Outline
• What is Prospective Memory (PM)?
Prospective Memory
• How do we study PM?
• Models/Theories of PM?
Objectives
Objectives
• Be Able to Define Prospective Memory
(PM)
• Name ways used to test PM
• Name Types of Prospective Memory (PM)
and Examples
• Name Phases/Stages of PM
• Introduction to the main theoretical
approaches
• Brief introduction to the neural correlates
of PM
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Executive Functions
• PM part of Executive Functions
• Executive Functions: An umbrella term for
cognitive processes that regulate, control,
and manage other cognitive processes
(planning, inhibition, problem solving,
multitasking, etc)
What is PM?
• Number of functions that enable a person
to carry out an intended act after a delay
(Burgess et al., 2001)
• Delayed intentions: intentions that involve
activities that cannot be executed
immediately, and have to be stored in
memory and be executed in the future
(Ellis & Kvavilashvili, 2000)
What is Prospective Memory
(PM)?
What is PM?
• PM is an umbrella term to describe a
function supported by many constructs
such as planning, attention, action control,
monitoring (Burgess & Shallice, 1997;
Burgess, Dumontheil, Gilbert, Okuda,
Schölvinck, & Simons, 2008)
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Why Study PM?
Why Study PM?
When PM goes wrong….
• Essential to everyday functioning, or even,
survival!
• A significant number (50–80%) of all
everyday memory problems are, at least in
part, prospective memory (PM) problems
(Kliegel & Martin, 2003)
Why Study PM?
• Aging effects on PM
• PM is impaired in many disorders:
PM Versus Retrospective Memory
Prospective Remembering Requires Retrospective Memory
Single Dissociation (PM impaired with intact RM).
- Developmental disorders (ASD, ADHD)
- Schizophrenia
- Dementia
Example: Case studies with patients with amnesia
Patient GAS (Alderman & Burgess, 1993).
- Depression
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A PM task for today!
• Raise your hands when this picture
appears during
the lecture:
Types of PM
• Event-Based: the appropriate moment for
executing an intended action is triggered by an
external cue or event
• Time-Based: intended action is executed at a
specific point in time or after a particular elapsed
time
• Activity Based: it is necessary to perform an
intended action after the completion of another
activity
Types of PM
Phases of PM
• Focus on Event-Based and Time-Based PM.
• Encoding: Intention for future acitivity is
formed and encoded
• Time-based PM tasks are generally harder to
remember (extra processes involved).
• People with brain injury, neurological disorders
show impairments mostly on time-based PM
tasks.
• Storage: Maintenance of delayed
intention, while performing ongoing task
• Retrieval: Execution of encoded intention
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Event – Based PM
Event – Based PM
Event – Based PM
Event – Based PM
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Time – Based PM
Intention:
Watch favourite show
at 8:30 on Monday!
Time – Based PM
Cue:
It’s 8:30 on a Monday!
Time – Based PM
How do we study PM?
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Tests of PM
Tests of PM
The Prospective and Retrospective Memory
Questionnaire (PRMQ)
• Self Reports
• First studies of PM
• Questionnaires:
• Everyday Memory Questionnaire (Sunderland
et al., 1984)
• The Prospective and Retrospective Memory
Questionnaire (PRMQ) (Smith et al., 2000)
Crawford et al., 2003
Tests of PM
Tests of PM
Lab Based Tasks
• Typically, participants are engaged in an
“ongoing task”
• PM conditions: continue performing the
ongoing task, but press a different button if
you see a cue
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Tests of PM
Models/Theories of PM
Models of PM
• the preparatory attentional and memory processes
(PAM) theory (Smith,2003; Smith & Bayen, 2004)
• the multiprocess theory (McDaniel & Einstein,
2007)
• model of the attentional control of behaviour
(Norman & Shallice, 1986; Shallice & Burgess,
1991; Shallice & Burgess, 1996).
• Theory of Monitoring (Guynn, 2008)
Models of PM
the preparatory attentional and memory processes (PAM)
theory (Smith,2003; Smith & Bayen, 2004)
PM retrieval is always mediated by nonautomatic
preparatory attentional and retrospective memory
processes
Preparatory attentional processes are engaged
throughout ongoing activity – effect of PM on ongoing
tasks?
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Models of PM
Models of PM
The multiprocess theory (McDaniel & Einstein, 2007)
Model of the attentional control of behaviour (Norman &
Shallice, 1986; Shallice & Burgess, 1991; Shallice &
Burgess, 1996).
PM retrieval is mediated by relatively automatic
processes under some conditions and by more strategic
processes under other conditions
Monitoring plays a more important role in some
conditions compared to others!
Models of PM
Neural Correlates of PM
Theory of Monitoring (Guynn, 2008)
Complimentary to existing theories of PM
Highlights role of monitoring in PM
Gilbert, 2011
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CAR
RAT
CAR
SHIRT
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RAT
SHIRT
Neural Correlates of PM
Neural Correlates of PM
- Above findings consistent with studies on patients
- Confirm the involvement of executive and memory
component in PM.
Overlay of areas
activated during
encoding (yellow)
and retrieval (red) of
delayed
intentions.
Overlay of areas
activated during
maintenance of
intention (blue;
PM>Ctrl) and
control task (red;
Ctrl>PM).
Gilbert, Armbruster, Panagiotidi, 2012
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Summary
Summary
What is PM?
• Tests of PM: lab-based, questionnaires,
self reports
• Remembering to remember
• Event-based, time-based PM
• 3 stages: encoding, maintenance, retrieval
• Depends on Retrospective Memory and
executive functions
• Two models: the preparatory attentional
and memory processes theory, the
multiprocess theory
• Neural correlates: prefrontal cortex for
executive function part, parietal cortex,
hippocampus for retrospective.
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
[email protected]
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