TORTORA • FUNKE
• CASE
Microbiology
•
List the defining characteristics of
fungi.
•
Differentiate between sexual and
asexual reproduction, and describe
each of these processes in fungi.
The Fungi
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
• Eukaryotic
Chapter 12
• Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa,
and Helminths
• Chemoheterotrophic
• Most are decomposers, but a few are parasites
• Mycology is the study of fungi
• Number of serious fungal infections is
increasing
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Fungi
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Mycology: The Study of Fungi
Table 12.1
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Table 12.2
Molds
Characteristics of fungal hyphae:
•Separate hyphae have cross-walls or septa
•Coenocytic hyphae lack septa
•Hyphae grow by elongating at tips
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• Aerial (with reproductive spores) and vegetative hyphae
• The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae
is a mycelium.
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Figure 12.2
1
Yeasts – various stages of budding
Fungal Dimorphism
• Unicellular fungi
• Pathogenic
dimorphic fungi
are yeastlike at
37°C and
moldlike at 25°C
• Fission yeasts divide symmetrically
• Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically
• On agar surface,
Mucor rouxii
exhibits
yeastlike growth;
in agar it is
moldlike
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Figure 12.3
Figure 12.4
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Conidiospores: Representative asexual spores
• Fungi classified
by type of sexual
spore
Conidia arranged in
chains on Aspergillus
flavus
• Sexual spores
usually produced in
response to special
changes in
environment
Life cycle of Rhizopus, a zygomycete: produces asexually usually
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Figure 12.5
Fungal Life Cycle
Life cycle of Talaromyces, an ascomycete: occasional sexual union of two strains
Figure 12.7
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Fungal Diseases (mycoses)
• Systemic mycoses
Deep within body
• Subcutaneous mycoses
Beneath the skin
• Cutaneous mycoses
Affect hair, skin, nails
• Superficial mycoses
Localized, e.g., hair shafts
• Opportunistic mycoses
Caused by normal
microbiota or fungi that
are normally systemic, but
can infect any tissue
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2
Asexual spores
Sexual reproduction
• Plasmogamy
Haploid donor cell nucleus (+)
penetrates cytoplasm of
recipient cell (–)
• Arthrospore
• Karyogamy
+ and – nuclei fuse
• Blastoconidium
• Meiosis
Diploid nucleus produces
haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
• Sporangiosphore
• Conidiospore
• Chlamydospore
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Figure 12.1
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Sexual spores
• Zygospore
Sexual spores
Fusion of haploid cells produces
one zygospore
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• Ascospore
Figure 12.6
Sexual spores
• Basidiospore
Formed in a sac (ascus)
Figure 12.7
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TORTORA • FUNKE
• CASE
Microbiology
Formed externally on a pedestal
(basidium)
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
Chapter 12, part B
The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and
Helminths
List the defining characteristics of the three phyla of fungi described in this chapter.
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Figure 12.8
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3
Zygomycota
Zygomycete Life Cycle
• Conjugation fungi. Coenocytic. Produce
sporangiospores and zygospores.
• Rhizopus, Mucor (Opportunistic, systemic mycoses)
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Ascomycota
Generalized life cycle of a basidiomycete
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Ascomycete Life Cycle
• Sac fungi. Septate. Produce ascospores and
frequently conidiospores.
• Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis)
• Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum
(systemic mycoses)
• Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses)
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Figure 12.7
Basidiomycota
• Club fungi. Septate. Produce basidiospores and
sometimes conidiospores.
• Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis)
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Representative
basidiomycetes: bird’s nest fungus on twig and mushroom-like form
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4
Basidiomycete Life Cycle
Anamorphs
• Teleomorphic fungi:
• Produce sexual and asexual spores.
• Anamorphic fungi:
• Produce asexual spores only.
• rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota, a few
are Basidiomycota
• Penicillium
• Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis)
• Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic
mycoses)
• Candida albicans (Cutaneous mycoses)
Figure 12.8
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•Identify two beneficial and two harmful effects of fungi.
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Economic Effects of Fungi
Lichens
Describe the roles of the fungus and the alga in a lichen.
Fungi
Positive Effects
Negative Effects
Saccharomyces
Bread, wine, beer
Food spoilage
Trichoderma
Cellulose used for juices and
fabric
Cryphonectria
parasitica (chestnut
blight)
Taxomyces
Taxol production
Ceratocystis ulm
(Dutch elm disease)
Entomorphaga
Gypsy moth control
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• Mutualistic combination of an alga (or
cyanobacterium) & fungus
• Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates, fungus
provides holdfast
• Lichens colonize habitats unsuitable for alga or fungus
alone
• Lichens classified by morphology: crustose, foliose, or
fruticose
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•List the defining characteristics of algae.
Lichens
•List the distinguishing characteristics of lichens, and describe their nutritional needs.
•List the outstanding characteristics of the
five divisions of algae discussed in this
chapter.
The Algae
• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular (thallic)
• Most are photoautotrophs and aquatic
• Produce 30 – 50 % of world’s oxygen
• Reproduce asexually by cell division and
fragmentation
• Classified according to structures and
pigments
• Primary producers in the aquatic food chain
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Figure 12.10
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Algae
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Algae and their habitats
Table 12.1
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Figure 12.11a
Phaeophyta
Green Algae
• Brown algae (kelp)
• Cellulose + alginic acid
cell walls
• Multicellular
• Chlorophyll a and c,
xanthophylls
• Store carbohydrates
• Harvested for algin
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Figure 12.12b
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Figure 12.11b
6
Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
• Red algae
• Green algae
• Cellulose cell walls
• Cellulose cell walls
• Most multicellular
• Unicellular or
multicellular
• Chlorophyll a and d,
phycobiliproteins
• Chlorophyll a and b
• Store glucose polymer
• Store glucose polymer
• Harvested for agar and
carrageenan
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• Gave rise to plants
Figure 12.11c
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Bacillariophyta
Figure 12.12a
Dinoflagellata
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Pectin and silica cell walls
• Unicellular
• Cellulose in plasma
membrane
• Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls
• Unicellular
• Store oil
• Chlorophyll a and c,
carotene, xanthins
• Fossilized diatoms formed oil
• Store starch
• Produce domoic acid
• Some are symbionts in
marine animals
• Neurotoxins cause
paralytic shellfish
poisoning
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Figure 12.13
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Figure 12.14
Oomycota
• Water molds
• Cellulose cell walls
• Multicellular
• Chemoheterotrophic
• Produce zoospores
• Decomposers and plant parasites
• Phytophthora infestans responsible for Irish potato
blight
• P. cinnamomi infects Eucalyptus
• P. ramorum causes sudden oak death
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Figure 12.15
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7
TORTORA • FUNKE
• CASE
The Protozoa
Microbiology
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
Chapter 12, part C
The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and
Helminths
•List the defining characteristics of
protozoa.
•Describe the outstanding characteristics
of the seven phyla of protozoa discussed
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in this chapter,and
give® an
example
of
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each.
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Protozoa: Conjugation in ciliate Paramecium
• Eukaryotic – soil,
water, microbiota in
animals
• Unicellular
• Chemoheterotrophs
• Vegetative form is a
trophozoite
• Asexual reproduction
by fission, budding, or
schizogony
• Sexual reproduction
by conjugation
• Some produce cysts
for survival
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Microspora
Table 12.1
Archaezoa
• No mitochondria
• Multiple flagella
• Giardia lamblia
• Trichomonas vaginalis
(no cyst stage)
Figure 12.16
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Figure 12.17b-d
Rhizopoda (amoebas)
• Move by
pseudopods
• Entamoeba
• Acanthamoeba
• No mitochondria or microtubules
• Cause diarrhea in AIDS patients
• Non-motile
• Intracellular parasites
• Nosema
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• Entamoeba
histolytica –
ingested red
blood cells
diagnostic for this
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Apicomplexa
Cryptosporidium
• Apical organelles for penetrating host tissue
• Nonmotile
• Intracellular parasites
• Complex life cycles
• Plasmodium (in two slides)
• Babesia
• Cryptosporidium (next slide)
• Cyclospora
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Plasmodium
Ciliophora (ciliates)
1 Infected mosquito bites
Sporozoites
in salivary
gland
human; sporozoites
migrate through
bloodstream to
liver of human
9 Resulting sporozoites
migrate to salivary glands
of mosquito
Asexual
reproduction
8 In mosquito’s
Female
gametocyte
2
Sporozoites
undergo
schizogony in
liver cell;
merozoites
are produced
3 Merozoites
Sexual
reproduction
Zygote
digestive tract,
gametocytes
unite to form
zygote
released into
bloodsteam from
liver may infect
new red blood
cells
Intermediate host
4 Merozoite develops
into ring stage in red
blood cell
Male
gametocyte
Ring
stage
Definitive host
7 Another mosquito bites
6 Merozoites are released
infected humnan and
ingests gametocytes
Figure 25.19
when red blood cell
ruptures; some merozoites
infect new red blood cells,
and some develop into
male and female
gametocytes
Merozoites
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5 Ring stage
grows and
divides,
producing
merozoites
Figure 12.19
Euglenozoa
• Move by cilia
• Complex cells
• Paramecium has
specialized structures
(mouth for ingestion,
anal pore, contractile
vacuoles)
• Balantidium coli is the
only human parasite
• Vorticella attaches by
base of its stalk
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Figure 12.20
Euglenozoa
• Move by flagella
• Photoautotrophs
• Euglenoids
• Chemoheterotrophs
• Naegleria
• Flagellated and amoeboid forms,
meningoencephalitis
• Trypanosoma
• Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectors
• Leishmania
• Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in
vertebrate host
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Figure 12.21
9
Cellular Slime Molds
Compare and contrast cellular slime molds and
plasmodial slime molds.
• Cellular slime molds
• Resemble amoebas,
ingest bacteria by
phagocytosis
• Cells aggregate into
stalked fruiting body.
• Some cells become
spores
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• Multinucleated large
cells
• Cytoplasm separates
into stalked sporangia
• Nuclei undergo
meiosis and form
uninucleate haploid
spores
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Cellular Slime Mold
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• Plasmodial slime molds
Plasmodial Slime Mold
Figure 12.22
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Figure 12.23
•List the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminths.
•List the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminths.
Infection by
parasitic
platyhelminth:
may be due to
fertilizer
runoff that
increases algae
The Helminths
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Table 12.1
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10
Trematodes: Flukes
•Provide a rationale for the elaborate life cycles of parasitic worms.
• Helminths (parasitic worms)
Heavy infestations may block bile ducts from the liver
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular animals
• Chemoheterotrophic
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
• Class: Trematodes (flukes)
• Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)
• Phylum: Nematodes (roundworms)
• Adult stage parasitic helminth found in definitive host
• Larval stage found in intermediate host
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•Describe a parasitic infection in which humans serve as a definitive host, as an
intermediate host,and as both.
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Humans as Definitive Host (Lung Fluke)
•Differentiate between an intermediate host and a definitive host.
Figure 12.25
Humans as Intermediate Host
Tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, in intestines of canines
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Figure 12.26
Cestodes: Adult Tapeworm
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Figure 12.28
Nematodes: Eggs Infective for Humans
• Roundworms have a complete digestive system.
• Pinworm Enterobius vermicularis, eggs deposited by female on
perianal skin at night.
Humans serve as definitive host
for beef tapeworm, and cattle are
the intermediate host
Humans serve a definitive host
and can be intermediate host for
pork tapeworm
Humans serve as intermediate
host for Echinocossus
granulosus, definitive hosts are
canines spp.
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Figure 12.27
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Figure 12.29
11
Hookworm
•List the characteristics of the three groups of parasitic
helminths, and give an example of each.
• Necator americanus –
free-living larvae
inhabit soil and infect
definitive human host
by penetrating skin
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Nematodes: Larvae Infective for Humans
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Figure 25.26
Arthropods as Vectors
•Define arthropod vector.
Differentiate between a tick and a mosquito, and name
a disease transmitted by each.
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
(exoskeleton, jointed legs)
• Class: Insecta (6 legs)
• Lice, fleas,
mosquitoes
• Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
• Mites and ticks
• May transmit
diseases called
vectors
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Figure 12.31, 32
12
Arthropods as Vectors
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Figure 12.33
13