The Skeletal System
By: Bree, Louise, Tara, and Daniel
System Purpose
● 4 functions of the skeletal system
○ Support and movement
■ Attachment of muscles
○ Protection
■ Protects vital organs
○ Blood cell production and storage
■ Blood cells are produced and stored in bone marrow
○ Shape
■ Skeletal system determines height
Key Parts
● Axial Skeleton
○ Made up of a total of 80 bones
○ Skull, spine, ribs, sternum
● Appendicular Skeleton
○ Made up of a total of 126 bones
○ arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder
Ailments/Injuries
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Osteoporosis
○ osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones turn brittle and fragile
due to loss of density as a result of deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.
○ A T-score of lower than -2.5 means you have osteoporosis..
○ T-scores are determined via a DXA scans.
Fractures and Dislocations
○ A fracture is a break or crack in the bone
○ A dislocation happens when 2 bones are out of place at the joint that connects
them
○ Ethnicity can increase your risk of fracture.
■ Caucasians have the highest risk of fracture, Asians have similar risks,
but it depends on their specific heritage, Hispanics have an intermediate
risk, and African Americans have the lowest risk.
○ Gender also determines your risk of fracture. Females have a higher risk of
fracture than males.
More Ailments/Injuries
● Tumors
○ A bone tumor is an unusual growth of cells in a bone
● Arthritis
○ Joint inflammation
■ Pain and stiffness
● Low Bone Mass/Osteoporosis
○ A T-score of -1.0 to -2.5 means a low bone mass
Keeping the System in Top Condition
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Calcium and Vitamin D help build strong bones
○ There are many ways to gain calcium.
■ Vegetables, dairy products, fruits, nuts, and fish.
● Some good vegetable sources of calcium are bok choy, broccoli, kale, turnip
greens. and white beans
● Some good dairy sources of calcium are milk, cheese, and yogurt
● Some goodfish sources of calcium are halibut, pickled herring, perch, wild
filleted salmon, sardines with bones, and trout
● Some good nut sources of calcium are almonds
Weight training exercises help maintain strong bones
Heavy use of alcohol can damage your bones. However, there is recent evidence that alcohol in
moderation in some populations can improve bone health.
There are certain foods that are especially good for your bones, some of them are almonds,
halibut, salmon, green leafy vegetables, and citrus.
Vocabulary to Know
Skull/cranium
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made up of 8 bones (parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal,
sphenoid and ethmoid)
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protects the brain
Femur
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above the knee
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ball and socket joint at the hip
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largest bone in the body
Mandible
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also known as the lower jaw bone
Patella
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also known as the kneecap
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sesamoid bone
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protects the front part of the knee joint
Clavicle
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also known as collar bone
Scapula
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also known as shoulder blade
Tibia and Fibula
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bones of the lower leg beneath the knee
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tibia is known as the shin bone
Sternum and Ribs
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12 ribs
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protects your heart and lungs
Phalanges
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fingers and toes
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tiny bones
Humerus
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ball and socket joint at the shoulder
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located in the upper arm above the elbow
Spine/Vertebral column
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5 sections: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
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protect your spinal cord
Radius and Ulna
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in your arm below the elbow
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long thin bones
Bony pelvis
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3 bones: 2 innominate bones and sacrum/coccyx
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make a ring to protect pelvic organs
Skull
Protects the
brain
Clavicle
Connects the
arm to the body
Spinal Column
Protects your
spinal cord
Radius
Allows the hand
to pivot at the
wrist
Femur
Ball and socket
joint at the hip
Tibia
Forms the knee
joint with the
femur
System Specialists
● Orthopedist
○ Specializes in bones
● Radiologist
○ Some radiologists specialize in the
musculoskeletal system
■ They study x-rays, CTs and MRIs of the
bones
● Orthopedists and radiologists work together
Unique Aspects Q&A
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How many bones are there?
○ 206 in all
Which bone is the longest?
○ The longest bone in the body is called the femur, which connects the pelvis to the knee
Which bone is the smallest?
○ The smallest bone found in the human body is located in the middle ear.
How do broken bones heal?
○ Chondroblasts are cells that make cartilage, they help in the process of healing bones
○ Osteoclasts break down parts of the bones to reshape it
○ Hard calluses are a hard bump that form around the fracture
Which bone is most often broken?
○ clavicle
■ a fracture in the collarbone
Doesn't the skull continue to grow and develop after a baby is born?
○ The bones of the skull won't stop growing until a child reaches adulthood
Hospitals/Clinics in our area that Specializes
in the System
● Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Specialists (OSMS)
○ http://www.osmsgb.com/
● Prevea Orthopedic Center
○ http://www.prevea.com/MedicalServices/Orthopedics-Center/
● Aurora Baycare Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center
○ https://www.aurorabaycare.com
Fun Facts
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Babies have more bones than adults because they have not fused yet
Hands and feet contain about half the body’s bones
The stapes (or stirrup) bone is the smallest bone in the body, only 2.8 mm
(0.11 inches) long
The most fragile bone in the body is the lacrimal bone in the face
If broken, our bones will repair themselves
Our teeth form part of the skeletal system, but are not counted as bones
Calcium is good for your bones.
Vitamin D helps with the absorption of calcium.
Resources
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The Complete Book Of Bone Health by Diane L. Schneider, MD
http://www2.moundsviewschools.org/moundsview/userfiles/carrt/skeletal_system_notes.pdf
http://www.livestrong.com/article/115165-functions-skeleton/
http://www.livescience.com/44137-skeletal-system-surprising-facts.html
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/humanbody/skeletonbones.html
http://www.livescience.com/22537-skeletal-system.html
http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html
http://www.uwhealth.org/research/main/20458
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_skeletal.html
http://insectanatomy.com/tag/skeletal
http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/osteoporosis-specialist
http://www.mayoclinic.org/
http://www.baycare.net/find-a-doctor/stephen-janas
Thanks for Watching!