Spreadsheets
Objective 6.02a
Explain advanced spreadsheet concepts and functions -- Advanced
Calculations
Using Formulas and Functions
FORMULA ~ A sequence of values, cell references, names, functions, or
operators in a cell that together produce a new value. A formula always begins with an
__________________ sign (=).
FUNCTION ~ __________________ formulas that perform calculations by using
specific values, called arguments, in a particular order, or structure.
Using Formulas
Operators
ƒOperators specify the _______________ of __________________ that you want to
perform on the elements of a formula.
ƒThere are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text, and
reference.
Types of operators:
Arithmetic operators ~ To perform basic ________________ operations such as
addition, subtraction, or multiplication; combine numbers; and produce numeric results,
use the following arithmetic operators.
o + (plus sign) ~ Addition (3+3)
o – (minus sign) ~ Subtraction (3–1) or Negation (–1)
o * (asterisk) ~ Multiplication (3*3)
o / (forward slash) ~ Division (3/3)
o % (percent sign) ~ Percent (20%)
o ^ (caret) ~ Exponentiation (3^2)
o
Comparison operators ~ You can compare _________ values with the following
operators. When two values are compared by using these operators, the result is a logical
value either ____________ or FALSE.
o Comparison operators
o = (equal sign) ~ Equal to (A1=B1)
o > (greater than sign) ~ Greater than (A1>B1)
o < (less than sign) ~ Less than (A1<B1)
o >= (greater than or equal to sign) ~ Greater than or equal to (A1>=B1)
o <= (less than or equal to sign) ~ Less than or equal to (A1<=B1)
o <> (not equal to sign) ~ Not equal to (A1<>B1)
Text Operators
Use the ampersand (&) to connect, or concatenate, one or more
________________ strings to produce a single piece of text.
o The text items can be text strings, _______________ , or single-cell
references.
o =CONCATENATE("Stream population for ",A2," ",A3," is ",A4,"/mile")
o Concatenates a sentence from the data above (Stream population for brook
trout species is 32/mile)
Reference operators
Combine __________________ of cells for calculations with the following
operators.
o : (colon) ~ Range operator, which produces one reference to all the cells
between two references, including the two references (B5:B15)
o , (comma) ~ Union operator, which combines multiple references into one
reference (SUM(B5:B15,D5:D15))
o (space) ~ Intersection operator, which produces on reference to cells common
to the two references (B7:D7 C6:C8)
Order of Operations
ƒFormulas calculate values in a ________________ order. A formula in Excel
always begins with an ______________ sign (=). The equal sign tells Excel that
the succeeding characters constitute a formula.
ƒFollowing the equal sign are the elements to be calculated (the operands), which
are separated by calculation____________________.
ƒExcel calculates the formula from ____________to right, according to a specific
order for each operator in the formula.
ƒIf you combine several operators in a single formula, Excel performs the
operations in the ____________ shown in the following table.
ƒIf a formula contains operators with the same precedence — for example, if a
formula contains both a multiplication and division operator — Excel evaluates
the operators from _____________ to right.
ƒTo change the order of evaluation, enclose in ________________ the part of the
formula to be calculated first.
ƒFor example, the following formula produces 11 because Excel calculates
multiplication before addition. The formula multiplies 2 by 3 and then adds 5 to
the result.
ƒ=5+2*3
ƒIn contrast, if you use ____________________ to change the syntax, Excel adds
5 and 2 together and then multiplies the result by 3 to produce 21.
=(5+2)*3
ƒIn the example below, the parentheses around the first part of the formula force
Excel to calculate B4+25 first and then divide the result by the sum of the values
in cells D5, E5, and F5.
=(B4+25)/SUM(D5:F5)
USING FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS ~
ƒFunctions are __________________ formulas that perform calculations by using
specific values, called arguments, in a particular order, or structure.
ƒFunctions can be used to perform ____________________ or complex calculations.
USING FUNCTIONS
ƒ Sum ~ The ____________of the values. This is the default function for numeric
data.
ƒ Average ~ The _______________ of the values.
ƒ Count ~ The __________________ of data values. The Count summary function
works the same as the COUNTA worksheet function. Count is the default
function for data other than numbers.
ƒ Max ~ The ______________ value.
ƒ Min ~ The _________________ value.
ƒIf Statement ~ Returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to
_______________ and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.
ƒIf Statement ~ Use IF to conduct ______________________ tests on values and
formulas.
o Logical_test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or
FALSE. For example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell
A10 is equal to 100, the expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the
expression evaluates to FALSE. This argument can use any comparison
calculation operator.
o Value_if_true is the value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE. For
example, if this argument is the text string "Within budget" and the
logical_test argument evaluates to TRUE, then the IF function displays the
text "Within budget". If logical_test is TRUE and value_if_true is blank, this
argument returns 0 (zero). To display the word TRUE, use the logical value
TRUE for this argument. Value_if_true can be another formula.
o Value_if_false is the value that is returned if logical_test is FALSE. For
example, if this argument is the text string "Over budget" and the logical_test
argument evaluates to FALSE, then the IF function displays the text "Over
budget".
o If logical_test is FALSE and value_if_false is omitted, (that is, after
value_if_true, there is no comma), then the logical value FALSE is returned.
If logical_test is FALSE and value_if_false is blank (that is, after
value_if_true, there is a comma followed by the closing parenthesis), then the
value 0 (zero) is returned. Value_if_false can be another formula.
ƒLookup Tables ~ Returns a value either from a one-row or one-column range or from
an____________________________.
o Array: Used to build single formulas that produce _______________ results
or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and
columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a
group of constants used as an argument.
ƒLookup Tables ~ Returns a value either from a one-row or one-column range or from
an_________________________.
o A vector is a range of only one row or one column. The vector form of
LOOKUP looks in a one-row or one-column range (known as a vector) for a
value and returns a value from the same position in a second one-row or one_____________ range.