ICLEI Africa Secretariat
PO Box 5319
Tygervalley
7536
Cape Town
South Africa
Email: [email protected]
Section 21 Company
Reg. No. 2002/007758/08
THE STATE OF AFRICAN CITIES 2012:
Re-imagining African Urbanism
Terms of Reference:
Regional Authors
Table of Contents
1. Title of consultancy, office in charge, start and end date of consultancy..........................................3
2. Publication background...................................................................................................................3
3. Context rationale ............................................................................................................................4
4. Coordinating entities..................................................................................................................... 10
5. Duties and responsibilities ............................................................................................................ 10
6. Purpose of the consultancy ........................................................................................................... 11
7. Qualifications ................................................................................................................................ 11
8. Email and contact for ICLEI Africa .................................................................................................. 12
9. List of cities to be covered in the analysis ...................................................................................... 12
10. Instructions to authors and contributors ..................................................................................... 12
Annex 1: Table of contents (working version).................................................................................... 13
Annex 2: Editorial guidelines (9 pages long) ...................................................................................... 16
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1. Title of consultancy, office in charge, start and end date of consultancy
Title of institution: Sub regional author for XXX African Region, The State of African Cities 2012
Office/Department responsible:
Start date: xxxxxx 2012
End date: xxxxxx 2012
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability – Africa (ICLEI Africa herein), would like to hereby, invite
you to contribute towards the development of the publication ‘State of African Cities 2012’. This
Terms of Reference (referred to as ToRs herein) describes the background and outline of the
publication and instructions to authors and contributors.
2. Publication background
The State of Region’s Cities Reports is a UN-Habitat initiative with an aim to create a better
understanding of cities function, state and needs. These reports are particularly relevant, since cities
are the primary habitat for a fast-increasing majority of the global population. In addition, cities are
important in the global economy, as food, water and energy sinks (input systems), as well as major
sources, or generators, of waste, pollution, and socio-economic risks.
The State of Cities reports provide a normative knowledge platform towards achieving sustainable
urban development, improving urban governance and reducing urban poverty. By monitoring,
analysing and reporting on implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), the reports are intended to improve city-level analyses and support the formulation of
national and local policies which, in turn, inform and enhance policy- and decision-making processes.
To date, two State of African Cities reports have been published for the African Region. The first
publication1 (2008) focused on: i) providing a general overview of housing and urban management
issues in African cities; and ii) setting a benchmark of information on city level data and trends in
African cities. The second publication2 (2010) expanded the baseline views of the 2008 report,
exposing inequity within African cities; examining urban growth, social conditions in slums,
environmental and energy issues; and, focusing on the role of urban land markets in accessing land
and housing.
This, the third edition of The State of African Cities series, will be based upon available current 20112012 data and is scheduled for publication early in 2013. The World Urbanisation Prospects: 2011 will
be sued as a reference document and will inform delineation of the five geographic regions in Africa.
UN-Habitat will work in partnership with ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability – African
Secretariat and United Cities and Local Governments - Africa (UCLGA) in producing the report.
1
2
UN-HABITAT. 2008. The State of African Cities 2008. A framework for addressing urban challenges in Africa. United
Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi.
UN-HABITAT. 2010. The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequality and Urban Land Markets. United Nations
Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi.
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The main themes will include the following:
 A focus on current and emerging challenges and trends with particular attention on climate
change impacts and risks, opportunities and adaptation strategies, including the green
economy. Specifically it will describe and interpret the multiple risks associated with rapidly
growing African urban populations, including description and (where available) analyses of
the political, environmental, social and economic risks.

An analysis of how recent examples of African urban resilience and adaptation have been,
and can be, harnessed and appropriately adapted, to benefit and inform improved medium
and longer-term strategies, implementation plans and approaches at local, national and
regional levels on the African continent.
The publication will be divided into regional sections, focusing on north, west, east, central and
southern African clusters of countries, with the following main themes:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
populations and urbanisation (a review of the past two years);
economic trends and impacts on the urban economy (a review of the past two years);
climate change and impacts on the sub-region’s cities - these impacts will differ per
region;
health (e.g. HIV/AIDS, typhoid, diabetes), water (security and supply) and sanitation, and
waste (e.g. scavenging, methane gas harvesting, and reduction reuse and recycling)
within urban environments;
public sector information, information technologies, communication and access to
information at the local, national and regional levels (the specific foci here are on
individual and community access to internet, cellular networks, and the use of GIS as a
tool by local, national and regional governments to capture and reflect e.g. land use and
services planning and implementation);
urban culture and change agents; and
emerging issues (specific to each sub-region).
Throughout the publication there must be specific foci on gender and youth and the implementation
and mainstreaming (or lack thereof) of gender and youth issues. For further details of the full outline
see Annex 1.
The rational and background context to the chosen themes is described below.
The anticipated launch date for the publication is XX 2013.
3. Context rationale
Africa is the fastest urbanising continent globally with an estimated growth rate of 3.4%. Already,
more than 40% of Africa’s people are urbanized and it is projected that 60% of all Africans will be
living in urban areas by 2050. Africa’s urban population will increase from an estimated 413 million in
2010 to a projected 1.23 billion by 2050. On the basis of these projections, African urban areas and
services will need to accommodate a tripling of the current number of urban inhabitants by 2050.
African cities are often analyzed from a perspective which sees urbanism and urban living itself as
evolving into (or progressing towards) an idealized state typically embodied in western paradigms of
urban form and function. The associated phenomena of rapidly growing cities and often increasingly
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impoverished urban populations – often including internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees
from political and/or social conflicts, natural hazards or environmental change – need to be
recognized as a current and future reality for Africa. However, this should be addressed by embracing
new models for urban risk reduction, amongst other through “greener” and more sustainable urban
growth, moderated by locally appropriate planning, development and servicing, frequently within
significant budgetary and capacity constraints.
Africa and the world community need to reconceptualise what is understood by the word ‘city’ since
the ‘Western city’ is now no longer the sole legitimate template for defining future African cities.
There is need to ‘re-imagine the African city’ by creating new paradigms for modern African
urbanism.
Cities generate over 75% of the GDP globally and are also the zones, which generate more than 80%
of all greenhouse emissions. What is usually not explicitly recognized in, or detailed by, these data is
that entire countries are, in principle, governed from their cities and these urban localities, therefore,
supply significant nation-wide activities and roles. In the process they cause negative externalities
that are unrealistically expressed as ‘urban’ outputs. It is also rarely acknowledged that urban areas
are often the localities most at risk from human-made and natural disasters, due to their dense
accumulation of people, assets and activities in comparatively small geographical areas. Given the
critical political, social and economic roles of cities, these risk factors not only bear on these urban
localities but often become, in one way or another, national in outreach when disasters occur.
Urban economic growth in Africa has to date been mirrored by increasing levels of urban poverty,
inequality, inefficiency and the concomitant impacts on vital renewable and non-renewable natural
resources. Planning and financing for ‘urban green growth’ is, therefore, a priority that can generate
opportunities to enable provisioning of high employment elasticity, secure ecosystem services, and
affordable public services while supporting the universal ‘right to the city’. African cities may have a
competitive advantage in that their development could ‘leapfrog’ conventional urban development
paths to a greener urban economy. In developing paths to ‘green growth’, the synergies and
challenges of integrating the strategies for economic development and those for greening cities, have
also to be addressed.
All approaches to ‘Greener Cities’ and the ‘Green Urban Economy’ should implicitly and explicitly
address issues of energy and material flows, ecosystem management, climate change and disaster
risk reduction.
Urbanization presents both a challenge and opportunity. It is a challenge in that providing additional
millions of people with adequate housing, water and sanitation, transportation, waste management
and other needs requires vast investment, skilled management and strong leadership. In addition,
the concentration of people increases the risk of diseases, pollution and disasters. On the other
hand, the concentration of people also facilitates provision of education, health care, transportation
and other social services. Urbanization also tends to conserve energy and natural resources, in as
much as people living in densely populated cities use substantially less land, energy and water per
person than people with comparable incomes in suburban or rural areas.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. (2009). Africa Review Report on Sustainable
Consumption and Production.
Publishing of the State of African Cities 2012 within months of the Rio+20 United Nations Conference
on Sustainable Development, will provide unique opportunities, alongside more conventional state
of cities indicators, to present perspectives on how African cities can re-imagine themselves as
drivers of a ‘Green Economy’, using examples and case studies from African cities, but also looking at
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the various local, national and regional key structural changes that might, or will, be necessary for
such a transition. Critical to such investigations would be the analysis of climate change impacts and
responses. Climate change-induced risks, however, are not the sole threats to African cities. The
overarching challenge is massive population growth in a context of widespread poverty generating a
complex series of threats to the human habitat that now accommodates the global majority and that
will soon also be home to Africa’s population majority.
The report is expected to further stimulate debate on rapidly urbanising African cities, and the
challenges they face, primarily in governance, socio-economic capacity, poverty, planning,
integration, mobility and the environment. The report also presents, on a regional basis, the main
emerging issues. Wide dissemination of the report is necessary to ensure the publication reaches as
many stakeholders as possible. The report aims to repeat and improve on the prolific downloading
recorded with the first two State of the African Cities reports, their use in African Academia and ,
indeed, urban researchers worldwide.
These reports serve as tools for regional, national, and local decision makers, academia, urban
researchers and civil society. The long term objective of this report is to create awareness of the
need for, and existence of, coherent and effective policy, integration and adaptive management as
well as an array of other interventions to respond to challenges in providing adequate housing and
services within the context of sustainable urban development in Africa. The report also aims to: i)
improve and inform policies; ii) support pro-poor urban planning legislation and strategies; iii) enable
the provision of land and housing; iv) enhance urban management and governance; and, v)
encourage and where possible aid in enabling efficient implementation of appropriate policies and
development strategies.
Overview of the proposed document structure:
Introduction
Global change, and its implications for African cities, is a broad theme, covering environmental and
climate change, socio-economic and socio-political change. The broad-brush approach is designed to
contextualize the current state of African cities in a fast changing global economy during a time of
high environmental, socio-economic and socio-political risks and threats.
While a rapid rate of urban population growth does not necessarily result directly in increased risk
and vulnerability of urbanizing populations, the context within which this process occurs is a
significant determinant to increasing risk and vulnerability. There is an increased vulnerability of
individuals as well as whole urban settlements to environmental, social and economic threats and
hazards. These relate to a variety of aspects of social and economic dynamics and to the changing
nature of urban living. This is not peculiar to cities in Africa, however, it is imperative to identify
these risks and associate these dynamics with the capacity and resilience of diverse groups (e.g. local
government; civic bodies; women; youth) as well as individuals in African cities to adapt to change
because of, amongst other, poverty, insecurity of employment, access to services, lack of tenure,
inequitable resource distribution, transport and so on.
The 2011 Cities and Climate Change Report3 notes “gender, age, race and wealth have implications
for the vulnerability of individuals and groups.” The 2010 State of African Cities report4 states: “urban
3
4
Cities and climate change : global report on human settlements, 2011 / United Nations Human Settlements Programme.
UN-HABITAT. 2010. The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequality and Urban Land Markets. United Nations
Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi.
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demographic growth cannot, on its own, account for human exposure to socio-economic and
environmental risks. Rather, it is the pace of urban change that is adding to human vulnerability. This
change involves rapidly proliferating, deep urban poverty that disproportionately affects women and
children, which, together with ethnic and racial conflict, urban crime, homelessness and degraded
urban environments all have far-reaching political and socioeconomic implications. Economic
prospects look bright for some Western African nations, which gives their cities the potential to
improve the living conditions of countries' poorest residents. However, cities with the highest rates of
population growth and urban change tend to be found in the nations with the most listless
economies. For the cities, the risks of further deterioration are both obvious and there to stay.”
In the light of these comments and findings, and the context within which the present report must be
constructed, the process of re-imagining African urbanism - in order to assess, capture and direct
alternative trajectories of sustainable development – is called for. Rather than dwelling on failure,
lack of implementation, conflict and scarce resources, it is time to capture the models and examples
of potent and uniquely African indigenous solutions to African urban challenges. These need not be
stuck within typically western, first world, paradigms of conurbation, but should seek answers and
solutions to urban settlement within the highly diverse African geopolitical, socio-economic and
environmental landscapes.
Global change and urban development:
The 2012 state of African cities review must necessarily reflect the status quo, assessing the rate,
expansion and nature of African urban development within parameters which provide meaningful
review and assessment criteria such as population size, gender and age groupings; size and rate of
growth of regional and (where relevant) national urban centers.
The drivers of Global Change (including environment, trade, economy/finance and discourse) will be
reviewed from the perspective of the consequences for the African continent, particularly in African
urban settlements. The role, influence and various potentials of investment and aid in developing
and maintaining urban development paradigms (e.g. global- and world cities paradigms) will be
addressed and discussed through identification of, and elaboration on, more regionally appropriate,
operative examples within the African continent.
The existing and emerging patterns and processes of urban regional development (including
jurisdictional boundaries and informal urban growth) should be described in terms of the modes for
city regions, expanded metropolitan regions, mega-urban regions and megacities as well as the
development of urban corridors (using where possible examples from each African region).
The types and modes of urban planning (or lack thereof), with the implications for African urban
form will be explored and discussed using where possible examples of territorial development (i.e.
meeting the cultural, political and economic needs of regional population groups — as opposed to
urging their functional integration into the broader national and world economy)
The status quo of urban infrastructure and basic services including, but not limited to, water, energy,
waste and sanitation, mobility and transport) will be reflected within the context of the African
continent and the many and various methods and means by which African cities and nations have
endeavoured to address basic needs and services as well as to improve living standards.
The nature, function, significance and consequence of derived urban culture, which often dissociates
urban dwellers from rural indigenous cultures within the same area, nation and/or region, can
nonetheless unify city dwellers from otherwise disparate backgrounds and cultures. The making of a
city can be afforded great progress through a “sense of citizenship” among the inhabitants. Case
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studies and examples, where available will be described to set the scene for the re-imagining of
African cities.
Cities at risk
By way of introduction to this section, an assessment of the adequacy and inadequacy of governance
at regional and national level as well as governance capacity to respond to potential humanitarian
crises and disasters will be fleshed out where possible using current available data. Environmental
justice will be an underlying theme of this section.
The environmental vulnerability of African cities in terms of global and regional climate change will
be described through an examination of selected scenarios and the implications arising from these
scenarios. This section will address the concepts of ecosystem services within the African context,
identifying where possible both shortcomings and “real life” solutions through a selection of case
studies. The various urban resource flows of water, food, energy and waste products in a city-region
context will be described within a critique of the conventional “city metabolism” and the manner in
which unique solutions have been applied within African cities to address these challenges. The
ability and readiness of African cities to predict and respond to potential complex emergencies as
well as to natural and other disasters through disaster risk reduction approaches, climate change
adaptation planning and ecosystems management will be discussed in terms of institutional capacity,
infrastructure, access to information and education, amongst others.
Critical to an analysis of cities at risk is a reflection on cities in countries which are emerging from
protracted conflicts, which has resulted in the rapid creation of IDP camps and slums putting
significant pressure scarce local resources such as water and wood fuel. The lack of capacity of
emerging post conflict governance systems and institutions in this context can result in the
intensification of disaster risk as hazard patterns are modified.
Differences in social vulnerability will be described in terms of poverty, inequality and inequity.
Vulnerable groups and individuals are far more at risk than those empowered through economic or
other means thus the distribution of risk and the capacity for resilience is significantly skewed within
most cities. This is often highlighted in areas, which are war torn through war and urban violence.
The challenge of governing and managing cities sustainably and competently can be disrupted and
complicated by fragility at national, regional and local tiers as well as by unconsolidated political
institutions and the level of maturity of governance at all tiers. The capacity (or lack thereof) of
institutions to provide appropriate policy, ensure sound strategy, and deliver satisfactory
implementation can lead to success or failure when planning and preparing for, or responding to,
disaster. Corruption in governance and leadership, a global phenomenon, may also lead to
ineffective delivery, inability to adapt, reduced resilience and further compromise those most at risk,
thereby increasing vulnerability during crises. The need for sound and objective data collection,
connection, interpretation and application is primary to enable decision-making and effective
management. Data deficits, false, inaccurate or carelessly collected data can impede progress and
effective management. There is a need for African cities and nations to harmonize basic essential
data capture (scale, type, and compatibility) in order to better understand and interpret internal
(local and national) and external (regional and global) needs in order to adapt to needs and
challenges at all scales.
Re-imagining African Urbanism (sustainability, safety and innovation)
There exists a real opportunity to cultivate an inclusive vision through identifying and embracing a
new paradigm (or suite of paradigms) that are appropriate and qualified to address the present day
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and future needs of African cities. These may incorporate aspects of “western models” of engaging
the challenges of increasing poverty and the urban poor. Since urban poverty is not a passing phase,
alternative growth paths and scenarios need to be identified, analysed and interpreted in order to
improve resilience and adaptation of African urban populations within the narrative of sustainable
development. Numerous examples, programmes and models exist for assisting the initiation and
implementation of such a vision. These include the Cities Alliance, Slum/Shack Dwellers International
(and the Urban Poor Fund international), nationally and locally based urban fora, as well as
opportunities to review and renew governance through locally appropriate adoption and
adaptation/s of the Lagos Model and the Kigali plan of Action (and Kigali Declaration).
This section identifies and reflects present urban trends such as the “youth bulge” and urban
population growth, urban culture as an agent of change, the potential to harness success stories
from recent and emerging trends, focusing on the green urban economy base. Also identified are the
opportunities and potentials from current investment and redirected investment (e.g. PAIF). Also
assessed is urban infrastructure and flows, the present and potential investments in urban
infrastructure, focusing particularly those which are less non-renewable resource dependent, lower
emission producing (less carbon dependent), and which promote resource efficiency and
affordability.
Long term planning for safety and sustainability is crucial to effective socio-spatial integration where
inequality and vulnerability (through poverty, gender, youth, health and disability, etc.) can become a
threat of violence rather than an inconvenient truth. Diversity can, and should, be harnessed and the
urban/civic identity embraced. Alongside the human factors of safety and security the need for
increased disaster risk management capacities and resources, and enhanced early warning and
disaster preparedness and response must be addressed. Climate change adaptation relies on the
reduction and management of climate-related disaster risks, and both need to be central to
development planning and investment and responding in ways that contribute to sustainable
development.
Local sustainable solutions for local sustainability challenges require the fostering and development
of social, technical and technological innovation. To this end, the encouragement of green and
inclusive growth in all sectors, public and private, through various incentive measures will be
described. The longer term view is to develop an African urban definition of sustainable livelihoods.
Re-imagining African Urbanism proposes to identify the leaders, champions, innovators of African
urban development solutions and best practices that provide hope in reporting on the African
continent. It seeks thus to highlight emerging opportunities in adaptation strategies to global change
through adopting uniquely African urban development approaches and thus harnessing the strengths
of a rapidly growing urban population.
Regional analyses and emerging issues
Using the framework of the proposed content of Chapter 1 which has been described above, each
regional analysis will focus on:
 Population and urbanization (sub-regional demographic/urban trends)
 Global change and implications for urban development (Economic trends and impacts on the
urban economy)
 Social and environmental vulnerabilities (climate change and impacts on the sub-region’s cities)
 Urban planning and resource management (resource flows, urban infrastructure and basic
services)
 Urban culture and change agents
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Each regional analysis will also reflect on emerging issues in a way that provides regional- specific
perspectives on cities at risk and the opportunities that can be harnessed in the context of global
change and re-imagining African urbanism.
4. Coordinating entities
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) and ICLEI – Local Governments
for Sustainability – Africa Secretariat (hereafter ICLEI Africa) will coordinate the publication of this
edition of The State of African Cities 2012 report. ICLEI Africa will be the lead author on the
publication.
UN-HABITAT is the coordinating agency within the United nations System for human settlements
activities and focal point for the monitoring, evaluation and implementation of the Habitat agenda,
as well as the task manager of the human settlements chapter of agenda 21 and Responsible for
promoting and consolidation collaboration with all partners, including local authorities and private
and non0Governemntal organisations in the implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the
millennium Development goals of significantly improving the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers by the year 2020.
ICLEI Africa is the African regional office of ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability which is an
international association of over 1225 local governments from 70 countries as well as national and
regional local government organisations who have made a commitment to sustainable development.
ICLEI’s mission is to build and serve a worldwide movement of local government to achieve tangible
improvements in global sustainability with special focus on environmental conditions through
cumulative local actions. ICLEI provides technical consulting, training and information to build
capacity, share knowledge and support local government in the implementation of sustainable
development at the local level. ICLEI aims to find solutions to local challenges, which also provide a
cost-efficient way to achieve local, national, and global sustainability objectives. ICLEI Africa
Secretariat has extensive experience and expertise working in African cities to improve
understanding of the needs of local governments, and to implement mechanisms for adapting to
climate change at the local level.
5. Duties and responsibilities
The authors and contributors, as leaders in their fields, will be expected to provide high quality inputs
to this publication, through evidence-based, referenced and high quality writing.
The following steps will be undertaken:
 Initial discussion with ICLEI Africa and UN-HABITAT as to contents and themes to be covered
in each sub-section.
 Author to sign off on each item and agree to deadlines per item.
 Author undertakes background literature research and data gathering per item. Bibliography
of anticipated working reference list to be sent to ICLEI Africa as per the timetable below.
 ICLEI signs off on bibliography.
 Author submits draft zero as per agreed timetable.
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




ICLEI comments and edits and returns to author.
The above two steps are repeated for interim draft and final draft.
Author engages in on-going communications with ICLEI and provides bi-monthly email
updates on progress.
They main/key authors for each region will attend the Executive Board Meetings on dates to
be discussed and agreed upon
Author provides final list of references as well as makes available all sources of materials i.e.
uploads all pdfs to dedicated drop box, or refers to where to find them online. This will
enable ease of fact checking.
The author will provide text for Chapter X: “XXX” and the following themes will be covered:
 For contracted author, this content may vary
XX
 XX
 XX
 XX
 …
Provisional timetable
Each time a draft is received by the lead author, ICLEI Africa, a turnaround time of 6 weeks is
expected.
Theme
1.
2.
3.
4.
Paragraphs
Word
count
X
X
Bibliography
deadline
Draft
Interim
Final
zero
draft
deadline
deadline deadline
6. Purpose of the consultancy
The purpose of the consultancy is to research, prepare and write stimulating and evidence-based
documentation on the current state of African cities in 2012. This requires that the author obtains upto-date data and information, as well as utilises the most recent scientific and published literature in
order to weave a narrative that fits the already identified contents and themes of this publication. In
addition, the author will write based from them expertise and local experience in the region of XX.
7. Qualifications




Appropriate post graduate degree in field of expertise.
Broad knowledge of cities, particularly those in region of expertise.
Excellent written skills in English, the author responsible for the capture and development of a
specific section of input, should therefore be able to use and draw upon French literature for
submission in English (if applicable to region). The individual concerned, should therefore
have proven previous contributions to publications and/or peer reviewed journals.
Ability to work independently but within a team framework and to tight deadlines.
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8. Email and contact for ICLEI Africa
Faith K Chihumbiri
E-mail :[email protected]
Tel: +27 21 487 2311
Fax: +27 21 424 9313
Postal Address: PO Box 5319, Tyger Valley, 7536, South Africa
Street Address: 8th Floor, 44 Wale Street, Cape Town, South Africa
9. List of cities to be covered in the analysis
During the 2nd Expert Group meeting (14 – 15 November 2011), it was agreed that Jos would
provide more detail on the regional allocation of countries and city sizes for this this to be
determined (May 2012). However, given the timeframe, would it be possible for this to come to
ICLEI Africa sooner?
10. Instructions to authors and contributors
The various sections of text should be arranged in the following order upon submission to ICLEI Africa
for review.









Title, names and addresses of authors (with clear indications of the sections or subsections of
the author responsible)
Summary and keywords
Text (in an accessible version of Microsoft Word)
Acknowledgments (if applicable)
Reference list as well as submission of copies or sources of references to ICLEI Africa
Tables(with a clear indication of where these would be best placed amongst the text)
Table legends/titles (with a clear indication of where these would be best placed amongst
the text)
Figures (with a clear indication of where these would be best placed amongst the text)
Figure legends/titles (with a clear indication of where these would be best placed amongst
the text)
The authors and contributors will adhere to the guidelines to authors as described in Annex 2. This
includes all instructions regarding writing style, grammar, punctuation and instructions regarding
images and copyright. A strict adherence to referencing style, and referencing of all facts will be
adhered to in order to ensure accuracy of all information.
As this is a collaborative effort, with numerous authors and contributors, we request that strict
adherence is made to align with the author guidelines. In addition it should be noted and
acknowledged by contributing authors and contributors that editing will be undertaken by the lead
authors in order to maintain an overarching style and maintain a consistency in writing style and
content.
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Annex 1: Table of contents (working version)
THE STATE OF AFRICAN CITIES 2012: Re-imagining African
Urbanism
Foreword UN-HABITAT
(1 p)
i
Foreword UCLGA/ ICLEI
(1 p)
ii
Acknowledgements
(1 p)
iii
Table of Contents
(1 p)
iv
Introduction ICLEI, UNHABITAT, SI, LSE



(1 p)
Global change and the implications (for African cities)
The urbanization of vulnerability (environmental and social urban growth and the changing
nature of urban living (in African cities) (vulnerability Vs insecurity)
Re-imagining African urbanism (alternative trajectories)
Summaries
(15 pp)
vi-xx
1.
THE STATE OF AFRICAN CITIES (Total +/-40 pp)
1.1
A continent in transition– (12 pp)





1.2


21 – 60
21-32
Demographic trends/analysis – i.e. urbanization; urban population growth; population
structure (i.e. age); fertility UN-HABITAT, LSE
Spatial trends/analysis – i.e. largest urban growth centres; mega-cities/city regions; urban
development corridors UN-HABITAT
Economic/urban development trends – i.e. investment, growth, infrastructure, housing,
transport UNH, LSE
Political/institutional trends – i.e. dectralisation/metropolitanisation; Arab Spring;
democratisation; political unrest UNH, LSE
Global forces, local change – i.e. global economic situation; climate change; China in Africa;
shifting discourse of development UNH, ICLEI, LSE, SI
Cities at risk LSE, UN-HABITAT, ICLEI (12 pp)



v
33 - 44
The spectre of urban violence and disorder – i.e. trends in conflict and violence; LSE
Post-conflict reconstruction - re-building war-torn cities; reshaping the future ICLEI
Socioeconomic vulnerabilities – i.e. poverty, inequality, social exclusion & health ICLEI,
LSE
Environmental vulnerabilities – i.e. climate change; natural hazards; resources flows ICLEI
Institutional fragility – unconsolidated political institutions; capacity constraints (esp. at
local gov level); corruption; data deficits UNH, ICLEI, LSE, SI
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
1.3.
A dysfunctional paradigm – i.e. critique of traditional planning & ‘world cities’ paradigms;
synergies and challenges of integrating strategies: economic development and “greening”
cities ICLEI, SI, maybe LSE
Re-imagining African Urbanism (sustainability, safety & innovation) – (14 pp)
45-60

Harnessing trends – i.e. demographic dividend; investment flows; emerging technologies
(general + green); developing and financing paths to Green Growth; catalysing climate finance
SI; maybe LSE
 Cultivating an inclusive vision – i.e. urban politics; participatory models; epistemic
communities; bottom-up planning; building partnerships; urban forums SI
 Planning for human security– i.e. social/spatial integration; harnessing diversity; disaster
risk reduction; climate change adaptation; investment & employment generation; vulnerability
mapping; index of disaster risk SI, ICLEI
 Pursuing a sustainable urban development vision – ‘green urban economy’; fostering
innovation; partnerships for growth; sustainable livelihoods SI, ICELI, UNH
NB Regions are defined in terms of the datasets of World Urbanization Prospects
2.
THE STATE OF NORTHERN AFRICAN CITIES (40 pp) ICLEI






2.




3.
Population and urbanization (sub-regional demographic/urban trends) UN-HABITAT
Global change and implications for urban development (Economic trends and impacts on
the urban economy)
Social and environmental vulnerabilities (climate change and impacts on the sub-region’s
cities)
Urban planning and resource management (resource flows, urban infrastructure and basic
services)
Urban culture and change agents (African Urbanism Colloquium papers) (BOX: the
Urban Spring and its causes) SI
Emerging issues: Political Transition, Thirsty Cities, Urban Unemployment, SouthMediterranean Coastal urbanization (pollution, erosion, occupation of hazardous sites)
THE STATE OF WESTERN AFRICAN CITIES (40 pp)


ICLEI

101-140
Population and urbanization (sub-regional demographic/urban trends)
Global change and implications for urban development (Economic trends and impacts on
the urban economy)
Social and environmental vulnerabilities (climate change and impacts on the sub-region’s
cities)
Urban planning and resource management (resource flows, urban infrastructure and basic
services)
Urban culture and change agents
Emerging issues (tailored for each sub-region) Desertification and sustainable land
management (e.g. Senegal into neighbouring country), Water, Food and Energy Insecurity
and Eco Migration in the Sahel. Flooding and Erosion in the Coastal cities.
THE STATE OF EASTERN AFRICAN CITIES (35-40 pp) ICLEI


61-100
141-180
Population and urbanization (sub-regional demographic/urban trends)
Global change and implications for urban development (Economic trends and impacts on
the urban economy)
Social and environmental vulnerabilities (climate change and impacts on the sub-region’s
cities)
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
4.
Urban planning and resource management (resource flows, urban infrastructure and basic
services)
 Urban culture and change agents
 Emerging issues: Drought and floods: Eco-Migration, Urban Food and Water insecurity.
Fisheries. Management of Water Resources: Cooperation or Conflict (Lake Victoria and
Nile, including domestic and industrial purposes), Post-conflict reconstruction: SouthSudan impact on cities in the region, International land outsourcing
THE STATE OF CENTRAL AFRICAN CITIES (35-40 pp) ICLEI
181-220






5.
THE STATE OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN CITIES (35-40 pp)






7.
Population and urbanization (sub-regional demographic/urban trends)
Global change and implications for urban development (Economic trends and impacts on
the urban economy)
Social and environmental vulnerabilities (climate change and impacts on the sub-region’s
cities)
Urban planning and resource management (resource flows, urban infrastructure and basic
services)
Urban culture and change agents
Emerging issues: Extractive economy (mining and urban growth), poverty. Circular
migration, trans-border migration, “Dubai-zone”, Complex emergencies/post conflict
reconstruction (Kinshasa); Urban migration – refugees and Internally Displaced Peoples,
(local governance and recentralisation).
ICLEI
221-260
Population and urbanization (sub-regional demographic/urban trends)
Global change and implications for urban development (Economic trends and impacts on
the urban economy)
Social and environmental vulnerabilities (climate change and impacts on the sub-region’s
cities)
Urban planning and resource management (resource flows, urban infrastructure and basic
services)
Urban culture and change agents
Emerging issues: Sinking cities (coastal, East Rand), Saline intrusion, Water and Energy
crisis, Investments in urban areas (lack of maintenance of existing facilities and focus on
new) Box: pre-paid water meters (update, don’t repeat 2010 report), enclave cities;
synergies and challenges of developing paths to green growth (water, energy); small
island developing states and DRR.
STATISTICAL ANNEX (20 pp)
UN-HABITAT
261-280
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Annex 2: Editorial guidelines (9 pages long)
The United Nations has a comprehensive editorial manual which serves as the authoritative
statement of the rules to be followed in drafting manuscripts to be published by the Organization.
The following very brief summary is intended by the Department of Public Information to guide
authors preparing manuscripts.
Authors must submit their papers in conformity with these editorial requirements; otherwise, their
papers will not be accepted for publishing.
Remember: Our publications are UN-HABITAT’s window to the world. For this reason they must
always be of a high professional standard. That means being easy to read and understand, no matter
who the intended audience. Clarity, accuracy, objectivity are the first rules here. Be proud of what
you publish, and make us all proud of your work.
Spelling
The authority for spelling in the United Nations is the Concise Oxford Dictionary, ninth edition.
Manuscripts should be run through a British English spell check before submission. Note that “z” is
preferred to “s”, e.g. organization, emphasize, where there is a choice. We use double quotation
marks (“ ”). Single quotation marks (‘ ’) are used for quotations within quotations.
Acronyms
Avoid using these as far as possible. If you have to use them, do as with this example. At first
mention, spell out in full, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) with its acronym in brackets. At
next reference summarize it intelligently, eg., the Goals, and if several pages have gone by, spell out
in full again. This saves the reader having to go back every time and look it up. The use of acronyms
in a text is arrogant because it forces the reader to stop reading. We are not an academic publishing
house. A list of acronyms, if unavoidable, is carried near the beginning of the book. It is no argument
to say that ‘experts’ understand acronyms. Note that “United Nations” should NEVER be abbreviated
to “UN”.
Country names
Names of countries must conform to United Nations usage. The United Nations Terminology
Database, UNTERM (http://unterm.un.org/), contains the official names of countries and areas. For a
complete list of countries, select “COUNTRY NAME” from the Subjects menu, leave the Search field
blank and click Search. The “short form” of country names should be used. Manuscripts with
incorrect country/area names are not accepted by the Editorial Unit. Note, in particular, that it
should be:
China (NOT People’s Republic of China)
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (NOT DPR Korea or North Korea or DPRK)
Islamic Republic of Iran (in alphabetical lists: Iran (Islamic Republic of)) but NOT Iran)
Kazakhstan (with an “h”)
Kyrgyzstan (NOT Kyrgyz Republic)
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (NOT Lao PDR or Laos)
Micronesia (Federated States of), and listed under “M”, not “F”
Republic of Korea (NOT South Korea or RKorea or Korea), and listed under “R”, not “K”
Samoa (NOT Western Samoa), and listed under “S”, not “W”
Viet Nam (NOT Vietnam)
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Any reference to Taiwan must appear as “Taiwan Province of China”. Any reference to Hong
Kong must appear as “Hong Kong, China”.
Country names in a list (in running text or vertical) should be in alphabetical order unless
there is some other organizing principle.
Currencies
These are always written in lower case – euros, dollars, yen, etc. We never use currency signs such as
$ Y, etc in text or tables. They are always expressed using the internationally agreed three-letter
designators such as USD 10 million or ZAR 22, or EUR 43, etc. A list is on the intranet or available
from the editorial unit.
Numbers
In general, numbers under 10 should be expressed in words (e.g. eight, not 8); numbers 10 and over
should be written in figures. However, there are exceptions, some of which are given below.
Numbers expressed in words
Numbers under 10 and in the following cases:
At the beginning of a sentence
In fractions in narrative text
In approximate or isolated references to dimensions, weights and measures
in non-technical, non-statistical texts
e.g. Four hundred and fifty women were chosen for the test.
(Or better: A total of 450 women were chosen for the test.)
The problem had worsened in the past hundred years.
two thirds of the population
about two inches
nine people; eight cats; seven books; a six-year prison term; a five-day week; a fouryear-old girl
Numbers expressed in figures
Numbers from 10 to 999,999 and in the following cases:
Percentages in text always: 40 per cent, 9 per cent; in tables 40% or 1%
Ratios: the teacher-student ratio was 1 to 9
Dimensions, weights and measures: 12 kilometres from here BUT about forty metres away,
yields were 3 tons per hectare
Series of figures: 8 mice, 12 rats, a 15-year-old youth, a 10-ton load, and four 3-inch mortars
Millions
Millions should be written as follows: 1 million, 3.4 million, BUT 3,420,000. (If there is more than one
digit to the right of the decimal point, the number should be written entirely in figures.)
e.g. oil-producing capacity of 2 million tons per year
a grant of USD 1.5 million
a contribution of USD 4,560,000, not $4.56 million
Dates
The standard form used for dates in the United Nations is: 30 June 1997
The correct form for a period of two or more full years is: 1996-1998
N.B. NOT 1996-98, or 1996-8, or 1996/98, or from 1996-98.
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Time of day
Either 9 a.m. (not 9.00 a.m.), 3.15 p.m., 7.05 p.m. (not 7.5 p.m.) or 2100 hours (not 21.00 hours).
Ranges
Note the following examples:
3 to 4 per cent
15-20 kg of potatoes
N.B. 2-3 km, 2 to 3 km BUT NOT from 2-3 km
Ordinal numbers
Spell out:
The fifty-second session of the Commission
At the third attempt
The thirteenth attempt
th
N.B. the 13 meeting (use figures for ordinal numbers with meetings).
Headings and subheadings
Authors are encouraged to consult previous issues of the Journal in order to familiarize themselves
with the format of headings and subheadings.
Tables
Tables should be numbered throughout a text with Arabic numerals. The title should be written in
the following form, consistently throughout the text, and should not be underlined:
Table 3. Areas of future mineral development
Notes to tables appear in the following order:
Source(s): (underlined or in italics)
Note(s): (a general note applicable to the text as a whole)
a
b
(letters are used for notes on specific parts of the table)
Probability-level notes in tables: e.g. *p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
In tables, thousands should be typed with a space, but no comma, e.g. 4 973 000, not 4,973,000.
If there is no other organizing principle, stub items should be arranged in alphabetical order. If the
stub column includes countries as well as areas that are not separate political entities, the heading
must read “Country or area”.
No cell in a table should be left blank. The following symbols may be used:
An em-dash (—) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible
A hyphen (-) indicates that the item is not applicable
Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not reported separately
References
The author-date system (Jones 1994, 243) is preferred in publications consisting of scholarly articles.
In this case, list only those references that are actually cited in the text. Use the following style for
lists of references:
Examples of inputs to a list of references
(Some of these examples may not exist;
they have been composed to illustrate a certain type of reference)
References listing the sources used in writing the text of a report or other such publication should
give all the details that an experienced reader would need in order to locate those references.
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A well-prepared list of references should contain the following information:
For a book
1. The name of the author(s) in the form printed on the title page of the publication, with the
surname first.
2. The title of the book and the subtitle, if any, in italics; capitalize all words in the title except
articles and prepositions).
3. The series, if any, and the volume number.
4. The name of the editor, translator or compiler, if any.
5. The edition, if other than the first (shown on the title page or the verso of the title page).
6. The place of publication (the home office of the publisher).
7. The name of the publisher.
8. The date of publication (the date on the verso of the title page).
9. The number of volumes, if more than one.
For an article
1. The name of the writer(s), with the surname first.
2. The title of the article enclosed in quotation marks; capitalize only the first word and any
proper nouns.
3. The title of the periodical in which the article was published, in italics.
4. The volume number and the issue number for scholarly journals.
5. The date of issue (day, month and year, as applicable) for magazine articles.
6. The page number(s).
For unpublished material
1. The name of the writer(s), if known, with the surname first.
2. The title (in quotation marks); same capitalization as for article.
3. The collection, if any, and location.
4. The date, if known.
Reference lists are put in alphabetical order by the names of the authors and writers; this is done on
a letter-by-letter basis.
However, titles such as Sir and Lady are omitted, as are degrees such as Ph.D. and M.D.
A suffix that is an essential part of the name, such as Jr., Sr. or a Roman numeral (II, or III), appears
after the given name, preceded by a comma (Ford, Henry J., III or Pepin, Theophilus, Jr.
When there is no author listed for a specific publication, the publication is listed in alphabetical
order. Articles (“a”, “an” or “the”) are ignored for purposes of alphabetization: e.g. The
Encyclopaedia of Religion would be alphabetized by the word Encyclopaedia.
Note: Some examples below are United Nations documents, and show where to include the United
Nations document symbol (e.g. E/1991/35-E/ESCAP/822). This element is simply eliminated for nonUnited Nations sources.
BOOKS
One author
Cohn, Norman (1957). The Pursuit of the Millennium (New York, Essential Books).
Two or three authors
May, Jacques M., Jack E. Jones and Donna L. McLellan (1968).The Ecology of Malnutrition in the
French-speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar (New York, Hafner Publishing Co.).
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More than three authors
Leontieff, W., S. Finch, N. Lark, C. Dixon and R. Calhoun (1977).The Future of the World Economics: A
nd
United Nations Study, 2 ed. (New York, Oxford University Press).
N.B. In the list of references, the names of all authors should be included. In the in-text citation,
however, only the first author’s name should be listed, followed by the words “and others”:
(Leontieff and others 1977).
Corporate author or no author named
United Nations Children’s Fund (1991).The State of the World’s Children 1991 (New York, Oxford
University Press).
Country author
If a Government ministry, department or other section is the author, the book should be listed with
the country as the author:
Japan (2003).“Employment Survey” (Tokyo, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare).
Author and translator
Mann, Thomas (1938). The Coming Victory of Democracy, Agnes E. Mayer, trans. (New York, Alfred A.
Knopf).
Author, editor and/or translator
Lauterpacht, E. (1970). International Law: The Collected Papers of HershLauterpacht, T.K. Jones, ed.,
Frank Smith, trans. (London, Cambridge University Press).
One volume of a multi-volume work
Eliot, Charles W., ed. (1909). The Harvard Classics, vol. 11, The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, G.
Long, trans. (New York, P.F. Collier & Son).
One of a series
Thavarajah, A. (1970). “Fertility, mortality and population growth in Syria”, in Cairo Demographic
Centre, Demographic Measures and Population Growth in Arab Countries,Research Monograph
Series, No. 1 (Cairo), pp. 210-214. Part of a book
Brass, William and A.J. Coale (1968).“Methods of analysis and estimation”, in William Brass and
others, eds., The Demography of Tropical Africa (Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press),
pp. 88-139.
Part of a report in proceedings
Mane, D.D. (1987). “Role of handicraft cooperatives vis-à-vis role of private sector in marketing
crafts”, in Report, Recommendations and Working Papers of a National Seminar on Development and
Management of Handicraft Cooperatives, Vaikunth Mehta National Institute of Cooperative
Management, Pune, India, 24-26 November.
ESCAP annual report
ESCAP (2008).Annual Report 24 May 2007-30 April 2008, Official Records of the Economic and Social
Council, Supplement No. 19 (E/2008/339-E/ESCAP/64/39).
ESCAP publication
ESCAP (2005).State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific (United Nations publication, Sales
No.E.06.11.F.30).
PERIODICALS: JOURNALS, BULLETINS AND NEWSPAPERS etc.
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Multiple issues/years of annual surveys, yearbooks, etc.
Reference list:
World Bank (1988-2008). World Development Indicators.(Washington D.C.) [*Add the word
“intermittently” after the range if issues not published every year in the range; do not add
this word to the running text reference.]
Running text reference, total range:
(World Bank, 1988-2008)
Running text reference, specific year or years in the range:
(World Bank, 1988-2008: 2001, 34; 2003, 126)
Scholarly journal article
Stiglemore, P.J. (1951). “The division of labour: limitations imposed by the extent of the market”,
Journal of Political Economy, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 16.
Signed magazine article
Vu QuyNhan (1996). “The reproductive behaviour of youth”, Smithsonian, June, pp. 38-48.
Unsigned magazine article
Note: this type of reference is included within parentheses, as shown below, and inserted in the text
but not the list of references.
(“What’s a hoatzin?”,Newsweek, 27 September 1993, pp. 72-73)
Technical bulletin, government report or similar publication
Roachanakit, S. (1989).Chemical Weed Control in Tropical Pastures, Kasetsart University, Cooperative
Extension Service Bulletin 345 (Bangkok).
Thailand (2003).The Bangkok Subway, Royal Thai Government Regional Planning Commission Report
(Bangkok, Ministry of Interior ESCAP (1976).Economic Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, vol. XXVII, No.
2, December (United Nations publication, Sales No.E.77.II.F.17).
Easterly, W. (1994). “Explaining miracles: growth regressions meet the Gang of Four”, Policy
Research Working Paper No. 1250 (Washington, D.C., World Bank).
Signed newspaper article
Note: this type of reference is included within parentheses, as shown below, and inserted in the text
but not the list of references.
(ChakRuengrueng, “Living in a tropical paradise”, Bangkok Post, 31 May 2003, p. 13).
Unsigned newspaper article/editorial
Note: this type of reference is included within parentheses, as shown below, and inserted in the text
but not the list of references.
(“Economy starting to recover”, Editorial, The Nation (Bangkok), 7 September 1977, p. 2).
(“An unfathomable war”, Editorial, Hartford Courant, 31 May 2000, p. A12).
UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
Seminar or meeting paper/report Jayasinghe, L.H. (1988). “Limitations and potentials of treatment
and rehabilitation data in Sri Lanka” (SD/DADCAP/3), paper presented at the ESCAP Workshop on
Drug Abuse Data Collection, Analysis and Presentation, Bangkok, 15-19 February.
Unpublished thesis
Simonian, Annie Jean (1969).“The role of legal and financial factors in the formation and
development of Lebanese corporations”, Master of Arts dissertation, American University of Beirut,
January.
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Interview
Clinton, Bill (1996). Interview with Ted Koppel, Nightline, ABC, New Haven, Connecticut, 14
November.
Electronic publishing
In general, the rules that apply for providing information on a printed source apply to electronically
accessed sources. However, because the World Wide Web is changing constantly, it is important to
record the date the information was accessed as well as some other information as described below.
1. The name of the author(s), if known.
2. The title of the document in quotation marks.
3. The title of the complete work in italics.
4. Website address (URL). Website addresses that do not contain “www” should begin with
“http://”; otherwise, the “http://” is omitted. Use the simplest URL that allows the reader to easily
locate the source.
5. Date of publication or most recent revision; volume and issue number, if source is
magazine or journal.
6. Date of access from URL
Printed book accessed through the Internet
Conrad, Joseph (1899). Heart of Darkness, in Aaron Rene Ezis, ed., American Literary Classics, 1998,
accessed from www.americanliterature.com/HD/HDINDX.HTML on 22 September 2003.
Electronic journal article
Novak, Ivana (2000). “Keeping up with bicarbonate”, The Journal of Physiology, vol. 528, No. 2, p.
235, accessed from www.jphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/528/2/235 on 22 September 2003.
E-mail message
Electronic communications should be cited in the running text or as a footnote, and include the
following information:
1. The author’s name.
2. The subject line from posting, in quotation marks.
3. Type of communication (personal e-mail, distribution list etc.).
4. Date of publication.
Footnote:
1
John Doe, personal e-mail dated 19 September 2003.
Photos
Every photo carried in United Nations publications must have the following data: A brief caption in
the present tense of half a line, saying what the subject is where the picture was taken and when. It
must also have the name of the photographer, showing its copyright © as in these examples:
This shack in Tirana, Albania, is shared by a mother suffering HIV/AIDS and her four children. These
photographs, taken in January 2005, show her hovel (left) built with scraps from the nearby
garbage dump (right). The area is home to almost 200 people who live without running water,
electricity or sewerage. Photos © The European Roma Information Office, Brussels.
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If they are our pictures, or pictures taken for us by someone we have commissioned, the copyright
mention is as follows:
Burmese flood victims in May 2008 wondering where they will spend the night. Photo © UNHABITAT/ N.Kihara.
-
It is illegal for us to use photographs without this information.
It is also illegal to use pictures which we find on the Internet, newspapers, magazines or
other sources for which we do not have written permission.
An e-mail granting us permission is acceptable. If we like the pictures of a photographer, and if we
have to pay for them, we can use them in our publications, but we must still show the name of the
photographer or agency in the copyright mention at the end of the caption. If we take photographs
from an open source agency, we are still bound by law to provide the copyright mention.
If we have not received permission to use a picture or it is illegal for us to use it in any way
whatsoever. The United Nations must adhere to international copyright law. For details see:
unesco.org
Any photographs that do not carry this information will be rejected as illegal. As a United Nations
agency we have to adhere to international copyright lawscrupulously. Publications coming for
clearance before printing will be stopped if the pictures or graphics they carry are not correctly
sourced.
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