The greening of Arabia: multiple opportunities for human occupation

The greening of Arabia: multiple
opportunities for human occupation of the
Arabian peninsula during the Late
Pleistocene inferred from an ensemble of
climate model simulations
Article
Accepted Version
Jennings, R. P., Singarayer, J., Stone, E. J., Krebs-Kanzow,
U., Khon, V., Nisancioglu, K. H., Pfeiffer, M., Zhang, X.,
Parker, A., Parton, A., Groucutt, H. S., White, T. S., Drake, N.
A. and Petraglia, M. D. (2015) The greening of Arabia: multiple
opportunities for human occupation of the Arabian peninsula
during the Late Pleistocene inferred from an ensemble of
climate model simulations. Quaternary International, 382. pp.
181-199. ISSN 1040-6182 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.006
Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39673/
It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the
work.
To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.006
Publisher: Elsevier
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Middle Paleoliithic Site frequency
124
120
100
80
60
40
30
19
20
5
0
0
0
Hyperarid
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Dry
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