ATP in Cellular Metabolism – Reactions that
Produce and Consume ATP
by CHED on June 16, 2017
lesson duration of 18 minutes
under General Biology 1
generated on June 16, 2017 at 02:10 am
Tags: ATP, Cellular Metabolism, Reactions
CHED.GOV.PH
K-12 Teacher's Resource Community
Generated: Jun 16,2017 10:10 AM
ATP in Cellular Metabolism – Reactions that Produce and Consume ATP
(3
hours and 18 mins )
Written By: CHED on July 17, 2016
Subjects: General Biology 1
Tags: ATP, Cellular Metabolism, Reactions
Resources
n/a
n/a
Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. ATP- ADP Cycle
2. Photosynthesis
3. Respiration
Performance Standard
Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or vinegar via microorganisms
Learning Competencies
The learners describe reactions that produce and consume ATP
Introduction 0 mins
At the end of the session, the learners shall be able to describe the reactions that produce and consume ATP
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-9)
Topic outline:
Review – Metabolism (catabolism vs anabolism)
Structure of ATP and the ATP-ADP Cycle
Overview of cellular metabolism
Reactions that Use ATP
Priming of Glycolysis
Dark reaction of Photosynthesis
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Reactions that Produce ATP
Phosphorylation
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
Motivation 99 mins
MOTIVATION – Review of previous lessons. Teacher must ask students questions to evaluate their understanding of
the processes involved in cellular metabolism. Suggested Questions:
(A) What is metabolism? Differentiate the two types of metabolism? Give an example for each metabolic type.
(B) What is the importance of metabolism? (Teacher should relate this to importance of breakdown of food).
(C) What is the importance of ATP? What happens to the cell if ATP cannot be produced?
METABOLISM - The whole range of biochemical processes that occur within a living organism.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?art...
Metabolic pathways can be divided into two broad classes:
(1) Those that convert energy into biologically useful forms, and
(2) Those that require inputs of energy to proceed.
Those reactions that transform fuels into cellular energy are called catabolic reactions or, more generally,
catabolism.
catabolism.
Those reactions that require energy—such as the synthesis of glucose, fats, or DNA— are called anabolic reactions
or anabolism.
anabolism. The useful forms of energy that are produced in catabolism are employed in anabolism to generate
complex structures from simple ones, or energy-rich states from energy-poor ones.
Some pathways can be either anabolic or catabolic, depending on the energy conditions in the cell. They are referred
to as amphibolic pathways. This type will not be covered in this topic.
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Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22439/
Structure
Structure of ATP
https://www.emaze.com/@ALLFRITF/My-Molecule-Is...-...
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http://schoolbag.info/biology/living/43.html
ATP consists of three phosphate groups attached to a ribose (five- carbon sugar) molecule. The
ribose molecule is also attached to an adenine molecule (also one of the nitrogenous bases of DNA
and RNA).
When the endmost phosphate group is split off from the ATP molecule, considerable energy is
released.
The phosphates carry negative electrical charges, and so it takes considerable chemical energy to
hold the line of three phosphates next to one another at the end of ATP.
Like a coiled spring, the phosphates are poised to push apart. It is for this reason that the chemical
bonds linking the phosphates are such chemically reactive bonds.
When the endmost phosphate is broken off an ATP molecule, a sizable amount of energy is
released.
The reaction converts ATP to adenosine diphosphate, ADP
Source: http://schoolbag.info/biology/living/43.html
Overview of Cellular Metabolism
Overview of Photosynthesis
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Source: http://www.neshaminy.k12.pa.us/Page/20741
The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS is divided into two main parts: light dependent reactions and light independent or
dark reactions.
The light dependent reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make ATP through a process called
photophosphorylation.
The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle).
Source: http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenotesl3/a/pho...
Instruction/Delivery 99 mins
The teacher uses figures and illustrations (examples of which are provided) plus board work to gradually increase the
students’ depth of understanding of cellular metabolism. Teacher asks students questions to evaluate the pace of their
learning.
Teacher Tip – Cellular metabolism is among one of the most difficult processes to teach. It needs a combination of
board work and illustrations to simplify the process. Do not let the student memorize the terms (example, compounds
formed during the various steps - glycolysis, Kreb’s/TCA, and ETC) but rather they should understand how ATP is
formed.
Cellular metabolism shown below occurs in eukaryotic organisms. The mitochondria is absent in prokaryotic cells.
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Figure credit: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:Z3NTbD77@4/Organic-Compounds-
Increasing Understanding of the ATP Structure
ATP consists of three phosphate groups, a ribose molecule that is attached to an adenine molecule.
Adenine + Ribose together is called Adenosine.
Adenosine + 1 phosphate group is called Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)(“mono” = 1)
Adenosine + 2 phosphate groups is called Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)(“di” = 2).
Adenosine + 3 phosphate groups is called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)(“Tri = 3).
Most energy exchanges in cells involve cleavage of only the outermost bond, converting ATP into ADP and
Pi, inorganic phosphate.
However, the second phosphate group can also be removed, converting ADP into AMP and Pi, inorganic
phosphate.
ATP Cycle
Source: http://schoolbag.info/biology/living/43.html
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As previously mentioned, most energy exchanges in cells involve cleavage of ONLY the outermost
bond.
ATP is continually recycled from ADP and Pi
Pi through the ATP-ADP cycle.
ATP synthesis (left) from ADP is an endergonic (energy requiring) reaction.
ATP breakdown (right) is an exergonic (energy releasing) reaction. This occurs during cellular work.
Processes that Use ATP
GLYCOLYSIS
Composed of three steps:
1. Priming Reactions (Glucose à Fructose 1,6 – biphosphate)
2. Cleavage Reaction (Fructose 1,6 – biphosphate à Dihydroacetone phosphate and
glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate or G-3-P).
3. Energy-Harvesting Reactions (G-3-P à Pyruvate)
Glycolysis needs an input of energy to begin.
begin.
Most chemical reactions require ACTIVATION ENERGY, even if they are going to release energy in the long run.
(Teacher asks what is activation energy?
Answer - The least amount of energy required to activate atoms or molecules to a state in which they can
undergo a chemical reaction)
It takes the energy in two ATP to start glycolysis. The ATP phosphorylates the glucose, energizing it to start the
reaction.
Source: https://online.science.psu.edu/biol011_sandbox_723...
Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis
NADPH and ATP formed by the light reaction is used to convert carbon dioxide and convert it into 3-phosphoglycerate
by a series of reactions called the Calvin cycle or the dark reactions.
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Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21191/
Processes that Produce ATP
Phosphorylation
General definition - A metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.
ATP production during cellular metabolism is considered a phosphorylation process since it involves the addition of a
phosphate group to ADP (Adenoside diphosphate).
There are two ways wherein ATP is formed during cellular metabolism: (source:
http://www.slideshare.net/mohanbio/bioenergetics-m...)
http://www.slideshare.net/mohanbio/bioenergetics-m...)
1. Substrate-Level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
3. Photophosphorylation
Substrate-Level phosphorylation
The process of ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy released by hydrolysis of a substrate.
source: http://www.slideshare.net/mohanbio/bioenergetics-m...
A phosphate is transferred to ADP from a high-energy phosphorylated organic compound. A couple of the enzymes in
glycolysis make ATP through substrate- level phosphorylation, as well as an enzyme in the Kreb’s/Citric Acid Cycle.
However, only a small amount of ATP is made this way in cells undergoing respiration.
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source: http://bio1510.biology.gatech.edu/module-3-molecul...
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation in Glycolysis
Points to emphasize:
Dihydroacetone phosphate is transformed to glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate or G-3-P thus one molecule of
glucose will ultimately form TWO molecules of G-3-P.
EACH G-3-P will undergo STEP 3. Since one G-3-P yields 2 NADH and 2 molecules of ATP, each molecule
of glucose will produce 4 ATPs and 4 NADH.
Net yield will only be 2 ATPs after “paying off” the initial investment of 2 ATPs
https://online.science.psu.edu/biol011_sandbox_723...
Teacher Tip:
It is important to note the number of NADH formed since these will enter the ETC to produce ATP by oxidative
phosphorylation.
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation in Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle/Tricarboxylic-
Acid Cycle (TCA):
For every 1 Acetyl CoEnzyme A (Acetyl CoA) that enters TCA, one ATP is produced together with 3 NADH and 1
FADH2.
Since there are 2 Acetyl CoA produced from 1 glucose, the cycle yields a total of 2 ATP by substrate-level
phosphorylation together with 6 NADH and 2 FADH2.
Teacher Tip:
It is important to note the number of NADH and FADH2 formed since these will enter the ETC to produce ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The process of ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy released by the oxidation of energyrich molecules NADH and FADH2 that are formed during glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle. This occurs in the mitochondria.
ATP production involves a process called chemiosmosis.
source: http://www.slideshare.net/mohanbio/bioenergetics-m...
At the electron transport chain,
NADH gives/donates its electrons to the first protein complex (NADH
Reductase): NADH à NAD.
FADH2 gives/donates its electrons to Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase).
NADH formed during glycolysis: Since the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH, the ATP yield
depends on the shuttle that will be used.
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As electrons are passed along the ETC,
Electrons of NADH formed in TCA Cycle will move 3 H+ through the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to
the intermembrane space.
Electrons of FADH2 formed in TCA Cycle will move 2 H+ through the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to
the intermembrane space.
Number of H+ that will pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane for NADH formed in glycolysis (outside the
mitochondria) will depend on the shuttle used: NADH shuttle (as in liver and heart cells) will move 3 H+ or FADH2
shuttle (as in brain cells) will move 2 H+.
Oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes the bulk of a cell’s ATP during cellular respiration. A proton-motive force
across a membrane provides the energy for ATP synthase (a molecular machine) to make ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate.
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The proton-motive force
Is created by a large difference in proton concentrations across a membrane.
Is a form of stored energy, and protons returning across the membrane down their concentration and voltage
gradients release free energy that can be captured by the cell to make ATP.
Drives protons through a channel in the ATP synthase which bind ADP and inorganic phosphate to form
ATP.
source: http://bio1510.biology.gatech.edu/module-3-molecul...
Photophosphorylation –
ATP synthesis, induced by radiant sunlight energy during photosynthesis which is carried out by green plants and
certain photosyntheitc microorganisms.
The energy of light captured by pigment molecules, called chlorophylls, in chloroplasts is used to generate high-energy
electrons with great reducing potential. These electrons are used to produce NADH and ATP in a series of reactions
called the light reactions because they require light.
Practice 0 mins
ACTIVITY #1. Play-Acting (Use Figure as a guide) Assign students to play the following roles in ETC:
1. Q
2. Cytochrome C
3. Oxygen
4. Hydrogen Ions (about 15-20. Each student = 2 ions)
5. NADH à NAD
6. FADH2 à FAD
7. ADP + Pi à ATP
8. ½ O2 à H 2O
9. Electrons (2)
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Clear a space in the middle of the classroom.
Provide a stiff paper or flashcard with
1. NAD on one side and NADH on the back.
2. FAD on one side and FADH2 on the back.
3. ½ Oxygen on one side and H 2O on the back.
4. ADP + Pi on one side and ATP on the back.
5. 2 H+
With rope or any material, provide a line to represent the inner mitochondrial membrane. Assign which part of the line
is the MATRIX and INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Assign which part of the line is the MATRIX and INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Place newspapers over the rope to represent complex I, Q, II, III and IV and spaced further, ATP synthase.
Instruction to students: Using the provided materials and students, illustrate how the electron transport chain works
and how ATP is formed.
Teacher Tips:
1. Flash cards represent the reactions. When a reaction occurs the cards are flipped in the correct sequence.
2. NADH should be hold 2 “electrons” at the beginning. Together they will go near Complex I. The electrons will
step on Complex I then NADH à NAD. Meanwhile, the electrons in Complex I will pull one H+ student across
the membrane then go to Q then III. Here the electrons will pull a one H+ across the membrane then go to
Cytochrome C then IV. At IV, electrons pull one H+ across the membrane then meet with go and “meet up”
with 2H+ and ½ O 2 to from water.
3. Repeat the process with FADH2 but instead of going to Complex I, they go near Complex II. Electrons step
on Complex II then Q then Complex III. At complex III, H ADP + Pi with to Q then Complex III. At Complex III,
they will pull 1 H+ across the membrane. The same process is repeated as above is repeated until water is
formed.
4. Repeat the process with several students playing different roles.
5. After the students understand the process, show how there is now a build-up of hydrogen ions at the
intermembrane space. By diffusion, these ions should move to lesser concentration. However, the inner
mitochondrial membrane is impermeable (thus, they cannot go through the membrane). They will have to
move towards and pass through ATP synthase where ADP + Pi is waiting to make ATP.
6. Repeat the same activity using NADH formed during glycolysis.
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7. Design a similar activity using light and dark reactions of photosynthesis.
Enhancement 0 mins
Download the following videos for students to watch.
Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis
https://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/1200
71/bio11.swf::Electron%20Transport%20System%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis
20and%20ATP%20Synthesis
Electron Transport Chain
http://www.slideshare.net/algermaganda/electron-tr...
Sample Questions 0 mins
The final stage of cellular metabolism is the ___.
(A) Acceptance of electrons by oxygen.
(B) Formation of water.
(C) Conversion of hydrogen ions to ATP.
(D) Substrate level
phosphorylation.
(E) ATP formation in the
mitochondria.
(F) Reduction-Oxidation at
the ETC
Oxidative phosphorylation ___.
1. is the process of ATP formation during glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle.
2. is powered by reduction-oxidation reactions that transfer electrons from food to oxygen.
3. occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substate to ADP.
4. occurs in the cytoplasm in eukaryotes.
5. is demonstrated when two molecules of pyruvic acid is produced after glycolysis.
ATP is formed in the mitochondria by the __.
1. hydrogen ions passing through special sites in the inner membrane where ATPase is located.
2. passing of electrons down the respiratory assembly located on the inner membrane of the
mitochondria
3. pumping of hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix through the inner mitochondrial membrane
to the outer compartment.
4. pumping of electrons from the mitochondrial matrix through the inner mitochondrial membrane to
the outer compartment.
5. electrons passing through special sites in the inner membrane where ATPase is located.
If the NADH formed during glycolysis can produce ONLY two ATPs; this is because ___.
1. It donates its hydrogen and electrons to the second electron acceptor in the Krebs Cycle.
2. It is produced in the cytoplasm and the shuttle used to pass on the electrons and hydrogen is
FADH.
3. It donates its hydrogen and electrons to the first electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
4. ATP cleaves to form ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Which of the following statements about substrate-level phosphorylation is INCORRECT?
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1. It occurs when a molecule undergoing oxidation gains an energy rich phosphate group.
2. ATP formation is through the interaction of a substrate and ADP with the aid of an enzyme.
3. It is the process of ATP formation during glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle.
4. It yields very small amounts of ATP per glucose molecule compared to chemiosynthesis.
5. ATP formation is through the energy in form of electrons and hydrogen ions that are obtained by
NAD and FAD when they are reduced.
Which of the following occurs during the Kreb’s Cycle?
(A) Formation of ATP, NADH,
FADH2, CO2 and H2O
(B) glucose to two pyruvates
(C) H+ flows through ATP
synthases
(D) NAD+ regenerated, two
ATP net yield
Other sources for Exam Questions
https://quizlet.com/11951424/metabolism-final-exam...https://quizlet.com/17507853/biochemistry-ii-pract...
https://quizlet.com/11951424/metabolism-final-exam...https://quizlet.com/17507853/biochemistry-ii-pract...
http://faculty.une.edu/com/courses/bionut/distbio/...http://web.mnstate.edu/provost/Chem410ETSOxPhosQue...
http://faculty.une.edu/com/courses/bionut/distbio/...http://web.mnstate.edu/provost/Chem410ETSOxPhosQue...
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidativephosphorylation/e/oxidative-phosphorylation-questionsphosphorylation-questions
phosphorylation/e/oxidative-phosphorylation-questionsphosphorylation-questions
https://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/krantz/mcb102/MCB102...https://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/exams/specs/resource_ex...
https://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/krantz/mcb102/MCB102...https://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/exams/specs/resource_ex...
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073031208/s...https://d2ct263enury6r.cloudfront.net/4UnivhOLCvAs...
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073031208/s...https://d2ct263enury6r.cloudfront.net/4UnivhOLCvAs...
https://d2ct263enury6r.cloudfront.net/tbTpdzrndEdd...
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