Shifts in the composition of plant parasitic
nematodes under different tillage sytems, living
mulch, and compost application
J.H. Schmidt1, A. Šišić1, J. Bacanovic1, J. Hallmann2 and M.R. Finckh1
d
1 Department
2 Julius
of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Results
Introduction
•
•
The overall aim of the EU-Project OSCAR (Optimizing Subsidiary
Crop Applications in Rotations) is the development of land use
systems based on minimum tillage, living mulches, and compost
application. However, permanent crop growth may increase
nematode incidence. Therefore, nematode species and densities
were monitored throughout the crop rotation of 2 years clovergrass, wheat, and potatoes.
•
•
harvest of winter wheat (Fig. 1B)
• Minimum tillage enhanced number of nematodes one year
after the start of the experiment (Fig. 2):
 The number of Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus increased.
 Few changes were found for both Tylenchorynchus and
Meloidogyne.
 Paratylenchus only decreased in the treatment eco-dyn +
compost.
• With ploughing nematode numbers did not change, however
the population composition:
 The number of Paratylenchus spp. decreased.
 Contrary, the number of Pratylenchus increased.
 Additionally, increasing numbers of the genera Meloidogyne
and Helicotylenchus were counted.
Material and methods
A field experiment was set up to study effects of tillage, living mulch,
and compost applications (Table 1). Soil samplings were done
before sowing of winter wheat in the clover grass and after the
harvest of wheat. Twenty soil cores were taken per plot for analysis.
The nematode extraction was done via centrifugal-flotation method
and in the following nematode genera were identified
microscopically.
A)
B)
Nematode density and species in Sept 2012
+
S+
W-
-
+
S+
+
W+ S-
+
+
W-
-
S+
-
W-
+
Δ 576
-
-
S-
W-
S+
-
S-
-
+
+
W-
W+
-
+
W- W-
S+
-
S+
+
-
+
W+
S-
-
+
W-
W+
+
+
S-
S+
W+ W+
+
-
S-
-
S-
W+
-
-
S+
+
S-
-
W+
Nematode density and species in Aug 2013
S+ W-
-
Δ 252
Δ 1524 Δ 800
-
S-
S+
Δ 1044
Δ 516
Δ 1688 Δ 2472
Δ 276
+
Overall nematode population density increased (Fig. 1)
Paratylenchus was after 11 months still the dominant species in
the eastern part of the field but density overall decreased
Increasing number of Pratylenchus in almost all plots
Patchy occurrence of high numbers of Meloidogyne after the
+
W- SΔ 804
-
+
Δ 844 Δ 1112
W+ W+
+
Δ -240 Δ -264 Δ 1544 Δ 924
plough
eco-dyn
eco-dyn
Helicotylenchus
plough
plough
eco-dyn
plough
Meloidogyne
eco-dyn
plough
Paratylenchus
eco-dyn
+
S+
+
W+ S-
Δ -360 Δ -1552 Δ -188 Δ -296 Δ 906
-
W-
Δ 336 Δ 1260
-
+
-
Δ 120 Δ -160
+
W+
+
Δ 680
Δ 216
Δ 236
Δ 300
Δ 176
Δ 356
-
S-
-
S-
W+
-
Δ 376
Δ 224
Δ 428
Δ -252 Δ 212
eco-dyn
S+ S+
plough
Pratylenchus
W-
-
S+
-
Δ -1128 Δ -984 Δ -600 Δ -3636 Δ -1524 Δ 464
W- W-
Δ 584 Δ 1480
+
+
Δ -96
plough
-
W+
Δ -312 Δ 156
+
S-
Δ 16
Δ 228
-
S+
Δ 28
-
W-
Δ -456 Δ -1086
+
W+
Δ 216 Δ -240
+
S-
Δ -300 Δ 510
Δ -12
eco-dyn
plough
+
WΔ 1780
S-
Δ 472 Δ 396
+
S+
Δ 416
Δ 104
Δ 228
W+
Δ 332
eco-dyn
Tylenchorhynchus
Fig. 1: Nematode counts/ plot (color of plots) and nematode composition (Pie charts) at the beginning of the field experiment
(A) and one year later after the harvest of winter wheat (B). For abbreviuations see Table 1.
Tab. 1: Field treatments
plough 25 cm deep
ploughing
eco- Minimum tilled plots
dyn
W White clover living
mulch
S Subterranean clover
living mulch
+ 5 t/ha yard waste
compost before
winter wheat
without compost
Discussion and conclusions
I. Winter wheat is known to be a good host to P. neglectus and P.
penetrans (Townshend & Potter, 1976, Hallmann et al., 2007),
species that were identified in the field experiment, and hence,
increased Pratylenchus overall.
II. High initial populations of Paratylenchus projectus were identified.
This could be explained by the clover-grass pre-crop which is an
excellent host (Townshend and Potter, 1973, 1976). The
subsequent winter wheat was most likely a non host plant and
hence, decreased the nematode populations. Volunteering rye
grass in the eco-dyn system could be a reason for less decline of P.
projectus compared to the ploughing system.
III. Amongst others, H. digonicus was identified as a species of the
high initial Helicotylenchus populations. This species is known to
be hosted by certain fodder crops (Townshend and Potter, 1973)
which explained the high initial Helicotylenchus density.
IV. Tillage did not affect nematodes in the first year, However, broad
host spectrum nematodes could have benefited from the minimum
tillage system as it was overall weedier.
Nematodes /
100 ml soil
< 500
500-1000
1000-1500
1500-2000
2000-2500
2500-3000
> 3000
Fig. 2: Nematode population shift for the treatments tillage and fertilizer
one year after beginning of the OSCAR experiment MEE’12. Bars are
expressing the deviation at the sampling date after harvest of the winter
wheat from the sampling date at the beginning of the experiment; N=16.
References
Hallmann, J., Frankenberg, A., Paffrath, A., Schmidt, H., 2007. Occurrence and
importance of plant-parasitic nematodes in organic farming in Germany. Nematology 9,
869–879.
Townshend, J.L., Potter, J.W., 1973. Nematode numbers under cultivars of forage
legumes and grasses. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 53, 194–195.
Townshend, J.L., Potter, J.W., 1976. Evaluation of forage legumes, grasses, and cereals
as hosts of forage nematodes. Nematologica 22, 196–201.
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