Polytechnic University of Marche
Problems
Department of Environmental and Crop Science
Via Brecce Bi anch e, 6013 1 Ancon a, Italy.
• Plant Architecture
– Definition
– Physiological meaning
STRAWBE RRY PLANT
ARCHI TECTURE:
TRAY PLANT STRUCTURE AND
PROGRAMMING
• Tray Plant Structure
– Number of inflorescences
– Number of flowers
• Tray Plant Programming
Davide NERI
d.neri@ uni vpm.i t
Antwerp, 2nd Sep tember 201 0
– Fruit production cycles (earliness, peacks)
– Harvest season duration (extension)
– Fruit quality
Different plant representations
Plant architecture
• The strawb erry plant is a herba ceous perennial ros ette
and the stem or cro wn has second ary cambi um activity.
• The internodes are very short and a numb er o f lon gpetiole tri foli ate leav es are arrang ed spirally on the axis.
• The ax illary meristems may dev elop into stolons or
branch cro wns, with a regul ar positioning alo ng the axis,
and in strict rel ation with cro wn gro wth rate.
• Under favourabl e environment al conditions floral
induction occurs at th e apex of the cro wn.
Extension growth o f th e cro wn continu es alon g the axis o f the
uppermost lateral meristem belo w the termin al in florescen ce
(ext ension crown extensio n axis), thus giving a sympodial
structu re to the crown which is not apparent at first sight.
Guttri dge, 1955
Dana M .N. ; 1974
Savini et al 2005
1
INFLORESCENCE
GENERAL
PHYSIOL OGIC AL MODEL
2
2
EXPANDED LEAF
LATERAL CROWN
CENTRAL AXIS
AXILLARY
DORMANT BUD
NOT EXPANDEND
LEAF
LATERAL AXIS
FLOWER
INDUCTION
GROWTH
FI
ARREST
GROWTH
RUNNER
ARREST
Growth
TI ME
LATENT BUD (W ITH
DEAD LEAF)
dor ma ncy
chilling
chilling
dor ma ncy
(Savini 2002)
Zucconi, 2002
1
ORGAN OGR APHY
Leaves
First
crown
Inflorescence
Axillary buds
Runners
Inflorescence
Extension
meristem
Secondary
crown
Trace of
last leaf
the
primordium
Tertiary
crown
Neri 2000
Axil lary buds
Leaf pr imordium
Stolon apex
Neri 2000
Neri 2000
Meristema
Apical meristem
apicale
differenziato a fiore
st meristema
11°
axillary
meristem
ascellare,
It
origina
w ill act
il as
extension
meristema
crow
n di
apicale
sostituzione
2 nd axillary
2°
meristema
meristem sta
ascellare,
It is
sviluppando
originating a
in uno stolone
stolon
Flower formation
• Flower induction
• Flower initiation
• Flower differentiation
each phas e has its own optimum for
– Temperature
– Daylength
– …. other factors
Neri 2000
2
Stress therm ophotop eriods
Flow er induction
24
Lateral branches
Leaf area
Day Length (h) 8
10
RELATIVE GROWTH
Flower induction
12
14
16
Photoperiod
Runners
18
Vegetative growth
12
Vegetative growth
Flower induction
100
80
60
40
20
0
6
5
0
15
20
25
10
15
20
25
Temperature °C
35
40
From Ito and Saito, 1962
30
TEMPERATURE (°C )
30
Re-elaboration from: Hancock (199 9)
n/pl an t
Photop eriod effect
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
n.i nf lor
10
n.stolon
12
14
16
Photoperi od
24
(Heide, 1976)
Te mpe ratu re effe ct
4
30
3
20
2
n. flow er
0
°C
12
18
n.s tolon
1
- Flower induction
-Vegetative growth
n .s to lo n
5
40
n ./f lo w e r
50
10
FALL:
FLOWER FORMATION
NO APICAL DOMINANCE
In the intermediate
conditions there are:
BEGINNING OF FALL:
LOW VIGOUR
APICAL DOMINANCE
(DORMANT BUD)
HIGH VIGOUR
NO APICAL DOMINANCE
AFTER PLANTING :
LOW VIGOUR
APICAL DOMINANCE
(LATERAL BUD DORMANCY)
0
24 (Heid e, 1976)
FACTORS AFFECTI NG VEGE TATIVE AND
REPRODUCTIVE RATE
high
Vegetative apex
- Apical dominance
Stolon formation
Phase 0
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
-Growth Rate
Bud differentiation,
low
- Dormancy
- Physiological phase
of single organs
not in the whole
plant
Phase 4
Phase 5
Phase 6
Phase 7
Different interpretation
of each organ on the
same condition
Phase 8
Neri et al. 2009
3
FLOWER INDUCTION
WITH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES
- MINERAL NUTRITION (Shoot to r oot r ati o) ( Stri k, 1985; Battey et
al. 1998; Lieten; 2002; Bigey; 2002)
- SHADING 85 % (C ar bon Bal anc e) (Kumakura e Shishido,1985)
- LEAF REMOVAL (C ar bon Bal anc e) (Thompson e Guttridge, 1960)
- WATER STRESS ( Sever al fac tors) (Naumann, 1961)
- TRANSPLANTING ( Shoot to r oot r ati o)
(Fujishighe, 1994)
- SMALL POT ( Shoot to root r ati o) (Fujishighe, 1994).
Tray plants 30 days after transplanting
LOW VIGOUR
APICAL
DOMINANCE
NO LATERAL GROW TH
PRINCIPAL AXIS
GROW TH
Condition for
induction
FACTOR INFLUE NCI NG VEGETATIVE AND
REPRODUCTIVE RATE
HIGH VIGOUR
- Apical dominance
RUNNER GROWTH
(SILLEPTIC)
GROW TH
ARREST
- Growth Rate
Vegetative apex
- Each buds
- Dormancy
GROW TH OF
LATERAL MERISTEMS
FLOW ER
DIFFERENTIATION
- No whole plant
-Physiological phase
Condition for
induction
Different interpretation
of the same condition
for each organ
GROW TH
ARREST
FLOW ER
DIFFERENTIATION
Spring crop with frigo plants (North Italy)
Production cycles
I°year
transplanting
flower differentiation
• Programmed plants
• Extension of the production period
• Fruit quality
Growth r ate
Summer
Sto lo n s
g ro wth
Fall
Winter
plant
Flo wers
in d u ctio n
1°
1°
1°
Frigo plant
Plant architecture before winter
4
Winter - spri ng crop s with fresh plant (South Italy)
crop
flower differentiation
transplanting
Winter - spri ng crop s with fresh plant (South Italy)
crop
transplanting
I°year
crop
flower differentiation
crop
I°year
Growth r ate
Winter
plant
Flo wers
in d u ctio n
4
°
3
°
Vegetative apex
1
°
2
°
Fall
Summer
Growth r ate
Fall
Summer
Flo wers
in d u ctio n
Winter
plant
Flo wers
in d u ctio n
Flo wers
in d u ctio n
5
°
Plast ic h o u se
flo wers
in d u ctio n
crops/flower induction
II°year
Summer
Growt r ate
Spring
Runner plant
4°
3°
5°
Chilling (dormancy breaking)
Nursery
induction
1°
Fresh plant
2°
Plastic
house
induction
- No dormancy
- Continuo us growth
- Overlapping productio n
and diffe rentiation
- No excess production
in one single period
Chilling ind uced high v egetativ e growth in the f av ourable
climatic condition (temp.> 10°C and long day )
Dormancy is
induced by high
temperature an d
short day .
432 CU
132 CU
0CU
Savini 2003
Substrate fertility
Tray plant
architecture
on different
conditions
Tray plant quality
- Runner
- Transplanting 20 july (2001)
- Growth in natural condition until winter
CV: Cireine and
Darselect
3 different
substrates
Savini et al. 2002
5
Cireine
G
Darselect
F
G
G
B
F
B
F
H
F
D
D
H
H
B
F
F
C
C
G
C
F
D
F
F
F
E
C
TH
PT
Ha
Substrate
TH
PT
Substrate
Savini et al. 2002
Ha
Savini et al. 2002
NUTRITION
1,4 mS/cm
PLANTING
1,4 mS/cm
I°
II°
01/10
15/10
15 days
after
treatment
III°
01/08
0,3 mS/cm
01/09
1,4 mS/cm
15/09
01/11
Substrato:TH = Blonde peat /brown peat/perlite (v/v/v)
CV: Gariguette
Mineral solution: 1,4 mS/cm continue or stop for 15 days
Mineral solution
Stopping mineral solution
(Stress)
Savini et al. 2002
G
C
G
Savini et al. 2002
E
PLANT ARCHITECT URE OF STRAWBERRY TRAYPLANTS
IN RELATION TO NUT RIENT APPLICATION SYSTEM
45 days
after
treatment
T. VAN DELM (*), F. MASSETANI (**),
G. SAVINI (***), D. NERI (**)
Mineral solution
Stopping mineral solution
(Stress)
(*) Pro efcent rum Hoogst rat en, Meerle, Belgium
(**) Dept. Environm ent and Cro p Scien ce, Polytechnics
University, Ancon a- It aly
(***) Coop. Santorsola, Pergin e Val Sug ana, Trento, Italy
Savini et al. 2002
6
Elsanta tray plants from Italy
Elsanta tray plants from Belgium
architecture November 2008
architecture November 2008
debladed
tray
Farmer A
Farmer B
tray
minitray
tray
Farmer C
Farmer D
Farmer E
Farmer A
Farmer B
Farmer D
Farmer C
Farmer E
Elsanta medium and higth altitude nu rsery
Flower differentiatio n
Me ris tems 2
o f se co ndary (S)
flow er s
L
4
Sm
Pa
Pm
4
3
4
4
3
4
2
1
2
3
4
Tm
3
4
Tm
Ta
Tm
Sa
4
Sm
Me ris tems o f quat erna ry
4
flow er s (Q )
Me ristem s3o f tertia ry (T)
flow er
Qm
Ta
Qm
Qm
Qm
Sa
Pa
Sa
Tm
Sa
Pa
Qm
Ta
Qm
Qm
Qm
1:1
60
Ta
num ber of harvested fruits
Me ristem ( m1) o f primar y
(P ) flo we r and le af (L )
Inflo rescence
50
y = -0,0335x2 + 2,8851x - 25,955
R2 = 0,7808
400 m s l
40
30
1000 m sl
y = -0,0557x 2 + 5,6808x - 102,33
R2 = 0,8566
20
10
1–
2–
3–
4–
Primary f low er
Second ary flow er
Tertiary flower
Quate rnary flowe r
The meristems of flowers of superior
order are formed on the axi s (a) of lower
order ones
10
20
30
40
50
60
architecture num be r of flow ers
Savini et al. 2008
Arch
b
a
a
c
Group
Conclusion
- the architect ure a nalysis is a n effective to ol to study
flower differentiatio n phy siolo gy of the tray plants
- the architecture analy sis of the tray plants ca n predict
earline ss ran k (first to last) an d yie ld potential
- but n ot the y ield relate d to plan t s torage and f ut ure
growth cond itions. For th is pred iction the analy sis needs
to be repeated alon g the storage and dur ing firs t grow ing
steps after trans plan tin g to de tect the impact on flo wer
differentiation.
A special than k to
Gianlu ca Savini PhD
Fran ces ca M asset ani PhD
Ramesh Gang atharan PhD
Paolo Zucchi
Marco Giacom elli
Tom Van Delm
7