GraduateSchoolofLinguistics,Philosophy
andSemiotics(GSLPS)
UniversityofTartu,March21,2017
JurgisPakerys(VilniusUniversity)
Analyzingperiphrasticconstructions
[email protected]
Outline
1.Whatareperiphrasticconstructions(PCs)?
2.Whyshouldyoustudythem?
3.AspectsofthePCs
4.AnalyticalcausativeconstructionsinBaltic
5.ArealcontextofBalticanalyticalcausative
constructions(emphasisonEstonian)
6.Summary
7.References
2
1.Whatareperiphrasticconstructions?
Inaperiphrasticconstruction,alexicalitemis
modifiedbyafreewordwhichcarries
grammaticalmeaning,cf.English:
•more intelligent(grade)
•willgo(tense)
•would go(mood)
•of Tartu(“case”)
3
1.Whatareperiphrasticconstructions?
Consideralsothecaseswhichcanbeclassified
asderivational(causatives)orratherlexical
(lightverbconstructions),cf.English:
• Shemade melaugh(causativeconstruction)
• Ihad ashower(lightverbconstruction)
4
2.Whyshouldyoustudythem?
• Grammaticalization
– freeword>clitic>affix
– contentword>functionword
• Typology
– continuumofsynthetic–analyticlanguages
• Genetic/arealdistribution,languagecontacts
5
3.AspectsofthePCs
• Distinctionbetween lexicalvs.grammatical
use
– Englishhave‘possess’ vs.haveinperfector
modalconstructions
• Grammatical marking inthePC
– Englishhave+participle(havedanced)
– Englishof+objectivecaseofthepronoun
(ofus)
6
3.AspectsofthePCs
• Syntactic andsemantic relationswithinthePC
– Phrasalstatus
– Head/dependentdistinction
– Clauseunioneffects
• PhonologicalstatusthemembersofthePC
– Non-lexicalitemstendtocliticize
7
4.Analyticalcausativeconstructions
Whatisananalyticalcausativeconstruction
(anaCC)?
Shemademelaugh
she – causer(nominativecase)
made – analyticalmarkerofcausation
me – causee (objectivecase)
laugh– lexicalverb
8
4.Analyticalcausativeconstructions
• FactitiveanaCC:thesituationisactively
caused
Shemade meleave
• PermissiveanaCC:thesituationisallowed,not
blocked
Shelet meleave
9
4.anaCCsinBaltic
• anaCCs inBaltic(outline)
1. Measuringlexicalvs.grammaticaluse
2. Analyzinggrammaticalmarking
3. Arealcontext
10
4.anaCCsinBaltic
• LithuanianfactitiveanaCCs:versti(main),
spausti,spirti(marginal)
• LithuanianpermissiveanaCCs:leisti(main),
duoti (marginal)
• LatvianfactitiveanaCCs:likt(main),spiest,
piedabūt(marginal)
• LatvianpermissiveanaCCs:ļaut(main),laist,
dot(marginal)
• OldPrussianpermissiveanaCCs:dāt(also
rarelyfactitive)
11
4.anaCCsinBaltic
1. Measuringlexicalvs.grammaticaluse
• Corpusdata
• OnlyPRS3andPST3wereusedfortheanalysis
• Upto1000tokensofeachformwere
analyzed
• Cf.dataofLithuanianinthenextslide(Pakerys
2016:445)
12
13
4.anaCCsinBaltic
2.Grammaticalmarking
• Causee inanaCCs inBalticcanbemarked
eitherbytheACCortheDAT
• Canweexplainthisvariationsynchronically
anddiachronically?
• Let’szoom-inonthisissue,pleaseseea
separatehandout
14
4.anaCCsinBaltic
2.Grammaticalmarking
• DATin‘give’-typeanaCCs isoriginal
• DATinotheranaCCs wasintroducedwhen
thesepredicateswereinterpretedasnonimplicativemanipulationverbs
• Despiteacquiringfactitivefunction,Latvian
likt retainedDATmarking
• TheintroductionofDATasamanipulee
markermayexplainthehistoryofcase
markinginothermanipulativenon-implicative
constructions(‘order’,‘forbid’,etc.)
15
4.anaCCsinBaltic
3.Arealaspects
• Baltic/Slavic/Germanic/Finnic
• Estonianasapointofdeparture(Pakerys
2017):
– laskma ‘let’//Latvianļaut,laist,Lithuanianleisti
‘let’<‘release’
– andma ‘bepossible’<‘let’//Latviandot,
Lithuanianduoti,OldPrussiandāt ‘let’ < ‘give’
– panema ‘put;make’ //Latvianlikt ‘put;make’,
Latgalian stateit ‘place;make’
– sundima ‘make’(<EastSlavic‘judge’),also
borrowedintotheBalticlgs.,butnotcausative
16
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianlaskma
17
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Lithuanianleisti
18
4.anaCCsinBaltic:Latvianlaist
19
4.anaCCsinBaltic
• Latvianpermissiveļaut usesDATtomarkthe
causee,laist alsoallowsACC(morefreq.)
• Estonianlaskma:ADESisdefault,PARTisless
common
• Klaas (1996:56):ADESinthisandother
constructionsbringsEstonianclosertothe
Indo-European
• CantheshiftPART>ADESbealsorelatedto
themanipulative(non-implicative)useof
laskma?
20
4.anaCCsinBaltic
• Estonianlaskma hasgivenrisetothemodal
particlelas <IMPlase (Metslang 2000:59)
• NoteidenticaldevelopmentsinBaltic:
– Latvianlai <laid
– Lithuanianlai <*laid
• SeealsoKlaas-Lang&Norvik(2014:599–600;
Estonian,Livonian,Latvian,Lithuanian)
21
4.anaCCsinBaltic
• Shift‘release,letgo,leave’>‘let’iswidely
attestedinFinno-UgricandIndo-European
• Fromthearealperspective,notethecommon
Germanicdevelopmentof*lēte/a- (Gothic
letan ,OldNorseláta,OldHighGermanlâzan)
• TheSlaviclanguageshaveonlysomeexamples
ofthisdevelopment
• Area:Germanic,Baltic,Finnic
22
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianandma
23
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianandma
24
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianandma
25
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianandma
• OldPrussiandatashowthattheshift‘give’>
‘let’couldbeacommonBalticinnovation
• SlavicdatapointtoacommonSlavic
development(vonWaldenfels2012:2,247)
• InFinnic,‘give’>‘let’isattestedinFinnish,
Livvi-Karelian,Veps,Ingrian,Votic,Estonian,
Livonian(EEDdata;common/parallel
development?)
• Area:Baltic,Slavic,Finnic
26
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianpanema
27
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianpanema
28
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianpanema
29
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianpanema
30
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estonianpanema
• DevelopmentinEstonianandLatvianseems
tobedifferent:
– Latvian‘leave’>‘let’>‘make’(also‘leave’>
‘put’)
– Estonian‘put’>‘make’,cf.Latgalian!
• EastSlavic(Russianza-stavit’)seemstohave
developedfollowingadifferentroute(‘block’
>‘make’?)
• Areaof‘put’&‘make’:someFinnic lgs.,some
Balticlgs.
31
4.anaCCsinBaltic,Estoniansundima
• sundima ‘make’<EastSlavicsǫditi/sųditi ‘judge’
(EED)
• BorrowedintootherFinniclgs.(Livoniansuņd,Votic
süntiä,Finnishsuntia,seeEED),butnoneofthem
seemtohavedevelopedcausativeuse
• BorrowedintoallBalticlgs.(EastSlavic>Latvian
sodīt,Latgaliansūdeit ‘punish’,(dialectalandearlier
written)Lithuaniansūdyti ‘judge’;Polishsądzić>Old
Prussian>*sūndītvei >*sūndintvei ‘strafen=
punish’),nocausativeuse
32
Summary
• Periphrasticconstructions
– Grammaticalization
– Typology
– Areal/geneticdistribution
• Aspects
– Lexicalvs.grammatical use
– Grammaticalmarking
– Syntacticandsemanticrelations
– Languagecontacts
33
References
• EED=EtymologicaldictionaryofEstonian.EestiKeele
Instituut,2012.Availableonlineat
http://www.eki.ee/dict/ety/.
• Klaas,Birute1996.SimilaritiesinCaseMarkingof
SyntacticRelationsinEstonianandLithuanian.In
MatiErelt,ed.Estonian:Typologicalstudies1,37−67,
Tartu.
• Klaas-Lang,Birute&MiinaNorvik2014.Baltiareaali
tüpoloogilisisarnasusimorfosüntaksivaldkonnas,
KeeljaKirjandus 8–9,590−608.
34
References
• Pakerys2016.Onperiphrasticcausative
constructionsinLithuanianandLatvian.In: Axel
Holvoet&NicoleNau(eds.),ArgumentRealizationin
Baltic.Amsterdam,Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins,
427–458.
• Pakerys2017.BalticcontextofsomeEstonian
periphrasticcausativeconstructions,Journalof
EstonianandFinno-UgricLinguistics8(1),185–200.
• vonWaldenfels2012. Thegrammaticalization of
‘give’+infinitive:acomparativestudyofRussian,
Polish,andCzech.Berlin,Boston:DeGruyter
35
Mouton.