Nomen_______________________R______ IB Biology 2 HL Reading guide and problem set Unit 5: Reproduction The bullet points below are the REQUIRED HEADINGS for each set. Please underline the headings. Set 1: Reproductive systems, menstruation and fertilization Reading notes due Monday, November 14 Biology in Focus, pp 734-­‐735, 739-­‐741 Male reproductive system, functions of… • Testes • Scrotum • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Urethra • Seminal vesicles • Prostate • Bulbourethral gland Female reproductive system, functions of… • Ovaries • Oviduct • Uterus • Endometrium • Cervix • Vagina • Vulva • Clitoris Menstruation and fertilization • What happens in the ovary during follicular phase • Role of FSH during follicular phase • LH surge: cause and consequence • What happens in the ovary during the luteal phase • Role of estrogen and progesterone during luteal phase • What happens when levels of estrogen and progesterone fall • Changes in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle Set 2: Gametogenesis, pregnancy and childbirth Biology in Focus, pp 735-­‐738, 745-­‐747 Reading notes due Wednesday, November 16 Spermatogenesis • Differences between spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm cells • Role of Sertoli cells • What occurs in the seminiferous tubules vs. what occurs in the epididymis • Functions of acrosome and mitochondria in sperm Oogenesis • Differences between oogonia, primary oocyte, and secondary oocyte • Definition and roles of polar bodies • What occurs before birth vs. what occurs at puberty Both spermatogenesis and oogenesis • Three ways in which spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis Pregnancy and childbirth • Difference between fertilization and implantation • Role of hCG in maintaining pregnancy • Role of placenta • Role of oxytocin in childbirth • How childbirth is an example of a positive feedback loop Unit exam: Wednesday, November 9 Problem set due: Wednesday, November 9 Problem sets in IB biology are designed to help you construct your own study guides for each unit. Problem sets are all-­‐or-­‐nothing, and are not accepted late. An incomplete or late problem set receives a zero. Problem sets are always due the day of the unit exam. As with all assignments, problem sets should reflect your own thinking and honest work. I. Vocabulary Define twenty vocabulary terms from this unit. Choose the words that you think are most important. 1. _________________: 2. _________________: 3. _________________: 4. _________________: 5. _________________: 6. _________________: 7. _________________: 8. _________________: 9. _________________: 10. _________________: 11. _________________: 12. _________________: 13. _________________: 14. _________________: 15. _________________: 16. _________________: 17. _________________: 18. _________________: 19. _________________: 20. _________________: II. Structures and Diagrams Although the IB syllabus asks students to annotate diagrams of “the male reproductive system” and “the female reproductive system,” we acknowledge and honor the diversity of human identities, including non-­‐
binary, transgender and intersex individuals. 21. Annotate a diagram of the male reproductive system. (Annotate = include names of structures AND their functions!) (bladder, urethra, penis, erectile tissue, testes, epididymis, bulbourethral gland, prostate, vas deferens, scrotum) 22. Annotate a diagram of the female reproductive system. (Annotate = include names of structures AND their functions!) (uterus, endometrium, fallopian tube, ovary, cervix, vagina, bladder, urethra, clitoris, inner labia, outer labia) 23. Annotate a diagram of a mature sperm. (Annotate = include names of structures AND their functions!) (haploid nucleus, acrosome cap, centrioles, mitochondria, flagellum) 24. Annotate a diagram of a mature egg. (Annotate = include names of structures AND their functions!) (zona pellucida, corona radiata, cortical granules, haploid nucleus) 25. Annotate a diagram of the seminiferous tubules to show stages of gametogenesis. (Annotate = include names of structures AND their functions!) (basement membrane, Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids) 26. Annotate a diagram of the ovary to show stages of gametogenesis. (Annotate = include names of structures AND their functions!) (primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum) III. Concepts and Processes Explain each process. Your answers should include, but not be limited to, the terms below. UNDERLINE the terms as they appear in your response. 27. Explain how gonads and other reproductive structures develop in the embryo. (Y chromosome, gene, gonads, testes, testosterone, penis, scrotum, absence of testosterone, ovaries, estrogen, progesterone, clitoris, labia) 28. Describe the roles of hormones during puberty (secondary sex characteristics, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, facial and body hair, deeper voice, muscle mass, breast development, hips, pubic hair) 29. Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, positive feedback, negative feedback, pituitary hormones, ovarian hormones, corpus luteum, uterine lining, ovulation, follicle, menstruation) 30. Distinguish between internal and external fertilization, giving examples of species in which each occurs. 31. Explain the process of fertilization (sperm, egg, acrosome reaction, fusion of plasma membranes, sperm nucleus enters, cortical reaction, fusion of nuclei) 32. Describe the mechanisms that prevent polyspermy. (sperm, egg, cortical reaction, cortical granules, enzymes, sperm receptors, zona pellucida, thicken, harden) 33. Explain the process of oogenesis (ovary, fetus, oogonia, mitosis, cell growth, begin meiosis I, primary oocyte, arrested in prophase I, puberty, menstrual cycle, complete meiosis I, secondary oocyte, polar body, begin meiosis II, arrested in metaphase II, fertilization by sperm, complete meiosis II, ovum) 34. Explain the process of spermatogenesis (testes, spermatogonia, stem cells, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa, mitosis, cell growth, meiosis I, meiosis II, differentiation) 35. Distinguish between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. (number of cells formed, polar bodies, uneven division of cytoplasm) 36. Describe the roles of the blastocyst, HCG, the ovary, progesterone, and the placenta in pregnancy. (blastocyst, implantation, endometrium, HCG, corpus luteum, ovary, progesterone, placenta, estrogen, progesterone (again), nutrients, waste) 37. Outline the process of birth. (positive feedback, estrogen, oxytocin, pituitary, contractions, pressure, cervix, stretch, more contractions, birth) IV. Scientific Inquiry and applications Your answers should include, but not be limited to, the terms below. UNDERLINE the terms as they appear in your response. 38. Describe William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer. 39. Explain the process of IVF.