Scientific 2\mertcnn.
If u P.on this ground we co nsider fluorine I
possessmg a form of comp osition similar to
the Scientifi' ArneI Prepared e:J<pres,ly. for
.
.
cyanogen, we will have the follow
112
Distoryof the Rotary Engine.
ing com-
p ound h y drac ids.
ncan.
FLINT'S ROTARY ENGINE.
Hydrofluoric Acid C2R+H. specific grav-
Where R. represen t s the radical of the nitrogen, chlori n e , bromine and iodine lamily,
For the Scientifie American.
New Chemical Law.
and 2R represents nitrogen, fluorine should
No. 14.
therefore poss ess an atomic weight of 12.+7,
It;has been remarked that oxygen gas in u ni ­ that is 19. These statements are supported by
ting with other substances, bears a s t rong re­
semblance to chlorine, brom ine and i o d in e ,
and like them, possesseq strong electro-nega­
different.
Thus
oxygen
in unitin g with hy ­
drogen, should form a. gaseous hydracid similar to the hydrochloric, hydrobromic &c. acids,
I
But if it cannot be coniidered as belongi ng to
the above mentioned class; i ts manner of uni-
on seems to indicate that it may be a compound of that seri es. By comparing the che-
mical properties of oxygen with the che mi-
cal propertie8 of the compound of chlor ine ,
bromine and iodine, we may discov er a com-
po und of know n compositIOn, from which by
that their comrade, who acted as their com­
mon butt, could be saved by nothing but his
own coolness and agility. But he was appa ­
rently as much at his ease as it he had been
Gnlliver among the Lilliputians.
false, too much dependence must not therefore
of fl uorine_
angle by touchi ng them with his shoulder, or
Others he wou ld catch by the
leg, or arm.
I
middle and hurl back at the throwers, thus
d i rectly turning the tables on the enemy. One
S. ,N.
Bridgeport, Conn.
This is an engine patented in England in
To JIleasure tlte force of Preasure.
si e aides in an equal degree; provided the
t
lead is pure , the degree of compression will
indicate the amount of pressure.
With a gra ­
duated press of the lever kind , it will be easy
to form a s eale of pressure corresponding to
1805, by Mr. Andrew Flint.
outer ey Hnder of cast iron.
G, is the inner cylinder,
plate of the same.
A hollow cen­
urged to be more careful of h is valuable life
cylinders C G, must be turned very true and
plac ed exactly concentrically.
tral shaft is cast in on e piece with G, for ming
It is at least worthy of the trial,
for there is probably no s ubstance which plays
a more important part in the operations of na-
ture than oxygen; a true knowledge of its
Composition is therelore much to be desired.
There is another substance included in t he
present list of the elements which must be
also c o n sidere d as a chemical compound and
the products of a chemical union, namely,
This substance in its chemical properties closely resembles chlorine, bromine
fluorine.
and iodi ne, but an e xamination of its CQmpounds remove s the idea of similarity. To
what substaace then is it simil ar ?
he replied, that it wans easy for him to avoid
cess of the Bostonians at the East in ,upply­
ing more S outhern sections with ice has arou­
sed speCUlation in the same art icle on the
H uro n , and about 3000 tons of a pure article
D uring the past summer 'his
connected by a p orti on of solid cylinde r N.­ ice was ship ped to C inc innati, and sold in
The plates M, are s u nk i n to the plate s D, 80 that m arke t from $30 to $60 per ton. A com­
i
a ca­
as to be flush with their inner surfaces a d pany s now forming in Cincinnati with
was secured.
n
the connecting piece N, lies in and fill the
cavity prepared for its reception in the outer
�
pital of
tion of the comp any to build flat boats and
firmly altached to the cylinder G, and revol.
'
.
-
send them direct through to New Orleans with­
between the two cy l nder s,
Lake Huron is of a quality not surp assed any
I
." " �.D.e�r,o.i.tJ:U.ver,lIJI,d­
which passi ng it
i
w here n the country.
accurately closes by means of a packing of
hemp and tallow. The seve r al parts must be
well packed to prevent le akage , and this has
be en and always will be the great difficulty at­
te nd ing rotary engines. This is owi ng to their
form.
B EST
There is a circular groove R, sunk in
the inner surface of the p l ales D, concentr i cal
to the axis of the cy l inde r G, lind the valve s K
and L resp ect ively . In this groove is placed a
metal packing ring fi tted with packing against
IN THE WORLD!
FOURTH YEAR
which the surfaces of th e said plates G K,
and L wor k .
This p acking is r e gulat ed to
any degree of tigh tn es s by sc re ws passing
with u p war d s of
500 nlECDANlCAL ENGRAVINGS f
an d trom there It
' is p as sed to th e upper division of G, and by a windIng passage it is, ac -
I
ope- I
ling of the spear and mir aculously so in a v oid ing of it wh en hurled against themselves. T o
.
thOIS praCll. ce th ey were systematIca
. II y tr ain -
If we examine the s imilar cyanides, or perspI'ratI'on was I'nduced , and a11 re co ve re d ;
these cyanides which have the same form of those who were weakly he a d mi st ered the ed; and even now 'after peace has continued
.
...
composition as the fluorides, we can perceive c b arcoa1 t·
0 In a (res h egg beat up with a little nearly fifty years, and CIVIlIzatIon has subsl!'
a close similarity inlheir chemical properties. water, milk warm.
-l. 8 own weapons .or
t u ted't
� t h ass of bar b allsm,
© 1848 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC
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its
e la s t icity and th e area of P, and thus forces it
round till it passes the va lve K when I't passes through the small aperture seen there,
cent vo y ager to Isles of the PaCIfic, "In th e hur-
THE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN!
acts upo n P with a power proportioned to its
.
OF
416 Pages of most valuable inform"tion, illustrate
t brough the covel' of the cylinder. The stea m
I, S a dml. tted to th e l o w e r divi$ion of G, and
passing through the aperture be fore L, it
I
the patient took violent exercis e until a strong
for the purpose of supplyill�
$50,000,
New O rleans with the arti cl e , by the way of
the Illinois Canal and R iver. It is the inten-
cylinder C, at 0, and thus completes the in ­
ner surface of the same.
P, is a steam float
ILl
0 f powdered
A large temporary buil­
Northwestern lakes.
ding was erected last year on the ban ks of Lake
�
fi lVe teaspoonsfu1
for hiS antagonists to
o,.er las t year of 8,170 tons . ' The great suc­
I
I
WI'th �
lour or
was
The lee Trade.
cord i ng to th e specilica tion, made to pas s into
the hollow axis, to get the reactl'on l'
�orce of
the stea m . It is but a very poor engine in.
d eed . The reac tI on l,orce of the steam is a
mine the actu al pressure, will not interfere very great blunder in some mechanical conWhatever " r eacti ve for ce" ot
wi th the regular operation 01 the press at the trivances.
same hme the balls are <lsed, which of course steam as they call it, is e ndeav ored to be employed, it is so much reaction los s, that is all.
mllst be placed between separate. plates.
Steam I" S not water-thiS sho uld flat be fo rgot- I
Treat_ent of tile Cilolera In Rnssl...
ten. It is a c ombi nation of a certain amo unt of
A gentleman in Russia writes that he has
caloric with water which gives the water new
upwards of 300 people at work and the chopowers and new principles. Mr. Flint's rol'
era a11 aroun d h'1m ; fj'0 0f h'IS peop1e were
tary never made h s fortune , and it now
taken ill and he called them tog ether and ex- rates only on pr t, a beacon to warn the
plained the symp t oms, which are a loss of ap
you thful mech anical navigator from getting
petit e , a heavi ness, and a disagreeable sensawrecked on a sand bank .
rIon a t t h e pIt
. of stomach. He th en adminis.
tered to those who we re se ze d one gi ass an d
Spear Pl!'actlce of the Hawaiians.
!
a half of spirit of wine in a glass of water,
" They were p eculiarly expert"
a re'. says
charcoal, and three drops of oil of m int, and
when
Since January last th er e have been export­
ed from Boston 55,522 tQOS of ice, an i ncrease
de-,
effectual.
of expos ing .his royal person ; and
K and L, are two valves consisti ng of lhe spears as it
throw them. "
top and bottom plate, M M, as seeR in
FIG. 26.
an axis.
one fifth of an inch in thickness, and it will
be found that an ordinary bullet of about flve­
�
clination on hi s body. In this apparently dan­
gerous pastime Ka meh ameha was rather [olld
ball is reduced to a flat ci rc ular 'plate otabout
�
perhaps clutch between his
fuight
arm and side, and, at all events, even when a
The two
hollow and di v ided by a p art ition .
a
or two he
C, fig. 25, is an special display of skill was impracticable, he
wllUld still dodge the mischief by a slight in­
D, is the bottom
the di fferent degrees of compression un til the
eighths of an inch diameter will require a
analogy we may be e nabled to arrive at the
pressure of near 4000 pounns, to effect this
w
o
n.
t
of
T
ge
ha
y
x
on
o
com
true compositi
gree of fiat temng.
Suppose, ther efor e, we
pounds then of chlorine, bromine and i odin e
wish to measure an actual p ress ure estimat
ed
,
is it simil ar ?
I
to be nearly 20 tons, we have only occasion I
It is well known that oxygen gas was forplace
ten
o
r
twelve
of
th
es
to
e
balls
at
a
pro­
merly,considered the only acidifying principIe in existe nce, and t hat the presence of oxy- per d is ta n ce asunder, so as not to be in con act w he n expanded: and afterwards add
gen was necessary for the formation of any
mto one sum the pal'bcular pressure due to
an
be
to
known
now
is
s
i
Th
acid whatever.
each ball from the scale fi st made, b
i g
� us n
�
error, since perfect acids can be formed withthe lever press bef�re mentioned. By thIS m?de
out the least particle of oxygen e ntering into
,
Mr_ evan ascertalDed the amou nt of fflclion
their composition. ' The hydrogen acids of
of an Iron screw press WIth rectangular threads,
chlor ine , bromine and iodin e are examples of I
i t be fro m t.hree-fourths to four-fifths of the
the existence of acids conta ining not the least o
.
.
particle of'_ .
'
u
f
cee
e
o
f five tons when the calcular
d d o
acidifying powe r as derived from one source ex
ted pressure, if t h ere had beeR no f r ic t ion,
acidifying
only
the
en
and thus claim hydrog
would have be en 20 tons .
The larger the
princip le in existence, oxygen an hydracid,
ball, the greater will be the pressure necesto
osition
comp
its
of
form
the
in
and similar
thick ness .
An
This view gi ves a sa- sary to redu c e it to a given
any of the hydracids.
ordinary leaden ihot, of one-eight of an inch
tis fac tory explanation of the form of itll comses not diame ter ,,.ill req uire nearly 100 pou nds to
position, a nd although oxygen posses
com p ress it to a flat pl ate . By u sin g a ball of
the least taste of an acid, yet this may be ase
g s of an inch diameter Mr. B. foun d
cribed to the fact t ha t in the series it is so far fiv -ei ht
,
the actual pressure of the common bench vice
situated fr o m any other of the h y dracids, as
Thus ni- to be a bove ten tons when un der the same
to di ffer in its tasting properties.
f
t be said force; i th e r e had been no fr iction , the prescanno
trog en is tasteless but the same
sure would have b ee n eight tons.
In the
of the remaining substances in that cla�s, viz.
rac tic al application ot these balls, it will be
p
be
oxygen
e.
If
iodin
d
ne
an
chlorine, b r omi
co nv eni ent to make a s m all impression upon
an hy dr acid with an atomic weight of 8, the
radic al whi ch has un ited with hydrogen to th em WI'th a h am mer, b e fore th eyare placed
between the plates , to prevent th em from rolform it, must evidently p o ssess an atomi c
lin out of t h eir proper position; this operaweight of 7. Now according to the propel'. g
tIon WI'11 not b e found to i nterfere with the
ot
be
must
one
r
cal
ties of this series this adi
result, a s it is the ult i ma te compression only
l'ts substances,and since it possesses an atomic
must be the radical wh ich by that is sought and which is no t affected by
it
"
7
t
w i
e gh of
.
its aggregation fo rms nitroge n chlor i ne, bro- that 0 f a sma11 er d egree b efore Impressed.
,
This property will also be found very convemine and iodine. It m u s t possess an intense
.
affin ity tor h drogen and it is robably for this ment, f or th e same substance may be used sep
y
v eral times, by taking care that each su cceedreason t1lat oxy gen h as ne ver b een decomp oing pressure exceeds that of the l'roceeding.
way
ac"
of
sed. This is the only satisfactory
.
c ounting for its compositi on by this law, and The appl'IcarIOn 0f th ese 1 ead en b a11 s to d e ter -
is a result flowing from its direct application.
As it m ust be a chemical compound, some fu. t a t its decomposition may "r
ture attemp
r o ve
Some of
the weapolls he would send flYIng off at an
If we take a leaden bullet of any deter m i ­
did it belong to the same aggregated series:
nate dia.meter, and expose it t o pressure be­
ous
e
gas
a
ng
i
but we find instead of produc
tween plales of harder metal ma de to approach
hydracid, w ater is the result, which being a
each other in a parallel positi on, the bullet
e
th
of
ents
m
e
ir
u
q
re
the
to
y
contra
is
uid
liq
r
will be compressed or flattened on the oppo­
of
law, and therefore removes all possibility
its belongi ng to t h e above m entioned class.-
ancient times with such v i gor and certainly,
t1leoretical evidence and may therefore be
be placed in them, although there exists grea­
tive qual ities , but it canno t belong to the same te r reason for the belief in the comp
ou!ld naaggregated series with these substance�, sincp. tur e of oxygen,
than in the com pound natu r e
are
ds
n
compou
its
ot
the chemi c a l pro p erties
their dexterity in' the man agement of the
One stood to be aim e d at, while seve­
ral o th er s , at a distance of abou t twenty paces,
rapidly darted agai nst him the long spears of
Hydrocyanic Acid C22R+H. specific gr a­
vity .6969, boi ling point 800. liquid.
ti ve warfare, perfectly asto Ili shed UI with
s pear.
FIG. 25.
ity 1.0609, boiling p oint 580• liqui d .
the officers of the fort, who were always hap­
py to entertain us with sp ecimens of the i r na­
20,
"
1�
12
"
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$800
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�\�
��
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00
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Post Office Stamps taken at their full
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