CELL ENERGY NOTES
Name
VOCABULARY
1)
ACTIVE SITE – A specific place where a substrate binds on an
enzyme.
2)
AEROBIC: A process that requires oxygen.
3)
ANEROBIC: A process that does not require oxygen.
4)
ATP: A molecule that cells use to release energy (Adenosine Triphosphate).
5)
AUTOTROPH: An organism that can capture energy from sunlight and produce its own food
6)
CARBON CYCLE: A biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and
reused throughout the biosphere.
7)
CATALYST – A substance that causes a chemical reaction to speed up. The substance is not changed
or used up (ex. enzymes).
8)
CELLUALR ENERGY: Power derived from the utilization of chemical resources; energy cannot be
created or destroyed, only transferred and converted.
9)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: The process of breaking down glucose into energy. The energy is released
in the form of ATP.
10) CHLOROPHYLL: A pigment found in chloroplasts, it helps absorb sunlight energy
11) CHLOROPLAST: An organelle found in plant cells that performs photosynthesis.
12) CONSUMER: An organism that eats other living things for sources of energy.
13) DECOMPOSER: An organism that breaks down dead or decaying matter and uses the organic material
for energy.
14) DENATURE (denaturation) - The enzyme’s bonds and physical structure breaks, causing the enzyme
to change shape. The active site is no longer functional.
15) ENZYME – A catalyst protein.
16) GLUCOSE: (C6H12O6) An organic compound that is broken down to be used as a source of energy.
17) HETEROTROPH: An organism that obtains energy from the food it eats.
18) MITOCHONDRIA: An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that performs cellular respiration.
19) PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A process that autotrophs perform. They use sunlight energy to convert water
and CO2 into glucose (sugar).
20) PRODUCT: Substance formed by a chemical reaction; located on the right side of the arrow in a
chemical equation.
21) REACTANT: Substance that exists before a chemical reaction starts; located on the left side of the
arrow in a chemical reaction.
22) SACCHARIDE: Another word for sugar, mono-1, di-2, poly-3 or more sugar molecules connected to
each other.
23) SUBSTRATE – The substance that binds to an enzyme and is catalyzed by the enzyme.
1. What is the difference between carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? Read textbook pgs. 167- 170.
Biological
Molecules
Functions
Examples
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
2. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical monomers
that are linked together by a series of bonds. Carbohydrate molecules range from simple monomers
to complex polymers. Read textbook page 168 and fill in the chart.
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES
Description
MONOSACCHARIDE
DISACCHARIDE
POLYSACCHARIDE
Examples
3. There are different ways organisms can perform respiration. The most important one to
understand is aerobic respiration.
4. Our cells need the biological molecule called glucose for energy. Describe the journey a piece of
bread goes through to become a biological molecule for our cells.
1
2
3
4
5
6
5. Know the following about cellular respiration (aerobic):
CELLULAR RESPIRATION (Aerobic)
Purpose
Name of organelle
that performs this
process.
Types of organisms
that perform this
process.
Reactants (inputs)
Products (outputs)
Chemical Equation
6. What is ATP? What is its function and why is it important for our cells?
7. What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic chemical reactions? Know examples of
each.
8. Know the following about photosynthesis:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Purpose
Name of organelle
that performs this
process.
Types of organisms
that perform this
process.
Reactants (inputs)
Products (outputs)
Chemical Equation
9. How do chloroplasts capture sunlight energy?
10. Using the information from the data table, graph the data for chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b on the
SAME graph. Make sure you use graph paper!
 X – axis: Wavelength (Write the appropriate numbers and color code the axis)
 Y- axis: % Light Wave Absorption
DATA
Wavelength
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
nanometers
Color
Violet
Violet
Blue
Blue
Blue/Green
Green
Green
Green/Yellow
Yellow
Orange
Orange/Red
Red
Red
Chlorophyll a %
Absorption
32
60
10
3
0
0
4
2
4
3
21
44
12
Chlorophyll b %
Absorption
8
29
62
51
8
0
3
4
2
20
29
4
0
11. In an ecosystem, photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a sequence known as the Carbon
Cycle. This means that the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
INTERDEPENDENT on each other. Use the carbon cycle diagram below to get the big picture of
how photosynthesis and cellular respiration pass along “carbon” throughout the ecosystem.
12. What is the purpose of enzymes in cells?
13. There are hundreds of different types of enzymes. Each type of enzyme is unique. Know the
functions of the following enzymes:
Enzyme Name
Job
Breaks down lipids (fats)
Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together
(proteins)
Breaks down lactose found in dairy products
Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls
Breaks down pectin found in cell walls
Builds DNA
Builds glucose molecules (part of photosynthesis)
Builds ATP molecules from ADP and Pi (part of cellular
respiration)
14. How does an enzyme work?
15. Label the parts of this enzyme diagram.
16. How do factors such as temperature & pH affect enzyme activity?