International Journal of Research in Management, Science & Technology (E‐ISSN: 2321‐3264) Vol. 1; No. 1, June 2013 Available at www.ijrmst.org Physiographic Mapping of Siwani Area, Bhiwani
District, (Haryana) Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Techniques
Sunil Kumar,
Independent Scholar, Geography, Hisar (Haryana)
[email protected]
contact with the objects, or area or phenomena under
investigation. EMR is a form of energy that reveals its
presence by the observable effects it produces when it strikes
the matter. EMR is considered to span the spectrum of
wavelengths from 10-10 mm to cosmic rays up to 1010rnm,
the broadcast wavelengths, which extend from 0.30-15mm.
AbstractPhysical
geography (also
known
as geosystems or physiography) is one of the two major
subfields of geography. Physical geography is that branch
of natural science which deals with the study of processes
and patterns in the natural environment like the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, as
opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain
of human geography. Within the body of physical
geography, the Earth is often split either into
several spheres or environments, the main spheres being
the
atmosphere,
biosphere, cryosphere,geosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
and pedosphere. Research in physical geography is often
interdisciplinary and uses the systems approach.
IV. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Geographic Information System (GIS), also known as a
geographical information system, is an information System
for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting
data which are spatially referenced. GIS technology can be
used for scientific investigations, resource management,
environmental impact assessment, urban planning,
cartography, criminology, geographic history, marketing etc.
Keyword- Physiography, Plain, Dunnes, Remote Sensing
and GIS
I. PHYSIOGRAPHY
Broadly speaking the district is a sandy, undulating plain
dotted with sand dunes of varying shapes and dimensions
occurring in different directional dispositions. The monotony
of sandy plain was disturbed in part by the Aravalli hills. On
the base of Physiographically the total area of study is divided
into four parts:
a) Alluvial plain
b)Interdunel Valley
c) Sand Dunes
d)Sand Dune Complex
In this study we are found that the maximum area is sandy.
Three types of sandy area these are: Simple, Compound and
Complex. In this sandy area highly area is sand dune complex.
1.
2.
3.
V. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
LOCATION AND EXTENT
The study area constitutes a part of Siwani block of Bhiwani
district, Haryana. The area lies between 28° 41’ N to 29° 57’
latitudes and 75° 30’ to 75° 49E’ longitudes. It is bounded in
the north by Hisar district, in the west by Churu district of
Rajasthan and the east and south by parts of Siwani block
shown in Fig .1
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To prepare base map & physiography map of the
study area.
To accustom with GIS techniques for preparing
maps.
To acquaint with global positioning system (GPS)
and its application.
III. REMOTE SENSING
Remote Sensing is the Science and art of acquiring
information (spectra, spatial and temporal) about material
objects, area or phenomena, without coming into physical
12
2321‐3264/Copyright©2013, IJRMST, June 2013 International Journal of Research in Management, Science & Technology (E‐ISSN: 2321‐3264) Vol. 1; No. 1, June 2013 Available at www.ijrmst.org study to carry out the details of the physiographic mapping is
given in the flow chart (Fig. 2). Main phases of classification
procedure used in the present study, to create
geomorphological maps were:
Figure 1. Study area
A. Topography
In general the topography of the study area is uneven.
However, a close examination of the relief reveals that north
part of the study area is almost flat with occasional variations
but southern half comprises of sand dunes and inter-dunal
sandy area.
B. Climate
The climate of the study area is characterized by extreme
climatic conditions with hot summer and cold winter with
scanty rainfall. The year may be broadly divided into four
namely, summer from April to June, monsoon extending from
July to mid September, from middle September to October
may be considered as transition period. Winter season extends
from November to March (Gazetteer, Bhiwani district, 1988).
Figure 2: Methodology Flow Chart
A. DATA USED
1.
SATELLITE DATA
Digital data of IRS – 1D, LISS-III of path 90 and Row 50
acquired on 02 Feb. 2006
Auxiliary Data
i.
Geocoded standard False Colour Composite (FCC)
paper print of IRS – 1D, LISS-III acquired on 02
Feb. 2006.
ii.
Survey of India Toposheet No. 44P/09 on 1:50,000
scale (Surveyed on 1967-68).
iii.
Reports and other related material.
The nearest meteorological observatory is situated at Hisar.
The temperature ranges from 5° C to 45°C. Maximum
temperature often touches 45°C by the end of June.
Temperature starts falling with the onset of pre-monsoon
showers. After the monsoon season, the day temperature
remains same but nights. Cooler up to October. Day and night
temperature starts decreasing rapidly in November. January is
the coldest month with average monthly minimum
temperature of 1.50°C and average monthly maximum
temperature of 25.54°C.the average annual rainfall of the
study area is 284mm. about 74% of the annual rainfall occurs
during the monsoon period i.e. July to September more than
half to rainfall occurs in July and August within 7 to 11 days.
C. Transport and Communication
The study area enjoys good transport facilities, national
highway No.65 surges through the study area connecting it
with Hisar city and other parts of the state. The study area is
well connected with railways. All the villages are interlinked
with metalled roads. The study area is well connected with
other cities, towns and villages of Haryana and Rajasthan.
VI. METHODOLOGY
The present study entitled “Physiography Map of Siwani
area of Bhiwani District Haryana Using Remote Sensing
and GIS Techniques" has been conducted at HARSAC,
Hisar. In the present study image processing and visual
interpretation technique were employed to carry out
physiography classification using digital data and standard
False Colour Composite (FCC) paper print of Indian Remote
Sensing satellite. The methodology adopted in the present
Figure 3: FCC of Study Area
B.
SOFTWARE USED
ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3
ERDAS IMAGINE is a raster graphics editor and remote
sensing application designed by ERDAS, Inc. Moreover this
13
2321‐3264/Copyright©2013, IJRMST, June 2013 International Journal of Research in Management, Science & Technology (E‐ISSN: 2321‐3264) Vol. 1; No. 1, June 2013 Available at www.ijrmst.org software was used for preparation of final images to facilitate
the study. The latest version is 9.3. It is aimed primarily at
geospatial raster data processing and allows the user to
prepare, display and enhance digital images for use in GIS or
in CADD software. It is a toolbox allowing the user to
perform numerous operations on an image and generate an
answer to specific geographical questions. This software was
used for layer stacking, cropping, Georeferencing and
Mosaicing of satellite data.
VIII. DATA COLLECTION
An exhaustive ground truth was done to confirm the
interpreted physiographic maps. Ground truth data was
collected in June in the form of GPS points using handheld
GPS. For the field survey base maps were prepared of
Siwani area of Bhiwani district. The doubtful areas were
specially checked and marked on the pre-field interpreted
maps. Various drop structures, gully plug areas, check
dams were marked with the location information recorded
using Garmin handheld GPS. Ground truth particularly of
the ambiguous features, was carried out on the selected
locations of ambiguous features. The pre field maps were
modified by incorporating field observations. Details of
ground control points are shown in Table 1.
ARC/MAP 9.3
Arc Map is the premier application for desktop Geographic
Information System (GIS) and mapping. This software is easy
to create maps to convey message. Arc Map provides all tools
of need to put the data on a map and display it in an effective
manner. The software was used to prepare physiographic map
of the study area.
MS – OFFICE
MS - Office was used for report writing, making tables and
graphs.
i.
Microsoft word – was used basically for the
presentation of the research work i.e. for preparing
the manuscript and power point presentations.
ii.
Microsoft Excel – was used in computation of
various statistics, preparation of graphs and excels
sheets.
iii.
Microsoft Access – was used to prepare dbf file of
GPS points while loading and transferring GPS
points to computer.
TABLE- 1 DETAILS OF GROUND CONTROL POINTS
Sr
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
VII. PREPARATION OF BASE MAP
To transfer the physiographic details, a base map was
prepared on 1:75,000 scale using survey of India topographic
sheets of study area. Information including roads, railway
lines, canals and location of villages were traced on the base
map so that alignment problems of tracing with satellite data
could not take place. Base map of present study shown in Fig.
4.
7
8
14
Canal crossing on NH 65
Chaudharywas
Barwa Village Near
Water Bodies
Railway Road Crossing
Near Siwani Mandir
Sand dunes, Rupana
Village
Sand
Dunes,
Near
Jhumpa
Water Bodies Village
Isharwal
Agriculture Area Village
Miran
Water
body(Dam),
Saharwa
Location
28°59’32.1’’N
75°36’21.3’’E
28°58’09.5’’N
75°36’12.4’’E
28°55’0.21’’N
75°36’18.1’’E
28°56’0.17’’N
75°38’0.18’’E
28°45’55.8’’N
75°32’18.7’’E
28°45’38.4’’N
75°41’51.2’’E
28°49’07.9’’N
75°44’22.5’’E
28°54’27.3’’N
75°44’17.3’’E
IX. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PHYSIOGRAPHICAL MAP AND DESCRIPTION
The study area has been divided into four major
Physiographical units i.e. These classifications are: (I)
Alluvial Plain (II) Interdunel Valley (III) Sand Dunes and (IV)
Sand Dune Complex. Total area of Physiographical map is
679.84 sq km (See Table 2).
Alluvial Plain
This an old flood plain situated in the northern parts of the
study area. It is low-lying nearly leveled and gently sloping
plain. At some places the upland disrupts the linearity of the
area. This is reworked by wind topography and further
subdivided into plain and plain with sand cover. Present study
shows that Alluvial plain is 135.99 sq km area (See Table 2).
Interdunel Valley
Interdunel valley is situated between two or more than two
dunes. The Total area of interdunel valley is 81.92 sq. km
(See Table 2)
Sand Dune
A sand dune is a mount, hill or ridge of sand that lies behind
Figure 4
2321‐3264/Copyright©2013, IJRMST, June 2013 Name
International Journal of Research in Management, Science & Technology (E‐ISSN: 2321‐3264) Vol. 1; No. 1, June 2013 Available at www.ijrmst.org the part of the beach affected by tides. They are formed over
many years when windblown sand is trapped by beach grass
or other stationary objects. Dune grasses anchor the dunes
with their roots, holding them temporarily in place, while their
leaves trap sand promoting dune expansion. Without
vegetation, wind and waves regularly change the form and
location of dunes. Dunes are not permanent structures.
All
these
dune
types
may
occur
in
three
forms: simple, compound, and complex. Simple dunes are
basic forms with a minimum number of slipfaces that define
the geometric type. Compound dunes are large dunes on
which smaller dunes of similar type and slipface orientation
are superimposed, and complex dunes are combinations of
two or more dune types. A crescentic dune with a star dune
superimposed on its crest is the most common complex dune.
Simple dunes represent a wind regime that has not changed in
intensity or direction since the formation of the dune, while
compound and complex dunes suggest that the intensity and
direction of the wind has changed. Total area of sand dunes is
3.75 sq. km (See Table 2).
Sand Dunes Complex
Sand Dune Complex is those in which two different dune
types coalesce or overlap. Examples of complex dunes include
star dunes forming on top of linear or transverse dunes, and
barchans forming in the hollows between linear dunes
(McKee, 1979).
Sand dunes complex are combinations of two or more dune
types. A crescentic dune with a star dune superimposed on its
crest is the most common complex dune. Total area of sand
dune complex is 458.18 sq. km (See Table 2)
TABLE-2 PHYSIOGRAPHICAL/GEOMORPHOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION AND AREA
Sr.
No.
1.
2
3.
4.
458.18
679.84
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Figure 4
15
Alluvial Plain
Interdunel Valley
Sand Dunes
Sand
Dune
Complex
Total
Area in
sq. km.
135.99
81.92
3.75
REFERENCES
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