Notes: Chapter 3
Section 3-1 Chemistry of Life
Atoms:
Atom: matter that exist in small units
• Center of atom = _________
• _________ and ________ are found in the nucleus
• Protons have _________ charge
• Protons have mass = 1 amu
• Neutrons are _________ = no charge
• Neutrons have mass = 1 amu
• Electrons are found outside the nucleus as rings (like
planets revolving around the sun)
• Electrons have _________ charge
• Electrons mass is considered zero
• When atoms are ________ energy is released sometimes
in the form of light (ex. Fire flies)
Elements:
Elements: a piece of matter made up of only one type of atom
(see hand out)
• Our bodies are made of one element or a combination of
elements
What are the most common elements in your body?
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________,
Using Periodic Table:
Groups and Periods: used to find _________ with instruction
• Groups are _________ of periodic table
• Periods are ______ of periodic table
Reading element box:
• Atomic # is the _________ of the two numbers = # of
protons and # of electrons
• Atomic mass is the ________ of the two numbers =
number of protons and neutrons.
• Neutron #: subtract atomic number from _______ _____
= neutron #
• Symbol: single capital letter or two letters
• (1st letter is a capital and second lower is case)
Drawing Bohr’s Model:
Rules: start drawing from _______ (nucleus) and work your way out
Nucleus: place ________ and neutrons in nucleus
with proper amount
Example: P = 6, N = 6
Orbital: _________ go in orbitals (rings outside
the nucleus) AKA.. Energy level
Orbital rules:
1st Orbital…Holds ___ electrons max
2nd Orbital… Holds ___ electrons max
3rd Orbital… Holds ___ electrons max
4th Orbital… Holds ___ electrons max
Atom
Compound:
Compound: are a result of atoms of different elements
combining to form new substances
• _______ is an example of a compound it contains two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom to form one
Molecule of water (H2O)
• One bucket of water has many molecule s of water =
1,000,000 H2O
• Glucose = sugar = compound = ___________
Give another example of a compound: _________________________
______________________________________________________
Ions:
Ions: an atom with a charge
• Most atoms are _________ = no charge
o Example:
• Neutral atoms have same amount of __________ and ________
• Ions do not have equal number of ________ and __________ =
gain or loss of electrons
o Example:
• ________ number never changes
• Compounds are formed by this ___________ attraction of unlike
charges
o Example:
Mixtures:
Mixtures: combination of substances can be mixed
together that do not chemically combine
• Example: Combining salt and sugar with water. They will
dissolve but will not chemically combine to form a new
substance
Solution vs. Suspension:
Solution: def. A _________ in which two or more
substance mix together evenly
• Example: Dissolve salt in water to make a salt solution
• Salt is found in _______, cells are bathed in a salt solution
Suspension: A _________ in which two or more
substances mix unevenly in a liquid or a gas
• Example: Orange juice; the pulp and other large particles
separate and _______
• Blood is another example in our bodies, RBC’s, WBC’S and
platelets settle to the bottom of blood over time
Organic Compounds:
Organic Compounds: compounds containing carbon and hydrogen
4 typical compounds found in our bodies:
1. Carbohydrates = _______ = glucose
2. Lipids = fat; _____ __________
3. Proteins: make enzymes
• Enzymes _______ ____ chemical reactions
4. Nucleic Acids: forms _______ (information = recipes)
found in DNA, mitochondria and chloroplasts
Organic Compounds That Make Up Life
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Composition
Organic
compounds
made of
carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen
Organic
compounds
made of
carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen
Examples
Sugar, starch,
cellulose
Fats, oils and
waxes
Function
Broken down
to release
energy,
energy aids in
cell function
Location
Cell
membrane
Protein
Organic
compounds
made of
carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen and
nitrogen
Nucleic Acids
Organic
compounds
made of carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen
and phosphorus
enzymes
DNA, RNA
of stored
energy more
than carbs
Used to build
cell parts
Carries
hereditary
information
Cell
membrane has
two layers
Scattered
throughout cell
membrane
Nucleus and
DNA,
chromosomes
Contains lots
Inorganic Compounds:
Inorganic Compounds: made from elements that do
not contain both carbon and hydrogen
o Example: Water (H2O), _______ _________ CO2,
carbon monoxide ____
• Our bodies need both ___________ ___________ and
___________ ___________ to live
Section 3-2 Cell Processes
Cell Transport:
• Materials move ___ and ____ of cell (wastes out, nutrients in)
• Cell membrane is ___________ ___________ = allows
something in and keeps others out
o
Example: A strainer; water is released while spaghetti
stays in
• Molecules diffuse in and out of cell to reach ___________ =
homeostasis
Diffusion: ________ (liquid/________) moving from an area of
______ concentration (molecules _______ together) to low
concentration (molecules far apart)
• During diffusion molecules that are close together are
___________ _______ to find equilibrium
• Diffusion of water = __________
• Osmosis allows roots from plants to transport water to other
parts of plant.
o Example: Leaves
• Wilting is caused by a lack of water = less osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion: movement of ___________ too large of an
area of ______ concentration to _____ concentration
o Example: Glucose C6H12O6
Equilibrium: is the equal spacing of molecules in a substance
• Once equilibrium is met molecules continue to ______ ____
sustain equilibrium
Types of Transport:
• Passive Transport: movement of material across cell
membrane by diffusion
o Molecules move from a _________ ______ to a less
crowded room
• Active Transport: movement of material across cell
membrane by _________ ________
o Molecule transport assisted by protein found
embedded in cell membrane.
o Molecules move from less crowded room to a more
crowded room
o Moves material from areas of ______ concertation to
_____ concentration
o Example: Sump Pump in basement (moves ground
form inside basement to outside)
Types of Active Transport:
• Endocytosis: engulfing a large molecule by membrane
reaching out and around
o Example: Big blob
• Molecules move into cell with the help of cell
energy
• Exocytosis: wastes in vacuoles or proteins packaged by
_______ ________ reach cell membrane and fuse to
_______ _________ out of cell
3-3 Energy for Life
Metabolism: total of all CHEMICAL activities of an organism
that allow it to stay alive, grow and reproduce
• Respiration in cells is an example of metabolism = sugars are
broken down in cells and converted to useful form = ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate) for the body.
o
Example: Break down glucose à ATP, making proteins
= making enzymes
Type of Living Things:
• Producers – ____________ that ______ their own ______
= plants/trees/_______
• Consumers – organisms that ______ ______ their own
______ = humans and dogs
Photosynthesis: producers (_________) change
light energy into chemical energy
• During photosynthesis energy from sunlight is used to make
sugar = glucose = C6H12O6 from carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water (H2O)
Equation: CO2 + H2O + _____ _______ → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants
Product
• Energy (_______) that is made is used by plant for other
activities or stored in vacuoles
• Chlorophyll is green pigment that traps radiant energy (light
energy)
Releasing Energy:
Cellular Respiration:
• Either consumer or producer must release energy from food
to make it useful
• Both producers and consumers’ cells break down food in
process called ________ ___________
• Cellular respiration needs ________ to break down glucose
in animal cells
• Cellular respiration takes place in _____________ =
metabolism
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Fermentation: form of _____________ in animal cells
that breaks down glucose without oxygen
• Fermentation takes place when _______ levels are ____
• Us as humans use fermentation when we have been exercising for
_____ _______ of time
• _______ _____ forms when exercising and causes muscles to be
sore = burning
• _______ is released in the form of heat
Two Types of Fermentation:
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
• takes place in human muscle cells
• in human cells, lactic acid and 2 ATP are produced from
glucose without oxygen = anaerobic exercise
C6H12O6 ® lactic acid + 2 ATP + heat
2. Alcohol Fermentation
• takes place when bread is baked and brewing beer with yeast
• alcohol and CO2 are produced
• yeast feeds off of the glucose which produces CO2 gas and
alcohol (CO2 released from yeast helps bread rise and adds
carbonation to beer)
yeast + glucose ® CO2 + alcohol (ethanol)
Molecular Formula - shows the number
of atoms of a particular element that
make a compound
Structural Formula - shows the proper
arrangement of atoms in a compound