Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
Biology 211 (2) Week 3!
Last of Chapter 30!
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VOCABULARY: !
Alternation of Generations:
A life cycle involving
alternation of a multicellular
haploid stage (gametophyte)
with a multicellular diploid
stage (sporophyte). Occurs in
most plants and some
protists.
Opisthokonta: Group
characterized by single
flagellum at their base (i.e.
sperm cells)
Sporophyte: the
multicellular diploid form
Zygote: Formed by
fertilization of two gametes,
it is diploid
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Gametophyte: multicellular
haploid form—produces
gametes
KEY CONCEPTS:!
1. Describe the two generations in the Alteration of Generations.
a. 1 diploid generation with sporophytes (2n) and spores, followed by 1 haploid
generation with gametophytes (n) and gametes
2. Why is a plasmodial slime mold considered a coenocytic mass? What type of
metabolism does this slime mold have?
a. It does not have cell walls in between cells, it is multinucleate
b. Chemoorganoheterotroph
3. What supergroup are we (animals) a part of that is characterized by the presence of a
single posterior flagellum on swimming cells?
a. Opisthokonta
4. What phylum is our closest protist relative?
a. Choanomonada (choanoflagellates)
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Professor: Hufford/Biederman
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S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
Beginning of Chapter 31!
VOCABULARY:!
Mycology: myco=fungus, the
study of fungus
Hyphae: a long, branching
filamentous structure that
have a large surface area to
increase absorption rate
Mycellium: extensive
network of hyphae
Chitin: Found in fungi and
many algae, and in the
external skeleton of insects
and crustaceans
Septae: a membrane that
separates hyphae
Cellulose: A structural
polysaccharide composed of
glucose monomers. Usually
found in cell walls of plants
Coenocytic hyphae:
Containing many nuclei and a
continuous cytoplasm through
a filamentous body, without
being divided into distinct
cells
Extracellular digestion:
Digestion that takes place
outside of an organism, as
occurs in many fungi that
make and secrete digestive
enzymes
Mutualists: A symbiotic
relationship between two
organisms that benefits both
Parasitic: A symbiotic
Decomposer: an organism
relationship between two
that break down dead or
organisms that is beneficial
decaying organisms
to one organism (the
parasite) and harmful the the
other (the host)
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KEY CONCEPTS:!
1. What traits best describe fungi? Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic (or both)?
Heterotroph or autotroph? Do they have cell walls or not? If they have cell walls, what
are these walls made of?
a. Fungi are eukaryotes that are either single celled or multicellular. They are
heterotrophs, and important decomposers. They have cell walls that are made
of chitin. Some fungi are parasitic. Most live in association with other
organisms that benefit their hosts and thus are mutualists.
2. How do fungi obtain their carbon and energy? Do fungi digest their food inside or
outside of their cells? Why can’t fungi phagocytose their food? What do most fungi
eat?
a. They are heterotrophic, so they get their carbon and energy from other
organisms. They have cell walls, so they digest their food extracellularly. They
are one of few organisms that can digest cellulose and lignin. They spit out
enzymes that digest the food outside the cells and then direct the nutrients
inside the cells. Most decompose and eat dead things (plants and animals).
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Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
3. Draw a simple fungus. Label the hyphae, mycelium, spores and fruiting body. How do
fungal cell walls differ from plant cell walls?
a. They have chitin
4. How do coenocytic hyphae differ from septate hyphae?
a. Septae Hyphae have closed walls, while coenocytic are not divided into
separate cells
5. Are most fungi unicellular or multicellular? Give an example of both.
a. Most are multicellular. Unicellular=yeast, Multicellular=Morel (type of
mushroom)
6. Describe a mutualistic relationship between a plant and a fungus.
a. Plant gives carbon to fungi, fungi gives plant nutrients
7. Fungal cell walls are made of
a. Cellulose
b. Chitin
c. Peptidoglycan
d. Chloroplasts
8. Where is most of the fungus found: above or below ground?
a. The fruiting body is not the largest part of the fungus, most is below ground.