24.
Tubb, R. A. and T. C. Dorris. 1965. Herbivorous insect populations
in oil refinery effluent holding pond series. Limnol. Oceanogr. ,
10 : 121-134.
25.
Gibbs, J. 1957. Food requirements and other observations on
captive tits. Bird Study, 4: 207-215.
Dept. Zool. , Univ. Georgia, Athens, Ga.
Pymatuning Laboratory
1961. unpubl. data. Dept. Botany, Univ. Illinois,
1961.
Calories/gm in species
1955.
Rev. Sci. , Instrum. ,
The role of soil arthropods in the energetics
Ecol. Monogr. , 31: 221-238.
6
26.
Golley, F. B. 1961. Energy values of ecological materials.
Ecology, 42: 581-584.
27.
Parr Instrument Co. , Moline, Illinois. Standard benzoic acid
pellets or powder supplied having the calorie value given in the
table.
28.
Odum, E. P., S. G. Marshall and T. G. Marples. 1965.
calorie content of migrating birds. Ecology, 46: 901-904.
29.
Slobodkin, L. B. 1962. Energy in animal ecology. pp. 69-101.
In: Cragg, J. B. (ed. ) Advances in ecological research. Vol. I.
Academic Press, New York. 203 pp.
30.
Gorham, E. and J. Sanger. 1967. Calorie values of organic matter
in woodland, swamp and lake soils. Ecology, in press.
31.
Davis, G. E. and C. E. Warren. 1965. Trophic relations of a
sculpin in laboratory stream communities. J. Wildlife management. ,
29: 846-871.
32.
Smally, A. E. 1960. Energy flow of a salt marsh grasshopper
population. Ecology. 41: 672-677.
33.
Comita, G. W. , S. M. Marshall and A. P. Orr. 1966. On the
biology of Calanus finmarchicus. XIII. Seasonal change in weight,
calorific value and organic matter. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. ,
46: 1-17.
34.
Conover, R. J. 1964. Food relations and nutrition of zooplankton.
Occ. pubis. , Narragansett Mar. Lab. , 2: 81-91.
35.
Kendeigh, S. C.
36.
Jenkins, R. C. 1959. Monthly variations in the population of stream
invertebrates in the vicinity of Roberts, Illinois. M. S. Thesis,
Dept. Zool. , Univ. Illinois.
37.
Minshall, G. Wayne. Unpubl. data. Dept. Biology, Idaho State
Univ. , Pocatello, Idaho.
38.
Toetz, D. W. 1966. The change from endogenous to exogenous
sources of energy in bluegill sunfish larvae. Invest. Indiana Lakes
and Streams, 7: 115-146.
1967.
The
Dept. Zool. , Univ. Illinois. Unpubl. data.
VI. General Notes
1. Ash considered insignificant so no correction was made. A total
of 68.31 mg. burned.
2. Ash considered insignificant so no correction was made; cells
were from culture. A total of 42.88 mg. burned.
3. Pa. Calorie value, Less cellulose.
4. Value given is a mean of 3482.0 and 3507.0; Twin Ponds, Crawford
Co., Pa.
5. Plants collected from Twin Ponds, Crawford Co., Pa.
6. Stems; mean of 4183.0 and 4141.0. Leaves; Mean of 3482.0 and
3507.0 Twin Ponds, Crawford Co., Pa.
•
7
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
RICHMAN'S ALGAE VALUES FOR chlamydomonas MEASURED WITH
CULTURED MATERIAL, APPROXIMATELY 250 MG. BENZOIC ACID + 50 MG. SAMPLE.
ALL OTHER VALUES CALCULATED FROM REFERENCE NO. 7 ON THE BASIS OF
C, H, 0 AND N IN GREEN ALGAE.
BLISS (REFERENCE 10) GIVES % LIPID VALUES FOR MOST SPECIES, THESE
RANGED FROM 0. 21 TO 7. 03; ASH VALUES RANGED FROM 0. 0 TO 3. 2% USUALLY
UNDER 1. 5% DUPLICATE SAMPLES GAVE ERRORS OF BETWEEN 0. 0 TO 1. 9% USUALLY
ONLY TWO DETERMINATIONS WERE MADE OCCASIONALLY THREE WERE MADE.
THE ONLY ASH VALUES GIVEN IN THE TABLES FOR BLISS'S DATA ARE THE UNUSUAL
ONES SINCE HE ACTUALLY PRESENTED THE VALUES FOR THE GIVEN SPECIES.
ALL MATERIAL COLLECTED FROM MT. WASHINGTON, NEW HAMPSHIRE.
SAMPLES TAKEN IN AN OLD FIELD DOMINATED BY Trideus flavus NEAR
ATHENS, GA.
COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF CHAMPLAIN, ILLINOIS.
COLLECTED IN GRAND FORKS CO., N. DAKOTA.
COLLECTED IN AN ABANDONED FIELD NEAR EAST LANSING, MICH., DOMINATED
BY Poa compressa. ALL ABOVE GROUND PARTS USED FOR ANALYSIS.
AVERAGE OF FOUR NORMAL YOUNG PLANTS PER PLOT.
AVERAGE OF FOUR NORMAL MATURE PLANTS PER PLOT.
COLLECTED ALONG AN altitudinal transect IN THE Beartooth MTS. ,
WYOMING. THE ELEVATIONS OF THE COLLECTION STATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
A = 7,400 FT. , b = 8,400 FT. , c = 10, 000 FT.
SEE NOTE NO. 10; ALSO ONE SAMPLE WAS RUN WITH CRUSHED SEEDS ONE WITH
WHOLE SEEDS AND THE resul ts AVERAGED.
SEE NOTE NO. 8; ALSO, THE ASH VALUE IS FOR C. bigelowii ROOTS.
VALUE FOR NORMAL SUNLIGHT PLOT IN LIGHT INTENSITY EXPERIMENTS.
VALUE WHEN SUBJECTED TO SHORT DAY (6 HRS. LIGHT) EXPERIMENT.
SEE NOTE NO. 11; SEEDS TAKEN FROM THE CROPS OF MOURNING DOVES.
VALUE GIVEN IS A MEAN OF 4229. 0 AND 4186. 0.
MAXIMUM VALUE IN NUTRIENT STUDY WHEN PLOT WAS FERTILIZED WITH TWICE
NORMAL AMOUNT OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER USED BY gardners AND
WATERED TO TWICE NORMAL DENSITY OF THE SOIL SOLUTION.
VALUE WHEN SUBJECTED TO SHORT DAY (5 HRS. LIGHT) EXPERIMENT.
VALUE WHEN SUBJECTED TO LONG DAY (13 HRS. LIGHT) EXPERIMENT.
SEE NOTE NO. 10; ALSO ONE SAMPLE CONSISTED OF CRUSHED SEEDS, THE OTHER
WHOLE SEEDS, ONE SAMPLE WAS ANALYZED BY 3b AND THE OTHER BY 3c
(SEE METHODS NOTES. ).
VALUE WHEN NOT FERTILIZED OR WATERED.
AVERAGE OF FOUR PLANTS PER PLOT IN COMPETITION EXPERIMENTS.
PLANTS GROWN IN LOAN; „MAXIMUM VALUE FROM EXPERIMENT TO TEST EFFECT
OF SOIL ON CALORIC VALUE.
THE TOP LEAF OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PLANT, DRY WT. 3. 7 GM.
BOTTOM LEAF OF SAME PLANT (29 ABOVE), DRY WT. 1. 7 GM.
CALORIE VALUE FOR ALL LEAVES OF ABOVE PLANT (29, 30), DRY WT. 117. 3 GM.
DRY WT. OF STEM OF ABOVE PLANT (29, 30, 31), 204.4 GM.
DRY WT. OF ROOTS OF ABOVE PLANT (29-32), 87. 5 GM.
DRY WT. OF HEAD OF ABOVE PLANT (29-33), 169. 6 GM.
STOMACH CONTENTS TAKEN ALONG
POCKET GOPHER Thomamys talpoides.
AN altitudinal transect IN THE Beartooth MTS. , WYO. THE ALTITUDES
WERE AS FOLLOWS: A = 7400f t. , b = 8400 FT. , c = 10, 000 FT.
VALUES FROM BLISS (REFERENCE 10) OBTAINED BY AVERAGING THE DATA, IN
THE PLANT CATEGORIES SHOWN, FROM TWO COLLECTION TIMES. JUNE 25-27,
1959 AND AUG. 14, 1959. (ALSO SEE NOTE 8). ADDITIONAL DATA ARE
PRESENTED (BLISS, REFERENCE 10) WHICH COMPARE CALORIE VALUES FOR
PLANT PARTS WITH ENTIRE PLANTS IN A SELECTED SPECIES AND CALORIE VALUES
SHOWING SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN 5 SELECTED SPECIES.
4
8
See note no. 12. Sample of all vegetation in a plot. Vegetation
ground in a Wiley Mill and aliquots taken for analysis.
38. Samples of all herbaceous plants treated as described in note no.
37.
39. Composite sample of all roots in old field plot dominated by Poa
compressa. Samples treated as described in note no. 37.
40. Data from composite samples of alpine tundra on Mt. Washington,
New Hampshire (1958). Dominant species of the sedge meadow
was Carex bigelowii.
41. Data from composite samples of alpine juncus-heath on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire (1958). Dominant species: Juncus trifidus,
Vaccinium uliginosum. , V. vitis-idaea var. minus and Potentilla
tridentata.
42. Cells cultured in 5% glucose medium, Dept. Biol. , Univ. Pittsburgh.
Culture grown until carbon source exhausted, washed and centrifuged twice.
43. Detritus collected in a riffle area of Linesville Creek, Crawford Co. ,
Pa. Material washed before drying. (Note the roots were
primarily Salix. )
44. Ground litter under the community on a 4-year old abandoned field;
composed primarily of woody forbs (Happlopapus) and some grasses.
45. Well fed on Artemia nauplii prior to analysis.
46. Pymatuning Reservoir, Crawford Co. , Pa. Dried material ground
in Wiley Mill and subsampled. Adults entire individuals used.
47. 229 animals 2-3 mm in length, 148. 20 mg. burned.
48. 39 animals 4-7 mm in length, 187. 26 mg. burned.
49. 8 animals 10-15 mm in length, 243. 77 mg. burned.
50. Cultured in the laboratory, Dept. Zoology, Univ. Mich. Values
are given for three age classes: a = 0. 7 mm, b = 1. 3 mm, c = 1. 8 mm.
51.
Collected in the San Diego-La Jolla, California area.
52. 500 animals 2. 34 mm in length, 58. 32 mg. burned.
53. 500 animals 2. 80 mm in length, 64. 06 mg. burned.
54. 500 egg sacs 0. 15 mm in length, 10. 97 mg. burned.
55. 8500 animals 0. 75 mm in length, 33. 09 mg. burned.
56. 12, 500 animals 0. 95 mm in length, 61. 30 mg. burned.
57. 3000 animals 1. 45 mm in length, 91. 84 mg. burned.
58. 2100 animals 1. 70 mm in length, 56. 99 mg. burned.
59. 2100 animals 0. 85 mm in length, 48. 37 mg. burned.
60. 2000 animals 1. 92 mm in length, 72. 31 mg. burned.
61. 2000 females taken monthly April, 1962 through March, 1963 at
Millport, Scotland. The range was from 5232 in August to 6626 in
October (the value given is the mean for the year).
62. Mayfly numphs reared in laboratory culture. Determinations made
in five age categories. a = 4 mm, b = 5 mm, c = 6 mm, d = 7 mm,
e = 8 mm.
63. Animals collected at Sapelo Is., Ga.
64. Marsh grasshoppers collected at Sapelo Is. The three nymph size
classes and numbers used (in parentheses) were as follows: a = 5-10mm
(20), b = 10-15 mm (3), c = 15-20 mm (3). In measurements in which
animals were not sized, 6 individuals used.
65. Collected in marginal riffle and intermediate areas of the woodland
section of Linesville Creek, Crawford Co. , Pa. All terminal instar
larvae, still actively feeding.
37.
9
COLLECTED AT Sapelo, IS. , Ga; NUMBERS USED IN EACH SIZE
CLASS AS FOLLOWS: SMALL = 66, MEDIUM = 32, LARGE = 3.
LABORATORY CULTURES WERE THE SOURCE OF ANIMALS. ANIMALS IN
THE FOLLOWING CONDITION OR GIVEN THE FOLLOWING TREATMENTS WERE
USED: A = MIXED LARVAE FROM CULTURE, b = FAT EXTRACTED LARVAE, c
EXOSKELETONS, d = FAT-LADEN 4th instar LARVAE.
Microtus TRAPPED IN AN OLD FIELD NEAR East LANSING, MICH. THE
FIRST 2 ADULT MALES WEIGHTED 39. 1 AND 24. 5 GRAMS. THE JUVENILE
MALE WEIGHED 10. 0 GM AND THE LAST ADULT MALE WEIGHED 28. 0 GM.
THE MALES WERE KILLED WITH ETHER, IMMEDIATELY MINCED AND
66. C rabs
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
=
lyophalized.
WHILE LABORATORY MICE FROM DEPT. BACTERIOLOGY, MICH. STATE UNIV.
ONLY THE HEADS WERE USED IN THE ANALYSES OF ADULTS. LIVE WEIGHTS
OF THE FOUR MICE WERE 19. 0, 33. 0, 12. 8 AND 33. 4 GRAMS RESPECTIVELY.
TREATMENT OF TISSUE AS DESCRIBED IN NOTE NO. 68.
MATERIAL COLLECTED ON GEORGE RESERVE, MICH. , IN AN OLD FIELD COMMUNITY.
THE VALUES GIVEN ARE THE HIGH AND LOW MEASURED.
6 ANIMALS 10-20 mm. IN LENGTH, 42. 44 MG. BURNED.
3 CRABS COLLECTED AT Sapelo IS. , GA.
2 CRABS COLLECTED AT Sapelo IS. , GA.
1 CRAB COLLECT AT Sapelo IS. , GA.
75a = 5)a FILTERS;
VALUES FOR COMPRESSED (PELLET) millipore FILTERS.
75b = 0. 45./.2 FILTERS, WHEN THE SAMPLE SIZE WAS LARGER THAN 30 MG,
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS APPROACHED THE MEAN BY t7 TO t17 CAL/GRAM.
CALORIE DETERMINATIONS WERE MADE ON 32 SPECIMENS OF 20 SPECIES.
THE CALORIC VALUES WERE PRESENTED IN FOUR CATEGORIES.
VALUES FOR BODY FAT ONLY. (BULK EXTRACTION) CATBIRD, WORMA.
EATING WARBLER, Blackburnian WARBLER; (soxhlet EXTRACTION) MARSH
WREN, Swainson THRUSH, BOBOLINK, WORM-EATING WARBLER (2nd
AND 3rd VALUES).
B.
VALUES FOR VERY FAT, fall MIGRANT BIRDS. BLACK-POLL WARBLER,
Swainson THRUSH, Veery, BOBOLINK, yellowbilled CUCKOO, WOOD
THRUSH, Parula WARBLER, SCARLET TANAGER.
C.
VALUES FOR SPRING MIGRANTS ARRIVING AT THE GULF COAST AFTER FLIGHTS
FROM WINTERING GROUNDS IN TROPICAL AMERICA. Parula WARBLER,
SUMMER TANAGER, veery, SCARLET TANAGER, PROTHONOTARY WARBLER,
WOOD THRUSH.
D.
VALUES FOR nonmigrants (PERMANENT RESIDENTS OR MIGRANTS DURING
nonmigrating SEASONS). SALT MARSH WREN, TOWHEE, CARDINAL,
BROWN THRASHER, ENGLISH SPARROW, SCARLET TANAGER, MOCKINGBIRD,
YELLOW-THROATED VIREO, BLUE JAY.
DATA PRESENTED BY Slobodkin IS THAT OF R. Wiegert.
UNIV. MICH.
(PERSONAL COMMUNICATION). THE COLLECTION DATES IN THE ORDER THAT THEY
APPEAR IN THE TABLE ARE AS FOLLOWS: JUNE 27, JULY 14, AUG. 2, 16,
SEPT. 5, 13, 27.
DATA PRESENTED BY Slobodkin FROM R. CONOVER (WOODS HOLE, PERSONAL
COMMUNICATION).
DATA PRESENTED BY Slobodkin FROM MARSHALL AND ORR (PERSONAL
COMMUNICATION).
THE SPECIES OF BIRDS USED TO OBTAIN THE POOLED VALUE OF BIRD EGG YOLK
WERE AS FOLLOWS Angelains phoeniceus, ARCHILOCHUS colubris,
Colinus virginiamus, Dendroica petechia, GALLUS domesticus,
Leipoa ocellata, Melospiza melodia, Molothrus ater, PASSER DOMESticus, Phasianus culchicus, RHEA AMERICANA, Riparia riparia.
•
10
ALL SAMPLES were ANALYZED IN DUPLICATE. THE AVERAGE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN PLANT SAMPLES WAS 31 CAL/ASH-FREE GRAM AND 46 CAL/ASH-FREE
GRAM BETWEEN SOIL SAMPLES.
82. THE FOLLOWING NOTES ARE FROM REFERENCE 30 (DAVIS AND WARREN,
1965) AND CONCERN THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF BROOD CATEGORIES GIVEN
IN THE CALORIE TABLE. MIDGE LARVAE: "MIDGE LARVAE OF THE GENUS
Chironomus WERE THE MOST NUMEROUS OF THE INSECT FORMS. THE
MIDGES Tangtarsus, Polypedilum AND Brillia WERE USUALLY PRESENT. "
Chironomus SIZE CLASSES FED TO sculpins WERE 20-35 MG; THOSE FED TO
stoneflies WERE 1-5 MG. Stonefly numphs: "Nemoura WAS THE ONLY
OBSERVED plecopteran. " SNAIL FOOD: 1 PART POWDERED WHOLE MILK,
2 PARTS POWDERED WHEAT GERM, 2 PARTS SODIUM ALGINATE, 20 PARTS FRESH
ALGAE (SPIROGYRA). ALGAE: "... THE ALGAL COMMUNITY THAT DEVELOPED
WAS USUALLY DOMINATED BY SPECIES OF THE filamentorus ALGA Oedogonium
AND THE DIATOMS Synedra ULNA AND Melosira varians. "
83. MARSH GRASSHOPPERS COLLECTED AT Sapelo IS., GA. ADULTS (A) AND THREE
NYMPH SIZES, (b) 5-10 mm, (c) 10-15 mm, (d) 15-20 mm, WERE
BURNED. THE SALT MARSH GRASS, Spartina, WAS ALSO COLLECTED AT
Sapelo IS. , GA.
84. E. coli GROWN IN MASS CULTURE IN WITH GLUCOSE AS THE CARBON SOURCE.
CELL REMOVED AFTER GLUCOSE JUDGED TO HAVE BEEN USED UP. CELLS
WASHED FIVE TIMES, CENTRIFUGED AND dessicated.
85. Linesville CREEK, CRAWFORD CO. , PA. RIFFLE SECTION NO. 27.
A.
TERMINAL instar LARVAE IN PUPAL CASES.
B.
TERMINAL instar LARVAE STILL ACTIVELY FEEDING.
C.
SEVERAL SIZE CLASSES.
D.
DRIED MATERIAL GROUND WITH MORTAR AND PESTLE AND subsampled.
E.
ANIMALS REMOVED FROM SHELLS WITH A FINE SCALPEL. SIZE CLASSES
4 AND 5 (i. e. SHELL LENGTH RANGED 9. 0-11. 9 mm AND 12 mm AND
GREATER RESPECTIVELY. )
86. BEETLES COLLECTED DURING HIBERNATION AND SHORTLY THEREAFTER.
87. Limnodrilus. SAMPLES RANGED FROM 240 TO 674 INDIVIDUALS PER
SAMPLE. DRY WT. /ind. AVERAGED 0. 00078 gms.
SAMPLE WEIGHTS RANGED
FROM 0. 1661 TO 0. 4873 gms. DRY WT. CALORIES /ind. AVERAGED 4. 0.
88. Cambarus. 2 INDIVIDUALS USED TO MAKE UP THE SAMPLE MATERIAL.
SAMPLE WT. 1. 4120 gms.
CAL. /ind. 2764.
DRY WT. /ind. 0. 706 GM.
89. Musculium. SAMPLE 355 INDIVIDUALS, DRY WT. 0. 1657 GM. CAL. /ind.
2. 4. DRY WT. /ind. 0. 00466 GM.
90. DINA. SAMPLE 891 INDIVIDUALS, DRY WT. 0. 4982 GM. CAL. FIND. 2. 3.
DRY WT. /ind. 0. 00056 GM.
81.
VII. NOTATIONS FOR MEAN VALUES
1. PARTS USED.
A.
ENTIRE ORGANISMS (i. e. SINGLE CELLS IN THE CASE OF Protistans);
( BOTH SEXES, VARIOUS SIZE CLASSES, LIFE STAGES AND PARTS).
B.
PLANT PARTS: A = STEMS AND LEAVES; b = LEAVES OR NEEDLES;
c = STEMS OR TWIGS; d = STEMS, LEAVES, CAPSULES WITH SPORES;
e = thallus; f = ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES; g = SEEDS; h = ROOTS, STEMS,
LEAVES, FRUITS; i = HULLED SEEDS; j = ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES,
FLOWERS; k = TOPS, i. e. ALL PARTS EXCEPT ROOTS; 21 = ROOTS; 2m =
FLOWERS; 2n = BARK; 2o = DEAD TWIGS; 2p = DEAD LEAVES.
ADULTS:
A = BOTH SEXES; b = MALES; c = FEMALES; d = BOTH SEXES, SMALL;
C.
e = BOTH SEXES, MEDIUM; g = BOTH SEXES LARGE; h = NEWLY
EMERGED.
D.
ANIMAL EGGS: A = ENTIRE; b = WITH EGG SACS; c = NEWLY FERTILIZED.
•
11
e.
f.
Animal parts: a = without shell;
Immatures: a = larvae or nymphs; b = prepupal larvae;
c = pupae; d = juvenile males; e = juvenile females.
2. General Notes.
a. The mixed epiphytic stream algae value (1150) from reference
31 was omitted from the average. The value is unusually low
which probably reflects the inclusion of extraneous mineral
water.
b. The per gram dry weight calorie value based on seeds only.
c. Per ash-free gram dry weight calorie value based on seeds only.
d. Includes values for mixed alpine vegetation, mixed ground flora
and mixed old field vegetation. These values have not been
included in the spermatophyte, gymnosperm or angiosperm
totals.
e. Values for mixed alpine vegetation, mixed ground flora and
mixed old field vegetation have been omitted.
f. No terrestrial values available.
LITERATURE CITED IN THE INTRODUCTION
Golley, F. B. 1961. Energy values of ecological materials. Ecology,
42: 581-584.
Lindeman, R. L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology,
23: 399-418.
Maciolek, J. A. 1962. Limnological organic analyses by quantitative dichromate oxidation. Rept. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildlife, 20: 1-61.
Phillipson, J. 1966. Ecological energetics. St. Martins Press, N. Y.
57 pp.
TABLE OF CALORIFIC EQUIVALENTS
Volvocaceae
Chlamydomonadaceae
Ulotrichales
Ulotricaceae
Chlorococcales
Oocystaceae
Scenedesmaceae
Zygnemataceae
Chrysophyta
Bacillariophyceae
(diatoms)
Pandorina
111Q1.1ina
Chlamydomona E,
reinhardi 5289. 0
±95. 6 4
Stichococcus
bacillaris 5296
Chlorella
PYrenoid- 5444
Q.§..4
C. vulgaris.
5181
C. sp.
4735. 0
Scenedesmus
5158
obli • uus
5507
Scenedesmus
brasilien- 5453
sis
Spirogyra spp. 4204. 3
Mixed epiphytic
stream
(algae)
Navicula
minima
Navicula sp.
Melosira sp.
0
(NJ
Z
t-it
I
4969
12
Author&
Source
General
Notes
Per gm
wet wt
Methods
Primary Producers
A. Aquatic
Chlorophyta (grassgreen algae)
Per gm
ash-free
dry wt
Parts
used
I.
Species Name
Per gm
dry wt
Season
Ecological and
Systematic Position
%Ash
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
Number
samples
•
17
1
3c
1
17
1
3c
6
2
6
6
7
7
6
7
1
1
1
1
6
7
6
6
7
7
1
15
6
1
2
17
17
14
1
3d
5
3c
8
9
30
1150
3218±201 4
4943
5150
3a
81
Author &
Sourc E
General
Notes
Methods
cv
Parts
used
PER GM
WET wt
Season
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
Number
samples
PER GM
DRY wt
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
GM-CAL) VALUES
%Ash
CALORIE
Cyanophyta
Myxophyceae (BLUEGREEN ALGAE)
Microcystis SP.
B ryophyta (MOSSES)
Spermatophyta (SEED
4781±8124
(16.99) 5
8
1
3C
1
1
Anabaena SOLItaria
5410
2
14
3a
30
81
MIXED BLUE GREEN ALGAE
5175±350 6
4
14
3A
30
81
SPHAGNUM spp.
S. f uscum
S. girensohnii
4160
4326±824
4211±434
2
2-3
2-3
14
14
14
15
15
3a
3a
3a
30
10
10
81
8
8
2
14
3
1
3A
2
30
3
81
PLANTS, FLOWERING
PLANTS, phanerogams)
Angiospermae
(ANGIOSPERMS)
Monocotyledonae
( MONOCOTYLEDONS)
Najadales
Potamogetonaceae
(POND WEEDS)
Potamogeton
lucens
3575
Potamogeton SP.
4280
Dicotyledoneae
( DICOTYLEDONS)
H yd-ro ch.a.ritace A e
(frogbit FAMILY)
Elodea canadensis ( WATER
3180
WEED)
2
2428
3385
3105
3494. 5
3451.2
Ceratophyllaceae
(hornworts)
Ceratophyllum
demersum
Cd u)
1:14
Author &
Source
General
Notes
cn
Methods
0
6
2a
±357
3474.0
Myrtiflorae
± 42. 26
Haloragidaceae
( WATER milfoils)
Myriophyllum
exalbescens 4162. 0
3470. 5
PER GM
WET wt
Season
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
Number
samples
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
PER GM
DRY wt
%Ash
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
2
3
3a
4200
2
8
2
14
14
14
1
1
1
3a
3d
3a
4
5
30
4
5
81
+
- .5.9 7
J- 2. 7'
2
2
11.6.1
14
14
14
2
3
1
3a
3a
3d
4
4
5
6
6
5
4260
2
14
1
3a
30
81
4480
2
14
1
3a
30
81
4650
2
14
1
3a
30
81
19
3
3c
23
70
19
1
LC:
23
4117.2
(COON TAIL)
Nymphaceae
( WATER LILIES)
Lythraceae
Nuphar SP.
(LOOSE STRIFES)
Decadon verticillatus
WATER OLEANDER)
B.
TERRESTRIAL
Mycophyta (-Eumycophyta;
Gastromycetates FUNGI)
(PUFF BALL)
Astreus hvgro - 3713
metricas
3999
711_
L ycopodiinae
Lycopodiales (club
mosses)
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium
annotinum
var. pungens
2-3 14
15
3a
10
8
4780±7 4
2-3 14
16
3a
10
8
1475±28 4
2-3 14
15
3a
10
8
1458- 94
2-3 14
15
3a
10
8
4323±35 4
2-3 14
15
3a
10
8
4300±67 4
2-3 14
15
3a
10
8
4324±59 4
2-3 14
17
3a
10
8
4616±61 4
2-3 14
17
3a
10
8
4520±60 4
4396±124
4249±15 4
42031E 0 4
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
14
14
14
14
17
17
17
17
3a
3a
3a
3a
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
4397±7 4
4132+
-59 4
4077±264
2-3 14
2-3 14
2-3 14
17
17
17
3a
3a
3a
10
10
10
8
8
8
2-3 6-7
2-3 8
14
14
3a
3a
10
10
8
8
+
4952±16 2
49921. 28 2
Season
4410±70 4
0
Number
samples
Author &
Source
General
Notes
Thallophyta (lichens)
mean for 7
species
Polytrichum
juniperinum
var. alpestre
P. piliferum
Dicranum
beigeri
Aulscomnium
turgidum
Calliergon
stramineum
mean for 8
species
Sterocaulon
paschale
Cladonia gracillis
C. mitis
C. mangiferina
C. alpestris
Cetraria cuculata
C. islandica
C. nivalis
Methods
Bryophyta (mosses)
Species Name
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
En
$4
cd
0
En
FLF z
Pinus ponderosa 5625. 0
P. contorta
5939.2
murrayana
P. lambertiana 6480. 2
P. flexilis
7117. 2
P. strobus
(white pine)
Pseudotsuga
taxifolia
5998. 3
Larix larcina
--traTich
Thuja occidental"Msarbor
vitae)
Angiospermae
(angiosperms)
Mono cotyledoneae
(monocotyledons)
Glumiflorae
Gramineae
(grasses)
Agropyron
trachycaulon
var. majus
Andropogon sp. 4232. 0
5290
Z
Season
GZ
2-3 6-7
2-3 8
2
14
Author&
Source
General
Notes
46291- 21 2
48621-18 2
TE.
Methods
Lycopodium
salago var.
appressum
0,,
<4
Parts
used
Spermatophyta
(phanerogams)
Gymnospermae
(gymnosperms)
Coniferae
Pinaceae
Species Name
1
Number1
samples
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
14
14
3a
3a
10
10
5
5
11
11
5
5
11
11
3
3a
30
81
11
5
5260
2
14
32
3a
30
81
5250
2
14
33
3a
30
81
2-3 8
2 10
12
15
3a
10
12
8
46291- 15 4
9
1■1
C7,
furcatus
bluestem: 5068
Avena sativa
CULTIVATED
4238.3
PER GM
WET wt
.4
0
e
e
AL
ed u)
z
5a
3c
cn
-4-J rcs
Author&
Source
General
Notes
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
Methods
PER GM
DRY wt
Season
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Number
samples
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
A.
1
(BIG
18
13
10
11
5
OAT)
Agrostis BOREALIS (BENT GRASS)
Bromus inermis
(brome GRASS, 4491
Calamogrostis
canadensis
VAR. scabra
4483±24
2-3
3
8
12
3a
10
8
18
5
3c,
13
10
8
4554-1 334
2-3
12
3a
10
8
4506±19 4
2-3 6-7 13
3a
10
8
4558±15 4
2-3
(REED BENT
GRASS)
Deschampsia
flexuosa
(HAIR GRASS)
flexuosa
Uigitaria ischaemum
D.
8
12
3a
10
8
4616
2
18
5
3c
13
10
4380
2
18
5
3c
3b
13
10
3532.3
2
5
1
14
9
4100.7
3
10
15
12
9
4695
2
18
5
13
10
(FINGER GRASS
D.
sanguinalis
(CRAB GRASS)
Cenchurus SP.
(SAND BUR)
Cynodon DACTYLON BERMUDA
GRASS)
Eichinochloa
crusgalli
( BARNYARD
GRASS)
3b
—1
AUTHOR &
SOURCE
GENERAL
NOTES
USED
1
18
5A
3C
13
10
2
14
5
3C
13
10
2
10
19
19
1
3
3
3C
3C
14
23
23
9
70
70
2
18
5A
3C
13
10
2
18
5
3C
13
10
2
18
5
3C
13
10
5
3
8-9
5
5
15
3
15
12
11
12
3
7
15
12
12
5
7
15
12
12
9
8
15
12
12
14
9
15 11
2-3 6-7
2-3 8
15
15
14
12
12
12
10
10
12
12
8
8
8-9
5
15
11
5
PARTS
METHODS
4819
E. CRUSGALLI
ZLYMUS VIRGINICUS (WILD RYE) 4695
FESTUCA SP.
FESQUE GRASS44106.4
LEPTOLOMA SP.
3825
4248
LTPTOLOMA SP.
MUHLENBERGIA
SCHREBERI
4589
(DROP SEED)
PANICUM CAPILLARE OLD
4700
WITCH GRASS)
P. DE COTO MIFLO R_
4647
URN
P. -TRITLIACEUM
— (PROSA MILLET) 4290
POA COMPRESSA 4017.0
±45 4
P. COMPRESSA
399,8.0
11124
P. COMPRESSA
4125. 43
±77
4179.1
P. COMPRESSA
±200 4
P. COMPRESSA
4306.6,
1450'
P. COMPRESSA
4175.1±80 4
- 5
1: 7 FERNALDIANA
455027 4
,
P. FERNALDIANA
4469±10
SATARIA LUTES -.
CENS (YELLOW 4700
RATATIL )
PER GM
WET WT
SEASON
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY WT
NUMBER
SAMPLES
PER GM
DRY WT
07 1-1 %
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
To ASH
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
3A
3A
CO
4494
S. lutescens
S. viridis (green
4400
foxtail)
4534
S. viridis
faberii
(giant
T.
foxtail)
4585
T risetum spicatum var.
gi-L3-grglume
Sorghum vulgare (sor4017.6
ghum)
4223.7
S. halpense
Spartina sp.
(marsh
4076.7
grass)
S. sp.
4096. 9
S. sp.
3993.9
4124.0
T. sp.
S. sp.
3777.0 +
S. sp.
4109.0-31
S. sp.
4387.019
7 riticum
aestivum
4347
(wheat)
T. aestivum
3960
T. aestivum
4282.3
T. aestivum
3585.0
4042.0
T. aestivum
Zea mays
(corn maize) 4415.2
Z. mays
4317
Z. mays
4060
+ 4
4577- 42
Author&
Source
General
Notes
Methods
r Parts
used
Season
0
ffi\I
Number
samples
1
Species Name
r %Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
2
18
5
3b
13
10
5
2
8-9
18
5
5
3b
15
13
11
10
2
18
5a
3c
13
10
3a
10
8
2-3
8
12
5
11
2
9
3
14
9
2
4
1
14
9
2
3
3
2
3
3
8
8
8
8
3
15
3
2
3
18
14
14
14
14
9
9
9
9
9
9
2
18
5
3b
13
10
5
5
8-9
5
3
15
11
11
11
11
1. 1
13
15
13
10
11
2
5
1
1
18
8-9
5
5
5
3b
3
13
14
Cyperaceae
(sedges)
Liliiflorae
Juncaceae
Mixed grasses
4170.2
(alpine)
Mixed grasses 4189.5
Mixed grasses 4166.2
Mixed grasses 4161.3
Mixed grasses 4208.1
Mixed grasses 4168.8
Carex sp.
(sedge)
4788
4724±72 4
C. bigelowii
4771±114
C7 13i77737n
canescens
C7
C. scirpoides
Cyperus erythrorhizos
5196
(muhl. sedge)
Scirpus caespitosus var.
Ea:Mills
S. caespitosus
var. callosus
Alpine sedge
4708. o±io
meadow
Alpine sedge
meadow
4744.0±234
Alpine sedge
meadow
4681.0±44
Juncus trifidus
J. trifidus
Luzula spicata
wood rush)
L. spicata
Alpine juncus- 4740.0±5 4
heath
CO
19
19
19
4
4
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
16
16
16
16
16
16
5
14
12
12
12
3c
3a
3a
3a
3a
13
10
10
10
10
15a
15b
15c
15a
15b
15ci1
1
1
10
17
8
8
8
5
3c
13
10
4' -0
ml to
CI4 z
1
8
8
8
8
8
8
16.3
+ 4
4582-13
4617±8 4
18
2
2-3 6-7
8
2-3
8
2-3
8
2-3
2
18
Generalj
Notes
1
Season
15
15
15
15
15
15
.2J
;_, 0
o u
.4 P
o
<4 cf)
ics
0
.-
1
0
m
co
Number
samples
Species Name
%Ash
wet wt
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
dry wt
4591±9 4
2-3 6-7
13
3a
10
8
4695±14 4
2-3
8
12
3a
10
8
3
6
1
17
40
3
7
1
17
40
17
10
10
40
8
8
10
10
17
8
8
41
4550±48
4571±3
4427±22
4902±8
8
3
2-3 6-7
8
2-3
1
13
12
2-3 6-7
8
2-3
6
3
13
12
1
3a
3a
3a
3a
PER GM
WET wt
-A
(1)
<4
e
0
th\1
'e
u)
4J TS
N A)
cri 0,
C14 z
1
5
Author
Source
General
Notes
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
Method
PER GM
DRY wt
Season
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Numbe
sample
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
3c
17
13
41
10
11
14
_
Liliaceae
ALPINE juncusHEATH
SMILAX hispida
--- -—
Tc a tbTie
AL lium CEPA
-- -
Dicotyledoneae
Tor7.oFir
4839.0±11 4
4554
3
2
7
18
1
3777.0
( DICOTYLEDONS)
Archichlamydeae
Salicales
Salicaceae
(WILLOWS)
Salix herbacea
S. herbacea
'ST planiflora
"'-.-- planiflora
S. uva- ursi
S. uva-ursi
___
Fagales
Corylaceae
Betula MINOR
(=Betulaceae) - (DWARF WHITE
Fragaceae
BIRCH)
B. MINOR
Miercus SP.
5046±4
4892±8
4875±13
+
4857-26
4975±19
4784±43
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
14
12
15
15
14
14
3a
3a
3a
3a
3a
3a
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
5152±15
2-3 6-7
15
3a
10
8
52301E 8
4930
2-3
8
2
14
15
3
3a
3a
10
30
8
81
(BEECHES)
Utricales
CannabinaCANNABIS sativa
ceae
(HEMP)
Polygonales
Polygonaceae RUMEX SP. (dock)3335.8
R. SP.
3509.7
R. patientia
3834.0
3688.0
FT. patientia
R. crispus
4786
(YELLOW DOCK)
5890.7
2
18
5
11
1
1
1
1
5
14
14
11
11
13
3c
9
9
18
19
10
P olygonum
viviparum
(buckwheat)
P. viviparum
P-7 convolvulus
(black bindweed)
P. convolvulus
P. scandens
(false buckwheat)
P. pennsylvamcum knotweed
4615
cn
cis
(2.1
-1
4516:6
2-3 6-7 12
441311
2-3
8
2
18
co
Author &
Source
General
Notes
Season
CO
-cs
o
10
8
12
5
3c
10
13
8
10
4210
4814
5
2
8-9
18
5
5
3
3c
15
13
20
10
4514
2
18
5
3b
13
10
Centrospermae
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium sp 4913
(mostly C.
album, lamb's
quarter)
C. album
4630
A maranthaceae
Amaranthus
retroflexus
(pigweed)
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca
americana
(pokeweed)
0
Number
samples
Species Name
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
.
2
18
5
3b
13
10
5
8-9
5
3
15
20
4623
2
18
5
3b
13
10
5230
2
18
5
3c
13
10
NJ
Caryophyllaceae
Rhoeadales
Cruciferae
Rosales
Rosaceae
Arenaria
groenlandica
( mountain
daisy)
A. groenlandica
Mollugo verticil
lata (carpet- 4357
weed)
Silene acaulis
var. exscapa
( moss campion)
Brassica sp.
( mustard)
B. arvensis
(field mustard)
B. nigra
Capsella sp.
(shephard's
purse)
Per gm
wet wt
0
cri
os cr,
Author &
Source
GeneralI
Notes
Species Name
Per gm
ash-free
dry wt
Methods
Per gin
dry wt
Season
Ecological and
Systematic Position
gm-cal) Values
Number
samples
Calorie
4764±27 4
2-3 6-7
14
3a
10
8
4144±36 4
2-3
8
12
3a
10
8
18
5
3c
13
10
12
3a
10
8
1
+
4850- 37
4
2-3 6-7
• 608
2
18
5
3c
13
10 1
5980
5
8-9
5
3
15
20
6049.5
5
11
491.5
1
14
9
Potentilla tridentata77
toothed cinqu
efoil)
P. tridentata
Geum peckii
(avens
G. peckii
G. canadense
3693
G. canadense
4998
4673 -1- 1 44
2-3 6-7
14
3a
10
8
4701 137 4
2-3
12
3a
10
8
13
12
5a
5
3a
3a
3c
3c
10
10
13
13
8
8
10
10
4337±224
4411i11
- 4
8
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
1
18
2
18
U.)
Species Name
—
Leguminosae
z
Geraniales
Linaceae
Lespedeza sp.
(bush clover)
L. cunesta
L. striata
L. stipulacea
(Korean bush
clover)
Trifolium
pratense
(red clover)
T.
_ sp.
Per gm
wet wt
.1,51
01
z
o
a)
cn
03
71
_
4438. 8
4630. 0
4666. 4
3
2
2
10
9
9
19
3
3
4965
1
18
5
4980
2
18
5
4092.
±200'I
2
8
19
Medicago sativa (alfalTaT 5068.
Glycine max
(soybean)
5328
Gleditsia triacanthos
4316
(honey locust)
Melilotus alba 4687
(sweet c-MTer)
Phaseolus
coccinous
4282. 2
Linum usitatissimum (flax) 6300
Euphorbia maculata ( milk
5326
purs ane)
Ricinus comminis (castor
6834. 7
bean)
Author &
Source
General
Notes
Per gm
ash-free
dry wt
Methods
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Per gm
dry wt
Number
samples
Calorie gm-cal) Values
12
14
14
12
3c
13
10
3c
13
10
12
12
11
2
18
5
3b
13
10
2
18
5
3c
13
10
1
18
5
3c
13
10
11
5
5
8-9
5
3
15
20
3
5
ic
13
10
A
I
5
11
Per gm
wet wt
crl e
4.
ci
Author8E1
Source
General
Notes
Per gm
ash-free
%Ash
Species Name
Per gm
dry wt
dry wt
Ecological and
Systematic Position
0
cv
Season 1
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
Number1
samples
—
co
-0
o
.d
,
Sapindales
Empetraceae
Aceraceae
Malvales
Malvaceae
Parietales
Loasaceae
Umbelliflorae
Umbelliferae
Empatrum
eamesii spp. 5559±44
hermaphroditum (rockETT-ry)
E. eamesii
hermaphrod.- 5406±13 4
turn
Ac7
e •–i accharinum (silver
maple)
Sida spinosa
5045
----Tsida)
S. spinosa
4946
Abutilon theophrasti
5029
(Indian mallow)
2-3 6-7
12
3a
10
8
2-3
8
12
3a
10
8
2
18
5a
3c
13
10
2
18
5
3b
13
10
2
18
5
3c
13
10
1
11
18
19
12
12
Mentzelia lindleyi
3581.0
Daucus carota 3915.0±450
(Queen Anre's
lace)
+
D. carota
4207.5- .517
Pastinaca astiva (parsnip) 6088
_
5
8
2
1
1
18
5a
3a
4
3c
13
10
SANICULA CANADENSIS7TR
A ACK 5953
SNAKE ROOT)
METACHLAMYDEAE
ERICALES
ERICACEAE
LOISELEURIA PROCUMBENS
(ALPINE AZA1E4
L. PROCUMBENS
CASSIOPE HYPNOIDES
C. HYPNOIDES
RHODODENDRON
LAPPONICUM
(LAPLAND
ROSEBAY)
R. LAPPONICUM
REDURN GROENLANDICUM
(LABRADOR TE4
L. GROENLANDICURN
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS
ALPINA (ALPINE
BEARBERRY)
A. ALPINA
PHY LODOCE
CAERULEA
P. CAERULEA
VACCINIUM
CAESPITOSURN
(DWARF BILBERRY)
V. CAESPITOSUM
1
RA
K
0
FA4
AUTHOR &
SOURCE
GENERAL
NOTES
0
METHODS
PER GM
WET WT
SEASON
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
NUMBER
SAMPLES
PER GM
DRY WT
DRY WT
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
%ASH
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
18
5A
3C
13
10
5227 1- 5 4
2-3 6-7
13
3A
10
8
5437±42 4
2-3
8
12
3A
10
8
+4
5186-7
5260 125 4
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
12
12
3A
3A
10
10
8
8
2-3 6-7
12
3A
10
8
.
4
5331 116
2-3
8
12
3A
10
8
5148 1364
5179 1244
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
13
12
3A
3A
10
10
4811±3 4 ,
4836±50'
2-3 6-7
8
2-3
13
12
3A
3A
10
10
8
8
4960152
4907±32 4
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
12
12
3A
3A
10
10
8
8
4913123 4
4932±43 4
2-3 6-7
8
2-3
13
12
3A
3A
10
10
8
8
5261131
4
4
T ubiflorae
Convolvulaceae
Polemoniaceae
Diapensia lapponica
D. lapponica
Fraxinus nigra
(black ash)
5625
Ipomoea purpurea (morning
gTry)
Gilia capitata
—
( -Standing
cypress)
G. capitata
G. capitata
2-3 6-7
14
3a
10
8
5064±17 4
2-3
8
12
3a
10
8
5086±10 4
4962±21 4
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
13
12
3a
3a
10
10
8
8
4913 71 23 4
2-3 6-7
13
3a
10
8
4932±43 4
2-3 6-7
12
3a
10
8
+
34
49424925±3
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
12
12
3a
3a
10
10
8
8
1
18
5
3c
13
10
4945
2
18
5
3c
13
10
4204.0
4268.0
3482. 0
11
11
11
18
22
23
—
Season
4986±20 4
0
th\I
Number
samples
Author &
Source
General
Notes
Oleales
Oleaceae
V. vitis-idaea
—
var. minus
( mt. cranberry)
V. vitis- idaea
_
var. minus
V. angustifolium
(low sweet)
V. angustifolium
T. uliginosum
var.alpinum
(alpine bilberry)
V. uliginosum
var. alpinum
Methods
Primulales
Primulaceae
Species Name
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Parts
used
—
1
1
1
N.)
Hydrophylla-
dry wt
wet wt
0
Z
eZ
CO
k
cd
0
in
Cli
z
Author &
Source
General
Notes
free
Per gm
Methods
Species Name
ash
-
Season
Systematic Position
Per gm
Number
samsles
dry wt
Ecological and
%Ash
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Phacelia graniflora (scor -
ceae
pion weed)
Verbenaceae
3446. 0
1
11
Verbena urticaefolia
(white ver
-
vain)
Labiatae
Leonurus
5490
2
18
5
3
13
25
5783
1
18
5
3c
13
10
2
18
5
3c
13
10
car-
diaca (com mon mother
-
wart)
Teucrium cana
-
dense (Amer,
can german der)
Solonaceae
4894
Solanum tuber
S.
-
°sum
3932.0
1
11
22
—
3783.0
1
11
26
19
12
12
—
tiTe
Fosum
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum
thapsus
(com -
mon mullein) 3978. 9±140
3
8
5204
2
18
5
13
10
3794. 7 ±89
2
8
19
12
12
Plantaginales
Plantaginaceae
Plantago
sp.
(plaintain)
P.
P.
3c
lanceolata
(ribgrass)
3628.0
1
11
27
P. lanceolata
3641. 0
1
11
18
lanceolata
3826.0
1
11
18
P. lanceolata
4008. 2
1
11
28
P.
Rubiales
sp.
_
03
I Methods1
Author &
Source
General
Notes
_
5
3c
13
10
4684±224
2-3 6-7
13
3a
10
8
46721E 34 4
46161.224
2-3
2-3
8
8
12
14
3a
3a
10
10
2
5
1
4696±6 4
2-3 6-7
14
3a
10
4947±324
2-3
12
3a
10
u
4-.) Ts
k
ct
0
u)
1
0
ffiq
Rubiaceae
Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckles)
Campanulatae
Campanulaceae
Compositae
Galium sp. (bed
straw)
4504
Houstonia caerulea var.
faxonoruni
(bluets)
H. caerulea van.
faxonorum
Lonicera villosa
Specularia sp.
( Venus ' s
looking glass) 3746.3
Campanula rotundifolia vai.
arctica (harebell)
C. rotundifolia
var. arctica
Helianthus annus (sunflow6759.2
H. annus
3993.2
H. annus
3497.6
Ti. annus
3825.5
H. annus
3850.0
T1. annus
3951.0
Ti. annus
4307.7
Haplopappus sp.4483.6
H. sp.
4427.3
_
8
5
3
3
3
2
4
2
3
10
10
6
1
2
,
Season
18
1
Number
samples
2
%Ash
Species Name
dry wt
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
wet wt
ash-free
14
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
8
29
30
31
32
33
34
0
th‘3
CO
4■, "CI
k 0
cd
O4
fa
Author&
Source
General
Notes
PER GM
WET wt
Methods1
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
Season
PER GM
DRY wt
1
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
%Ash
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
Number
samples
-
Cirsium arvehse TAN.
THISTLE)
Heterotheca SP.
(camphorn
H.
WEED)
SP.
Terbesina encelioides (crcwn
393A9±223
6
8
19
12
4303.5
4289.6
2
2
10
5
2
1
14
14
1
11
24
5
11
24
BEARD)
3809.0
ZINNIA grandiFLORA GARDEN
ZINNIA)
6834.7
Solidago cutleri
(GOLDENROD)
S. cutleri
_Š. macrophylla
VAR. thyrsoi-
dea
S.
_ macrophylla
var thyrsoidea
AMBROSIA trifida (GREAT RAG1.r ed)
5802
A. artemisiifo- lia(common
-r igweed)
5286
sp.
ASTER
(
MOST- 7- pilosus)
(ASTER)
5737
Arctium SP.
(BURDOCK)
4975
12
4331±9 4
4503±544
2-3 6-7
2-3
8
14
12
3a
3a
10
10
8
8
45281- 30 4
2-3 6-7
13
3a
10
8
4413±24
2-3
8
12
3a
10
8
2
18
5a
3c
13
10
2
18
5
3c
13
10
2
18
5
3c
13
10
2
18
5
3c
13
10
TR.)
Source
CO
4-,
rcs
ori CO
(14 z
GENERAL
NOTES
9.3
AUTHOR &
PER GM
WET wt
METHODS
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
SEASON
PER GM
DRY wt
NUMBER
SAMPLES
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
%ASH
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
18
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
19
19
19
4
4
4
3c
7
7
7
7
7
7
13
16
16
16
16
16
16
10
15a
15b
15c
15a
15b
15c
8
1
7
16
35a
8
1
7
16
35b
8
1
7
16
35c
22-336-8
20
3a
10
36
18-216-8
20
3a
10
36
40-6C6-8
20
3a
10
36
40-6C6-8
20
3a
10
36
Taraxacum
officinale
(COMMON
5105
DANDELION)
4198. 6
ALPINE forbs
4267. 7
ALPINE forbs
4191. 7
ALPINE forbs
4165. 6
ALPINE forbs
ALPINE forbs
4174. 9
4175. 7
ALPINE forbs
MIXED ALPINE
4286.0
VEGETATION
MIXED ALPINE
4241. 3
VEGETATION
MIXED ALPINE
4264.5
VEGETATION
11 SPECIES ALPINE EVERGREEN SHRUBS
5098±48 4
9 SP. ALPINE DECI4932±334
DUOUS SHRUBS
20 SP. ALPINE
SHRUBS (AVE.
OF TWO ABOVE)
5024±34 4
20 SP. ALPINE
HE rbs
4601±29 4
MIXED WOODLAND
GROUND FLORA
4680
MIXED WOODLAND
GROUND FLORA
47581- 260
OLD FIELD GRASS
& HERBS
3994. 1-1- 97 4
OLD FIELD MIXED
HERBS
3972.0±124 4
2
14
34
3a
30
81
8
14
34
3a
30
81
3
4
19
12
37
3
5
19
12
38
Author&
Source
General
Notes
Methods
Season
7
19
12
38
3302. 5±196 4
6
8
4
12
39
8.8
3
17
1
3d
5
84
2531.41.1. 6 6 4494.3±99.26
43. 7
2
1
4
3d
5
43
4249. 6±141. 46 4783. 7±250. I'
11. 1
3
1
3
3d
5
43
3807.3±149.9 4194.0± ?A. 8
9. 2
4
1
21
3d
5
43
14
44
12
12
12
12
PER GM
t
w
%
%Ash
3
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
OZH
3812.0±119 4
SPECIES NAME
OLD FIELD MIXED
HERBS
OLD FIELD MIXED
ROOTS
II.
$4 W
cd CO
af z
PER GM
DRY wt
T
WE
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Number
samples
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
CO
Microconsumers
A.
AQUATIC
Schizophyta ( BACTERIA)
B.
DETRITUS (PARTIALLY DECAYED ORGANIC MATTER
PLUS BACTERIAL AND
FUNGAL FLORA)
1. AQUATIC
2.
TERRESTRIAL
Escherichia coli5028. 2±8. 1 5520.2±339.8
ROOTS (STREAM
DETRITUS)
LEAVES (STREAM
DETRITUS)
BARK (STREAM
DETRITUS)
OLD FIELD GROUND
LITTER
4397.
DEAD GRASS (PRIMARILY Poa
8
2
compres.)
FROM OLD
FIELD
II
H
H
3906.8±544
4246.1±624
DEAD Quercus
LEAVES
DEAD Pinus stro BUS NEEDLES
8
15
8
2
19
19
5070
2
14
36
3a
30
81
5370
2
14
36
3A
30
RI
T4.>
1
III.
Mixed dead tree
leaves (woodland)
Mixed dead woodland ground
flora
Dead Thuja occidenta is
twigs
Dead Larix
lardina
Tetrahymena
pyriformis
+
3
5938- 207
Author &
Source
[
General
Notes
NI
Z z ,
1
sz Z co
Methods
Parts
usedused
wet wt
Season
Per gm
ash-free
dry wt
-
Species Name
Per gm
dry wt
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Per gm
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
4960
2
14
36
3a
30
81
4660±30 6
4
14
34
3a
30
81
6275±19 6
4
14
35
3a
30
81
5210
4
14
36
3a
30
81
1
8
18
1
3c
21
8
18
2a
22
Macroconsumers
A.
Aquatic
Protozoa (protozoans)
Ciliophora
Porifera (sponges)
Demo spongia
Monaxonida
Platyhelminthes
Turbellaria
Tricladida
Coelente rata
HAM rn 7na
Spongilla lacustris
Dugesia tigrina
Phagocata gracilis woodworthi
6475±3533
58
4
6280.338 3
1330±20 4
19
24
45
CO
-0
o
4-,
Author&
Source
General
Notes
Parts
used
Per gm
wet wt
Season
Per gm
ash-free
%Ash
Species Name
Per gm
dry wt
dry wt
Ecological and
Systematic Position
0
Number
samples
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
_
Hydroidea
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Prosobranchia
Opisthobranchia
Pulmonata
Hydra littoralis
=oh.ydra
viridissima
Thais lamellosa
Aegires albopmctatus
Polycera atra
Triopha macula..
ta
Acarithodoris
rhodoceras
Hopkinsia rosacea
Dendrodoris albopunctata
Dirona picta
Flabellina iodinea
Hermissenda
crassicornis
Bulla gouldiana
Haminoea virescens
Navanaxinermis
N. inernas
923114
Aglaia diomedea
Succinea ovalis
Modiolus sp.
4600±7
Oxytrema silicula
910
1
6034 146
3
8
18
57291247
3
8
18
1
5845 -t404 3
8
4 4-7
22
3c
21
5309±929i
5680±439 -
43
28
3 4-7
6 4-7
24
24
3c
3c
21
21
5641±393 3
27
19 4-7
24
3c
21
54391645 3
41
4 4-7
24
3c
21
6007
43
7 4-7
24
3c
21
51581480 3
667511037 3
41
41
4 4-7
4 4-7
24
24
3c
3c
21
21
4943
30
7 4-7
24
3c
21
64461162 3
63521315 3
28
25
9 4-7
5 4-7
24
22
3c
3c
21
21
3
53351219
+
5992- 214 3
27
36
+ 3
5555-72
+
3
5415-600
27
22
24
8
24
22
22
3c
3c
3c
3c
8
21
21
20
21
18
9
63
31
82
6
11
4
7
3
49.2
1
4-7
4-7
4-7
4-7
3c
Pelecypoda
Annelida (segmental
worms)
Hirudinea
Oligochaeta
Tubificidae
Polychaeta
Arthropoda (jointed-leg
animals)
Crustacea
Branchiopoda
Anostraca
Conchostraca
Cladocera
Ensis minor
---(razor
clam)
Sphaerium sp.
Musculium sp.
3423±819
5219
,
°
3500
4759±5586
2
1
27. 3
Dina microstoma
5443
Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri.
Limnodrilus spi 5137±863 6
Strenelais articulata
Artemia sp.
nauplii)
Streptocephalus seali
5182. 5
TI
0
CA
al z
11
7 22
9 22
3d
3
Author&
Source
General1
Notes
k
rd
MethodsI
CO
4-)
29
5
36
85e
89
1
19
11
3
36
90
6
19
23
24
11
2a
3
22
36
87
4700
11
6737±861 3
24
8
8
24
3c
1
49
6
24
3c
1
47
6
24
3c
1
48
24 8
lib 3d
18
5
86
49321.1844
(3. 72) 5
5205±110
(2. 23)'
4360±270 4
(5. 93) 5
Undet. sp.
Caenestheriella
setosa
Leptodora
kindtii
L. kindtii
7601'26 4
Season
0
thq
Number
samples
Species Name
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
5605±584 3
5434. 4
zi. 6
96
1
14
29
18
1
1
...1
IC
0
NOTES
K
SOURC
GENERAL
CO
4-
-0
O
7,5
4
I
FFI‘L
AUTHOR
E&
0
CO
SEASON
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
WET WT
NUMBER
SAMPLES
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY WT
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
PER GM
DRY WT
To ASH
CALORIE GM-CAL) VALUES
DAPHNIA PULEX
VAR. PT.
MU.4059. 013334
RIA
1
Il •
4124.0±2294
II
5075.0±235 4
D. PULEX
4478±372 4
(8. 31) 5
17
17
17
6
II
CIRRIPEDIA
THORACICA
C OPEPODA
EUCOPEPODA
BALANUS CARIOSUS
TRIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS
CA ANUS HEGOLANDICUS
C. FINMARCHICUE
CALANUS HYPERBOREUS
—
C. TH
N
I -INARCHICUS
DIAPTOMUS ARTICUS
D. ARTICUS
D. ARTICUS EGGS
D. SICILOIDES
D. SICILOIDES
D. LEPTOPUS
5283±38 3
13
4
4-7
5555±277 3
+
3
5400-197
5914
19
7432
7380
5468±342
(6. 24) 5
5526±277 4
(5. 02) 5
5672
5334±2444
(4. 53),;
5643±75'
(1. 32) 5
5396±387 4
(7. 16) 5
24
24
24
LIB
3C
3C
3C
3C
6
6
6
1
24
3C
21
24
8
18
50A
50B
50C
60
24 8
LIB 3C
18
1
61
1LB
LIB
29
29
78
79
6
1 LA 3C
1
52
6
LIB 3C
1
53
6
7
8A 3C
H A 3C
1
1
54
55
LIB 3C
1
56
1 LA 3C
1
57
6
--CR••
Mesocyclops
edax
Malacostraca
Amphipoda
Decapoda
Insects
E phemeroptera
(mayflies)
Author &
Source
General
Notes
Methods
Number
samples
Season
D. leptopus
5436±21t4
(3. 93)
6
lib 3c
1
58
+ 4
5478-97
(1. 75)5
7
lla 3c
1
59
Cangonyx sp.
%Ash
Species Name
to
I-1
cd
dry wt
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
0
810
+
4
Immature cray7.-2397)%
442
(8
fish
Uca pugnax
-(Tiddler crab) 2791. 7
U. pugnax
2841. 8
U. PIGRIA TC
1909. 6
2076. 6
U. pugilator
(fiddler crat)
Secarna reticulatum (mud 2712. 3
crab)
Panopius herbsti (mud
crab)
1780. 0
Pridium limnosum (mud
crab)
1894. 3
P. limnosum
1976. 4
Cambarus ro+
6
bustus
3266 7- 469.9 4502.1
±623.2 6
Cambarus immunis
3914
27. 6
0
w
19
11
2a
22
6
9
3c
1
71
2
2
2
2
23a
23b
23c
24
14
14
14
14
66
66
66
72
2
24
14
72
2
24
14
73
2
2
23c
23a
14
14
71
71
5
85
36
88
6
7
24
3d
1
7
11
3
HEPTAGENIIDAE
TRICHOPTERA
(CADDISFLIES)
LIMNEPHILIDAE
HYDROPSYCHIDAE
MEGALOPTERA (DOBSON FLIES, FISH FLIES,
ALDER FLIES)
CORYDALIDAE
DIPTERA
CHIRONORNIDAE
(=TENDIPEDIDAZ.$)
STENONEMA
PULCHELLUM
S. PULCHELLUM
S. PULCHELLUM
S-. PULCHELLUM
S. PULCHELLUM
52951259 4
4
53981108
55521130'
5710191 4
597,5171 4
31. 2
5613. 7
-235.0
51?5. 9
-912. 1
5706
56871533 3
5982. 0 ,
1390.1'
5604.7
1
29. 1
6375.0
1842. 36
11.
5210. 27
1263.0
5375. 15
+
-253.1 6
PYCNOPSYCHE
ANTICA
P. GUTTIFER
P. LEPIDA
NEOPHYLAX
NACATUS
HYDROPSYCHE
SLOSSONAE
35 9.6
-99. 2
NIGRONIA SERRICORNUS
CALOPSECTRA
7-=-TA—
MYRA-RSUS) DIVES
ANATOPYNIA DYARI
HARNISCHIA
TENUICAUDATA
_
5344.5
SOURCE
GENERAL
NOTES
AUTHOR &
(11
17
17
17
17
17
9
9
9
9
9
3C
3C
3C
3C
3C
8
8
8
8
8
62A
62B
62C
62D
62E
6
1
9
3D
5
65
9
9
9
8
8
3D
18
18
5
85A
3D
5
85B
9
3D
5
85C
4. 9
5. 9
8801564
U)
... .0
;.4 0
5
6
6
6
6
1
696±- 20
—
0
METHODS
PER GM
WET WT
SEASON
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
NUMBER
SAMPLES
PER GM
DRY WT
DRY WT
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
7O ASH
CALORIE GM-CAL) VALUES
12
19
9
2A
22
6
19
9
2A
22
19
9
3
24
1.4
OO
Brachyopoda
Cho rdata
Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes (bony
fishes)
Poaciliidae
Cottidae
Centrarchidae
Glottidia pyramidata
Raja orinacea
(skate)
—
Labistes raticulatus (guppie)
Cottus bairdii
—
(711my mud3952. 1 ,
dler)
±81. 0 °
C. perplexus
5287
Ee po mi s machrochirus blue- 3719. 5 ,
gill)
±32. 4 °
L. macrochirus 5102
5820
L. gibbosus
40 5. 7 ,
(pumpkinseed)
seed) -47. 1 °
1
19
9
3
24
19
9
3
24
13
9
3c 31
3b
Season
Author &
Source
General
Notes
85.8,
5521
$-■ Ts
0)
ni co
CL• z
Methods
Tanypus stellatus 5607. 5
Tendipes plumosus
5843. 6
Chi7omidae
larvae
5273
Simulium spp.
0
INJ
Number
sam•les
Species Name
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
4397
2
±2140
24
5600
1
3
22. 5
1
24
52.85. 9 6
-177.0
25. 8
25. 8
3
7
24
8
8d
24
82
18
29
8
76.5
4973. 9
±280. 2 6
8
8
5823
5102.4
±344. 2
CO
4-)
3d
18
5
85d
3c 31
82
3d
46
3d
5
38
38
46
U.)
4
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
Ecological and
Systematic Position
B. Terrestrial
Platyhelminthes
Turbellaria
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Isopoda (sunbugs)
Arachnomorpha
Arachnida
Acari
Insecta
Hemiptera
Cercopidae
(spittle bugs)
Species Name
Per gm
dry wt
Bipalium kewense
Tracheoniscus
rathkei
Per gm
ash-free
dry wt
Per gm
wet wt
3-1
.4) 71
1,
th' E E
0
CI)
<4
) O)
z cd
t'--:. z ce
c
o
co
it
w
Cl)
5684±124
3521. 07
±28.06 2
Tyroglypus
interna
21
19
5808±4463
yi
4-1 ni
K
ri4
RA
o
X
4-0
i
)
II
ft
ft
ft
It
It
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
It
ft
(1 )
<4 cf) 0 Z
24
8
18
11
3
35
24
8
18
"Mixed insects' 5820
Philaenus leucophthalmus
(spittle bug)
Philaenus leucophthalmus
(spittle bug)
o 0 K TA
A-I
25
6962±510 3
24
8
18
5575
6
lla
29
77
6003
5952
5762
5783
5804
5574
6529
5625
6110
6015
6114
5853
5949
5791
7
8
8
9
9
9
h
h
h
h
h
I
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
a
a
a
a
a
la
8
lib
lib
1lb
lib
lib
1lb
1 lb
Orthoptera
Acrididae
(grasshoppers)
Tettigoniidae
(long-horned
grasshoppers)
Coleoptera
(beetles)
Tenebrionidae
Coccinellidae
(ladybird
beetles)
Diptera
Drosophillidae
Sarcophagidae
(flesh flies)
Melanopus femur-rubrum 5151. 7
Schistocerca
americana
5155. 1
S. americana
5281. 7
Orchelimum
fidicinum
(salt marsh 5035. 3
grasshopper)
5301. 9
0. fidicinum
0. fidicinum
5797. 7
0. fidicinum
5479. 6
O. fidicinum
5699.2
0. fidicinum
5590
0. fidicinum
5033
1
1
2
2
2
4
1
14
14
0. fidicinum
0. fidicinum
1
2
14
14
Tenebrio molitor (meal
worm)
T. molitor
T. molitor
T. molitor
T. molitor
.
17/legi la maculata
5302
5798
6578.9
4858. 1
4978. 0
6000.0
Sarcophaga
bullata
It
,1
5914
5399
5079
co
z
Author &
Source
General
Notes
a,
Ts
0
11
14
2
1
9
11
14
14
9
14
64a
14
14
14
14
64b
64c
64
64
83a
83b
9
17
17
17
17
Drosophilla
melanogaste .5796. 6
all
3
6314±516 3
5926. 6
±59 24
co
4-.
k
Methods
Season
0
ffiq
Number
samples
Species Name
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
9
9
1 la
lib
11 3b
9 3b
9
9
3h
3b
9
9
8
3c
3c
3c
3c
18
23
23
23
23
67a
67b
67c
67d
3
35
86
5
88
9
18
22
11
1
17
9
28
30
29
3d
83c
83d
29
29
29
1
I
41.
Systematic Position
dry wt
Species Name
ash - free
dry
_
—
0
on
Per gm
Author &
Source
Ecological and
Per gm
sh
Per gm
L be:
pie
—
r
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
cn
k TU
(Si to
wet wt
wt
(1
4
=
,
Amphibia
Rana pipiens
(leopard
frog)
11
11
6000
8c
29
5800
31
29
6000
8
29
Ambystoma
punctatum
Reptilia
Urosaurus ornatus
6400
8
29
6700
8
29
Sceloporus un dulatus
Pseudemys
scripta
8
6600
29
Ayes
Parulidae
Dendroica stri —- ata (bla
cR
poll warbler)
II
II
8100
8310
10
11
3b
28
76b
4990
5640
10
26
3b
28
76b
Parula ameri u-
can
-
la
warbler)
II
II
II
II
11
II
II
II
II
II
7680
7960
10
11
3b
28
76b
4730
5350
10
26
3b
28
76b
6950
7440
3
11
3b
28
76c
4820
5570
3
26
3b
28
76c
5200
5720
3
11
3b
28
76c
4020
4560
3
26
3b
28
76c
6840
7360
4
11
3b
28
76c
Protonotaria
citrea (prowarbler)
It
It
II
II
.
Helmitheros
vermivorue
(worm- eat.
ing warble],
II
II
II
II
H. mustelina
( Blackburnian warbler)
II
11
Turidae
Hylocichla ustulata
.
(STva
"7-nson
thrush)
H
II
Il
II
H. fuscescens
(veery)
It
It
It
II
II
II
H. mustelina
( wood
thrush)
ff
It
H
II
it
it
II
II
It
II
Author &
Source
General
Notes
m
-0
o
Season
Protonotaria
citrea
Number
samples
Species Name
a) ca
a, z
4
4
4
26
11
26
3b
3b
3b
28
28
28
76c
76c
76c
9250
8860
8960
27
27
27
36
36
36
28
28
28
76a
76a
76a
8700
8830
8750
8900
27
27
36
36
28
28
76a
76a
8040
4910
8880
8290
5610
8940
11
26
27
36
36
36
28
28
28
76b
76b
76b
7760
4360
6950
4850
8020
4960
7450
5630
11
26
11
36
36
36
28
28
28
76b
76b
76c
7780
4970
7670
4990
5990
4850
8060
5620
8010
5730
6660
5630
11
26
11
26
11
26
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
28
28
28
28
28
28
76b
76b
76b
76b
76c
76c
4830
6700
4800
5590
7290
5640
9210
8830
8930
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
0
u)
1
Q.)
Icteridae
Cuculidae
Dolichonyx
oryzivorus
(bobolink)
II
II
II
II
Coccyzus americanus
yellowbilled cuckoo)
II
It
TI
It
H
U
n
II
II
It
It
It
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
It
P. rubra (summer tanager)
Mimidae
_____
.o
0
th‘)
0
o
co
u)
Es)
a)
al Z
7880
4860
8940
8190
5660
9140
11
26
27
3b
3b
3b
28
28
28
76a
76b
76a
7840
4950
8120
5630
11
26
3b
3b
28
28
76b
76b
7570
4490
7580
4680
6780
4490
6020
4520
5210
4390
7900
5170
7890
5310
7240
5160
6510
5100
5750
4950
11
26
11
26
11
26
11
26
11
26
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
3b
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
76b
76b
76b
76b
76c
76c
76c
76c
76d
76d
6690
4890
6780
4880
7410
5600
7270
5630
11
26
11
26
3b
3b
3b
3b
28
28
28
28
76c
76c
76c
76c
5700
6360
11
3b
28
76c
It
Piranga olivacea (7Fa7rMT-tanager)
II
Per gm
wet wt
Author &
Source
General
Notes
Species Name
Per gm
ash-free
dry wt
Methods
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Per gm
dry wt
Number
samples
Calorie (gm-cal) Values
II
II
H
It
II
Toxostoma
rufum
brown
thrasher)
T. rufum
Mimus polyglottos mockingbird
It
II
Dumetella carolinensis
(cat bird)
II
Troglodytidae
It
Telmatodytes
palustria
griseus
(salt marsh
wren)
II
Fringillidae
H
Pipilo erythrophthalmus
(towhee)
II
II
II
II
U
II
Passer domesticu—s7-Eriiish sparrow)
II
II
II
If
It
It
Richmondena
cardinalis
(cardinal)
II
II
ft
If
II
It
to
-0
K
W
a,
U)
co
tI;
Author &
Source
General
Notes
Season
Number
samiles
Species Name
%Ash
Ecological and
Systematic Position
Calorie gm-cal) Values
Per gm
Per gm
Per gm
dry wt
ash-free
wet wt
dry wt
4770
5510
26
3b
28
76c
5490
4860
6180
5600
11
26
3b
3b
28
28
76d
76d
8940
9230
9080
9290
27
27
3b
3b
28
28
76a
76a
5990
4420
6630
5170
11
26
3b
3b
28
28
76d
76d
6190
4750
5520
4810
6870
5580
6240
5580
11
26
11
26
3b
3b
3b
3b
28
28
28
28
76d
76d
76d
76d
5570
4740
5500
4740
6320
5560
6110
5400
11
26
11
26
3b
3b
3b
3b
28
28
28
28
76d
76d
76d
76d
6020
4720
5530
4780
6730
5580
6290
5600
11
26
11
26
3h
3h
3h
3b
28
28
28
28
76d
76d
76d 1
76d
1
5650
5150
11
26
3b
3b
28
28
76d
76d
5090
4670
5960
5570
11
26
3b
3b
28
28
76d
76d
29
80
12
12
12
12
68
68
68
68
It
Cyanocitta cristata (BLUE
II
H
12 SPECIES-BIRD
12
12
69
69
%Ash
wt
8000±100 3
EGG YOLK
0 0
8
Microtus pennsylvanicus
II
IT
( MEADOW
VOLE)
11
II
H
Muridae
1:14 z
K 4)
flavifrons
yellow-
THROATED
VIREO)
IT
Mammalia
Rodentia
Cricetidae
0
VIREO
-
Corvidae
PER GM
WET wt
Methods
5040
4520
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
Season
Author &
Source
V ireonidae
PER GM
DRY wt
DRY
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Number
samples
,
0 4o o
0Z
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
It
Mus. musculus
( WHITE LABORATORY
MICE)
II
II
II
II
It
H
Thomomys
talpoides
(POCKET
GOPHER)
II
II
It
II
4491.1
4667.6
4815.8
4626.0
3
3
3
3
4500.6
5967.7
6010.3
6223.3
1 LA
H
25a
1 LA
17
17
17
17
5870
5733
5903
3
3
3
A
25
11
25
11
69
16
16
16
35a
35b
35c
MILLIPORE FILTERS
MINERAL OIL
SNAIL FOOD
6318
4058
3104. 6
±3 7 40. 19)5
2935. 2
10, 921
PER GM
WET wt
1
<4
9,3
Z
76. Š
EN
4.4
rO
k 0
AS
U)
Author&
Source
General
Notes
MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
BENZOIC ACID
MILLIPORE FILTERS
SPECIES NAME
PER GM
ASH-FREE
DRY wt
Methods
IV.
PER GM
DRY wt
Season
ECOLOGICAL AND
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Number
samples
CALORIE (GM-CAL) VALUES
3c
27
1
3c
3c
3c
1
21
31
75a
75b
82
'
OT=,
,
NOTATIONS FOR
ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION
V.
A.
SUMMARY VALUES
PRIMARY PRODUCERS (GRAND MEAN'
.
1.
AQUATIC (GRAND MEAN)
ALGAE (GRAND MEAN)
CHLOROPHYTA (GREENS)
CHRY SOPHYTA, BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (DIATOMS)
CYANOPHYTA, MIXOPHYCEAE
( BLUE GREENS)
BRYOPHYTA (MOSSES) (GRAND MEAN)
SPERMATOPHYTA, ANGIOSPERMAE
( MEAN FOR VASCULAR HYDROPHYTES
MONOCOTYLEDONAE (GRAND MEAN)
DICOTYLEDONAE (GRAND MEAN)
TERRESTRIAL (GRAND MEAN
2.
MYCOPHYTA (FUNGI) (GRAND MEAN)
BRYOPHYTA (MOSSES)(GRAND /116921)
THALLOPHYTA (LICHENS) (GRAND
MEAN)
LYCOPODIINAE (CLUB MOSSES)
(GRAND MEAN)
SPERMATOPHYTA (PHANEROGAMS)
(GRAND MEAN)
GYMNOSPERMAE (GYMNOSPERMS;
PINACEAE (GRAND MEAN)
ANGIOSPERMAE (ANGIOSPERMS)
(GRAND MEAN)
MONOCOTYLEDONAE ( MONOCOTE,
(GRAND MEAN)
_
-
NO. VALUES
AVERAGED
CALORIES PER
ASH-FREE GRAM
DRY WEIGHT
1,2
1, 2(A, B, C)
1
1
4507
4196
4943
5141
171
21
11
9
4637
4657
5130
5128
97
14
6
2
4081
2
5150
1
1
5122
4232
3
3
1
2A
4345
4280
4362
4638
5
1
4
117
4410
7
1, 2(B, C)
1, 2B
1, 2(B, C)
1,2
2B
2(A, D)
4324
8
2E
4859
4
2F
10
1
9
180
2
3374
3575
3351
4538
3856
64
1, 2
5
14
1, 2(B, D, F, G,
H, I, J)
1, 2(B, D,F, G,
H, I)
2(G, I)
1, 2(B, D, F, H)
2(F, G, H, J)
2G
2(F, H, J)
1, 2(H, J)
5
67
6232
5
5267
3
4492
148
4817
4342
65
4589
GRAMINEAE (GRASSES)
4272
54
4551
SEEDS ONLY
ALL PLANT PARTS
CYPERACEAE (SEDGES)
SEEDS ONLY
4477
4108
4802
4992
24
30
7
2
4551
4621
6
4
5
2
4621
4613
4
4
4726
4799
,
,
4
2(B, C, G)
4837
6
1, 2
1
5
5
2
153
JUNACEAE
MEAN VALUES
PARTS
GENERAL
USED
NOTES
NO. VALUES
AVERAGED
4614
ALL PLANT PARTS
-
CALORIES PER
GRAM DRY
WEIGHT
2
2
.
Ecological and Systematic Position
Liliaceae
Seeds only
All plant parts
Dicotyledonae (Dicots)
(Grand mean)
Salicaceae
Corylaceae
Canabinaceae(seeds)
Polygonaceae
Seeds only
All plant pa it s
Chenopodiaceae (seeds)
Aramanthaceae (seeds)
Phytolaccaceae (seeds)
Caryophyllaceae
Cruciferae
Seeds only
.All plant parts
Rosaceae
Leguminosae
Seeds only
.All plant parts
Linaceae (seeds)
Euphorbiaceae (seeds)
E mpetraceae
Aceraceae (seeds)
Malvaceae (seeds)
Loasaceae
Umbelliferae
Seeds only
All plant parts
Ericaceae
Primulaceae
Oleaceae
Convolvulaceae (seeds)
Polemoniaceae
Hydrophyllaceae
_
_
Verbenaceae (seeds)
Calories per
gram dry
weight
No. values
averaged
4166
4554
3777
2
1
1
4730
83
4145
4588
3592
4772
4623
5230
4357
5283
5546
4492
5346
4677
4804
4456
6300
6081
5483
4829
5007
3581
5041
6021
4062
9
5
4
2
1
1
1
4
3
1
2
11
7
4
1
2
2
1
3
1
4
2
2
.
4945
3985
3446
5490
,
—
S
.
1
1
1
1
Calories per
ash-free gram
dry weight
I
Notations for
Mean Values
Parts
General
used
notes
No. values
averaged
1
1
1
50
6
3
1
4881
4905
5104
5891
4465
2
4586
3
.
4531
4
.
5067
4934
5625
1
,
.
20
2
1
1
,
2
5
1,2
2(a, f, h)
2(a, b)
2g
1, 2(g, h)
2g
1, 2h
2g
2g
2g
2(f, g, h)
1, 2g
2g
1
2(f, g, h, i, j)
2(b, g, k)
2g
2(b, k)
2g
2g
2h
2i
2(g, i)
1
2(i, k)
2i
1,2k
2(f, h, i)
2h
2g
2g
1
1
,
2
2
2g
l
■
.
.
Ecological and Systematic Position
Labiatae (seeds)
Solonaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Plantaginaceae
Seeds only
All plant parts
Rubiaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Campanulaceae
Compositae
Seeds only
All plant parts
Alpine Vegetation (Gran6
mean)
Mixed
Forbs only
Shrubs
Juncus heath
Sedge meadow
Ground Flora (Grand
mean)
Woodland
Swamp
Old Field Vegetation
(Grand mean)
•
Grass and
forbs mixed
Mixed roots
1.
2.
No. values
averaged
5339
3858
3979
4017
5204
3780
4504
2
2
1
6
1
5
1
3746
4949
5774
4425
,
Calories per
ash-free gram
dry weight
1
18
2
1
2
4
7
11
4444
4
4502
4264
4196
5015
4790
4711
15
3
6
2
2
3
4719
4680
4758
2
1
1
2g
,
1
2k
1, 2(g, k)
2g
1, 2k
2(g, h, i)
2f
1, 2(f, h)
1, 2(b, c, f, g,,,
h, i, j, k, 1,
m)
2(g, i)
1, 2(b, c,f,g,
h, j, k, 1, m
•
2
1, 2(k, 1)
1
2(1(.1)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
3994
3303
7784
1
1
2
Microconsumers
Aquatic (E. coli only)
Detritus TGra
Ta
i mean)
5028
3854
1
6
5520
4891
Aquatic
3523
3
4491
-
Notations for
Mean Values
Parts
General
used
notes
No. values
averaged
4678
4616
4822
4444
3770
Forbs
B.
Calories per
gram dry
weight
,
1
1
1
I
1
9
.
3
1
2(b, k, 1, n,
0, p)
2(b, k, 1, n)
6
LTI
0
,
0
■
ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION
1,
NO. VALUES
AVERAGED
CALORIES PER
ASH-FREE GRAM
DRY WEIGHT
NO. VALUES
AVERAGED
NOTATIONS FOR
MEAN VALUES
PARTS
GENERAL
USED
NOTES
4184
3
5091
6
4895
3080
96
36
6057
5571
123
60
INVERTEBRATES (GRAND MEAN)
2933
32
5490
56
VERTEBRATES (GRAND MEAN)
PROTOZOA (T. pyriformis ONLY)
Porifera (g. lacustris ONLY)
Platyhelminthes (D. tigrina ONLY
4256
4
4414
4600
3
1
923(eggs)
4600
4321
5290
1
1
2
2
5357
5938
6475
6286
5882
5225
5362
5845
5324
5415
4130
4700
5
1
1
1
2
18
16
1
14
1
2
1
5443
1
3a
5137
1
3a
4209
3115
27
14
4610
4
2516
10
4700
5552
5504
5835
4783
5172
5283
5818
4465
5388
13
5692
5586
5
TERRESTRIAL
C.
CALORIES PER
GRAM DRY
WEIGHT
1
Macroconsumers (GRAND MEAN)
AQUATIC (GRAND MEAN)
Coelenterata
Mollusca (GRAND MEAN)
Gastropoda
Prosobranchia
Opisthobranchia
Pulmonata
Pelecypoda
Annelida (GRAND MEAN)
Hirudinea ( D. microstoma
ONLY)
Oligochaeta (Limnodrilus SP.
ONLY)
Polychaeta (S. articulata
ONLY)
Arthropoda (GRAND MEAN)
Crustacea (GRAND MEAN)
Anostraca
Conchostraca
Cladocera
Cirripedia
Copepoda
D ecapoda
Insecta (GRAND MEAN)
Ephemeroptera
_
-
1
31
23
2
2
3
1
13
2
'
7
2(b, 1, o, p),
,
6a
'
1,3(b, c),
4(a, b), 5a, E
1,3(b, c),
4(a, b), 5a,6
3b, 4a
1
1
3b
1
3(a, b), 4a,5a
3b, 4a, 5a
5a
3b, 4a, 5a
5a
3a, 5a
3a
3a
3(b, c), 4a, 6
3(b, c), 4a
3b
3b
1,3(b, c)
3b
3(b, c), 4b
3(a, b, e,f,g),
6
3b, 6
6a
,
.
Notations for
ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION
T richoptera
Megaloptera
Diptera
Brachyopoda
Vertebrata (GRAND MEAN)
Chondrichthyes ( R. orinacea
CALORIES PER
GRAM DRY
WEIGHT
NO. VALUES
AVERAGED
4943
5210
5517
3
1
4
4256
4
4256
5102
5984
5405
4
1
60
20
5405
20
3521
3521
1
1
ONLY; EGGS)
Osteichthyes
Osteichthyes (EGGS)
2.
TERRESTRIAL (GRAND MEAN)
(INVERTEBRATES - GRAND MEAN)
•
CALORIES PER
ASH-FREE GRAM
DRY WEIGHT
NO. VALUES
AVERAGED
5375
5521
5684
5357
1
1
1
5
6a
6a
6a
3b
3b
5600
5296
1
4
4a
3b
6521
5891
63
22
Arthropoda
5684
5901
1
21
Crustacea
Isopoda ( T. rathkei ONLY)
ArachnomoFpha
Acari ( T. interna ONLY)
Insecta
5808
5808
5905
1
1
20
Hemiptera
Orthoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Vertebrata (GRAND MEAN)
5504
19
5386
5668
5797
6274
12
5
1
40
5963
16
6314
5464
6858
3
3
41
Amphibia
Reptilia
5933
6567
7068
5835
3
3
32
3
AYES
Mammalia (Rodentia)
6552
5163
* 32
8
.
,
,
3(a, b, h), 4a,
6(a, b, c)
Platyhelminthes ( B. kewense
• ONLY)
MEAN VALUES
PARTS
GENERAL
USED
NOTES
3b
3(a, b, h), 4a,
6(a, b, c)
3a
3a
3h
3b
3(a, b, c, h),4a,
6(a, b, c)
3(a, b), 4a
3(a, b, c), 6a
6a
3c, 6(a, b, c)
3(a, b), 4(a,c),
6(a, d)
4(a, c), 6a
4a
3a
3(a, b), 6d