Ionic Bonding Notes
An ionic bond forms between ____________________ and ____________________.
Because nonmetals tend to have ____________________ electronegativity, they are strongly attracted to the
____________________ of other atoms. Because metals tend to have ____________________ effective nuclear
charge, they ____________________ hold on to their valence (outermost) electrons tightly.
Nonmetals can pull on the electrons of ____________________ harder than the metals themselves can, so electrons
get transferred from the ____________________ to the nonmetal.
Na has 11p+ and ____________________
Cl has 17p+ and ____________________
After the transfer of electrons, the metal ends up with a ____________________ charge (lost negatives) and the
nonmetal ends up with a ____________________ charge (gained negatives). Charged atoms are called ions; the
positive ones are called ____________________ and the negative ones are called ____________________.
Na+ cation has 11p+ and ____________________
Cl- anion has 17p+ and ____________________
Like magnets, the positive metal wants to stick to the negative nonmetal, and an ____________________ bond is
formed.
Ionic compounds often form ____________________ shapes as positive metals want to be surrounded by negative
nonmetals, and vice versa. NaCl (table salt) has a ____________________ shape for this reason.
When metal atoms lose electrons, they will lose enough ____________________ electrons to because like a
previous ____________________ gas.
Na = 11e- = [Ne]3s1
Na+ = 10e- = [Ne]3s0 or ____________________
When nonmetals gain electrons, they will gain enough ____________________ electrons to become like the next
____________________ gas.
Cl = 17e- = [Ne]3s23p5
Cl- = 18e- = [Ne]3s23p6 or ____________________
This gives us a trend for the charges elements will have, as metals will have enough ____________________ charge
to be like the previous noble gas and the nonmetals will have enough ____________________ charge to be like the
next noble gas.
Ionic bonds are ____________________ bonds, so ionic compounds tend to be hard and break instead of bending.
They have ____________________ melting and boiling points as it usually takes a high amount of heat to separate
the bonds enough to melt or vaporize the solid.
Ionic compounds will usually conduct ____________________ very well when melted or dissolved in water, as the
ions help the electrons to move along.
When metals and nonmetals get together, they do so in such amounts that the resulting compound is
____________________ (has zero charge). This is easy to figure out if the charges are the same in number, for
example:
Na+ and Cl- make ____________________
Mg+2 and S-2 make ____________________
Al+3 and N-3 make ____________________
Save time – don’t write “1”
When the numbers don’t match, the atoms will still get together in the right amounts to make the resulting
compound neutral:
Al+3 and S-2 total +1 so more ____________________ is needed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Al+3 and S-2
S-2 total -1, so more ____________________ is needed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Al+3 and S-2
Al+3
S-2 total +1, so more ____________________ is needed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Al+3 and S-2
Now the compound is neutral, so the result
Al+3
S-2
-2
is ____________________
S
This method will work each time, but there is a short cut. Notice:
+3
Al and S
Always write the met al first!
-2
Al2S3
But if you use the crisscross method,
don’t forget to reduce if possible!
(Save time, don’t write “1”)
To name an ionic compound with only representative elements (ones in the tall columns), name the metal and then
name the nonmetal – changing the ending to “ide”.
Examples:
LiF = lithium ____________________
CaBr2 = calcium ____________________
Notice the subscripts (little numbers) have no affect on the names.
Here is a list of the nonmetal names:
Nitrogen = Nitride
Oxygen = Oxide
Fluorine = Fluoride
Phosphorus = Phosphide
Iodine = Iodide
Sulfur = Sulfide
Chlorine = Chloride
Selenium = Selenide
Bromine = Bromide
Polyatomic ions are ____________________ of elements (poly = many) that are covalently bonded together and
have an overall ____________________ charge.