1. Bessemer process
Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This
made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.
2. Mr Pierpont Morgan
Financier who arranged the merger which created the U.S. Steel Corporation, the world's first billion
dollar corporation. Everyone involved in the merger became rich. (Vertical consolidation).
3. Mr Gustavus Swift
In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He
monopolized the meat industry.
4. Mr Phillip Armour (1832-1901)
Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat.
5. Mr. James B. Duke
Made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist.
6. Fourteenth Amendment's "Due Process Clause"
No state shall deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law. (The accused must
have a trial.)
7. Interstate Commerce Act, Interstate Commerce Commission
A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people
between states.
8. Sherman Antitrust Act
1890 - A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits
contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.
9. American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of
different unions.
10.
Collective bargaining
Discussions held between workers and their employers over wages, hours, and conditions.
11.
Strikes
The unions' method for having their demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It
is a very effective form of attack.
12.
Black list
A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and
harassed by unions and businesses.
13.
Haymarket Square Riot
100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in
Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police.
The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted antiimmigrant feelings.
14.
"Honest Graft"
Justified bribery or cheating.
15.
Boss Tweed
Large political boss and head of Tammany Hall, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest Graft".
16.
Thomas Nast
Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the
elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.
17.
"New Imigration"
The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived.
Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New
Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language
barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.
18.
Tenements
Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed
and overcrowded.
19.
American Protective Association
A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.
20.
Literacy tests
Immigrants were required to pass a literacy test in order to gain citizenship. Many immigrants were
uneducated or non-English-speakers, so they could not pass. Meant to discourage immigration.
21.
Charles Darwin, Origin of Species
Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which
mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species. Sparked a long-running religious
debate over the issue of creation.
22.
Social Darwinism
Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor
are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the
poor.
23.
Rev. Russel Conwell, "Acres of Diamonds"
Baptist preacher whose famous speech said that hard work and thrift would lead to success.
24.
Social gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a
means of salvation.
25.
Hatch Act
1887 - Provided for agricultural experimentation stations in every state to improve farming techniques.
26.
"Gilded Age"
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused
by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial
success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time,
including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
27.
Pragmatism
A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.
28.
Rough Riders, San Juan Hill
1898 - Theodore Roosevelt formed the Rough Riders (volunteers) to fight in the Spanish- American War
in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular.
29.
American Anti-Imperialist League
A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues.
Isolationists.
30.
Democracy, efficiency, pragmatism
Three characteristics that the U.S. felt made them superior to other countries. Many U.S. cities in the
1900 to 1920 instituted modern "scientific" political systems, such as the use of professional city
managers, to replace inefficient traditional machine politics. The U.S. tried to spread their ideas
abroad.
31.
"Muckrakers"
Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials,
businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.
32.
John Dewey (1859-1952): the school and society, "progressive education", "learning by doing"
Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve
problems. Wanted educational reforms.
33.
Income tax
The first step toward building government revenues and redistributing wealth, a tax that was levied on
annual income over a specific amount and with certain legally permitted deductions.
34.
Federal Trade Commission, Cease and Desist Orders
A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a
competitive economy.
35.
Mexican Migration to the U.S.
In the 1800's, Mexicans began moving north to work in agriculture. In the 1920's, they moved into the
cities. Men outnumbered women. They faced racial discrimination from Whites.
36.
Zimmerman note
1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the
U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was
hostile.
37.
War declared, April 1917
U.S. declared war on Germany due to the Zimmerman telegram and the attack on the Lusitania.
38.
"Make the world safe for democracy"
Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI.
39.
Herbert Hoover, Food Administration
He led the Food Administration and started many programs to streamline food production and
distribution.
40.
Black migration to northern cities
During WWI, southern Blacks began to move north, where there were more jobs and less racism. The
increased number of Blacks led to a White backlash and conditions like Southern racism.
41.
Fourteen Points
Wilson's idea that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas and the
League of Nations.
42.
Henry Ford, the Model T, Alfred P. Sloan
1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered
the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern
concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.
43.
The Jazz Singer
1927 - The first movie with sound, this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer, Al Jolson.
44.
Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes (1902-1967)
Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry. Harlem was a center
for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.
45.
Causes of the depression
Much debt, stock prices spiralling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed.
Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S.
46.
"Hooverville"
Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression.
47.
Good Neighbor Policy
Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used
to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor
Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.
48.
Twenty-First Amendment
Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took
effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had
lead to a vast increase in crime.
49.
"Relief, recovery, reform"
The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933.
The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New
Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of
labor and limit the powers of businesses.
50.
Brain trust
Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after
he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust."
They were more influential than the Cabinet.