S4-5 History
Theme B: Conflicts and Cooperation in the Twentieth-Century World
Sub-theme e: The quest for cooperation and prosperity
Content focus 1: International economic
problems and recovery
cooperation – post WWII economic
Q.1
Study Sources A and B carefully.
Source A
The following picture shows the whole inner city of Rotterdam ablaze after bombed
by the Germans, with 30,000 inhabitants killed.
Source B
The following extract is cited from a former Leningrad planner’s description of the
impact of World War II to Russian cities.
“…The War physically and psychologically destroyed much of the city. …Leningrad
never recovered from the impact of World War II.”
a. What was the impact of the Second World War on Rotterdam and Leningrad?
Explain your answer with reference to clues from Sources A and B.
b. Explain what is meant by “the war physically and psychologically destroyed much
of the city” in Source B.
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S4-5 History
Theme B: Conflicts and Cooperation in the Twentieth-Century World
Sub-theme e: The quest for cooperation and prosperity
Q.2
Study Sources A, B, C, D and E carefully.
Source A
The following extract is cited from a speech given in June 1947 by George Marshall,
American Secretary of State. His speech set out the famous Marshall Plan.
“… It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the
return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political
stability and no assured peace.
Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty,
desperation and chaos … Any government that is willing to assist in the task of
recovery will find full co-operation I am sure, on the part of the United States
Government …”
Source B
The following extract represents an interpretation of the financial assistance of the
United States to Europe after World War II.
“The European Recovery Programme, largely inspired by a fear that any further
economic deterioration in Western Europe would make the countries in the region easy
prey for a Communist take-over, was proposed by the American Secretary of State,
George Marshall, in 1947.”
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S4-5 History
Theme B: Conflicts and Cooperation in the Twentieth-Century World
Sub-theme e: The quest for cooperation and prosperity
Source C
The following map shows the countries that joined the Marshall Plan of the United
States.
Source D
The following picture shows the supply from the United States to members of the
Marshall Plan.
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S4-5 History
Theme B: Conflicts and Cooperation in the Twentieth-Century World
Sub-theme e: The quest for cooperation and prosperity
Source E
The following table shows the growth of production of European countries that joined
the Marshall Plan in the period 1947-1951.
Country
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
% increase
(1951 over
1947)
Turkey
153
154
162
165
163
7
Sweden
142
149
157
164
172
21
Ireland
120
135
154
170
176
46
Denmark
119
135
143
159
160
35
Norway
115
125
135
146
153
33
United
Kingdoms
110
120
129
140
145
32
Belgium
106
122
122
124
143
33
-
132
132
139
168
-
France
99
111
122
123
138
39
Netherlands
94
114
127
140
147
56
Italy
93
99
109
125
143
54
Greece
69
76
90
114
130
88
Austria
55
85
114
134
148
269
Germany
(Federal
Republic)
34
50
72
91
106
312
Luxembourg
(The year of 1938 = 100)
a. Identify the aims of the Marshall Plan with reference to Sources A and B. Explain
your answer with clues from the Sources.
b. Characterize countries that joined the Marshall Plan, with reference to Source C.
Explain your answer with reference to clues from Source C.
c. How did the United States help the member states through the Marshall Plan?
Explain your answer with reference to clues from Sources A and D.
d. Do you think the Marshall Plan achieved the aims you identified in (a)? Explain
your answer with reference to Sources C and E and using your own knowledge.
e. Was the Marshall Plan a threat to the Soviet Union? Explain your answer with
reference to Sources B and C and using your own knowledge.
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S4-5 History
Theme B: Conflicts and Cooperation in the Twentieth-Century World
Sub-theme e: The quest for cooperation and prosperity
Provenance of sources
Q.1
Source A: Pictures of World War II – Death and Destruction (online), Photo 184,
http://www.archives.gov/research_room/research_topics/world_war_2_photos/world_
war_2_photos.html#destruction [accessed 24 March 2004].
Source B: Paul Dukes, “The Social Consequence of World War II for the USSR”, in
Arthur Marwick ed., Total War and Social Change (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press,
1988), pp.50-51.
Q.2
Source A: The National Archives Learning Curve – Cold War (online),
http://learningcurve.pro.gov.uk/coldwar/G3/cs3/s4.htm [accessed 24 March 2004].
Source B: “Planning the Future International Economy and the Transitional Period,
1944-50”, A.G. Kenwood and A.L. Lougheed, The Growth of the International
Economy 1820-2000: An Introductory Text (London; New York: Routlege, 1999),
p.243.
Source C: Marshall Plan Countries (online),
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars5.html [accessed 24 March 2004].
Source D: American Since 1945 (online),
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/brinkley/3651/photos/coldwar/Marshall%20Plan
1.jpg [accessed 24 March 2004].
Source E: Drawn from Barry Eichengreen, “Economy,” in Mary Fulbrook ed.,
Europe since 1945 (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p.102.
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