A C T A
U N I V E R S I T A T I S
FOLIA LIXCUISTICA
l o d z i e n s i s
U , 1986_____________________
J a m ie z W r ó b le w s k i
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE AND IT S POLISH EQUIVALENTS
One o f t h e m o s t
E n g lish
as a
t e n s e s . The
m a ste r
er
fo rg e t to
te n se
o f th e
in se rt
fa c in g
th e use
E n g lish
In w r i t i n g ) ,
s e l d o m know
in q u e s tio n ,
p ro b lem s
la n g u a g e i s
stru c tu re
(at le a s t
le ttu r"
d iffic u lt
fo re ig n
te n se s
b u t even
p eo p le
of
th e
is
fa irly
an
" i s " betw een
"Joan"
range
situ a tio n a l
and very
few e v e r
easy
to
t h o s e l e a r n e r s who n e v ­
th e
o f th e
le a rn in g
g ra m m a tic a l
come t o
and
" w ritin g
usage
fu lly
of
re a liz e
a
th e
its
m e an in g .
T he m o s t
ed ly
th e
co m p lic a te d
all
th e E n g lish
o f t e n m eet w ith s e n te n c e s
i f you h ad n o t
w a i t i n g f o r you f o r
to v i s i t h er;
s h e t o l d me
does e n c o u n te r's e n te n c e s
"H a v e y o u s e e n
P e r f e c t T ense
Its
in g
nam e s u g g e s t s
n o t n o rm ally
ish e d
u&ed w i t h
no l e s s
th * t i t
i n v o l v e s an a c t i o n
is
w h ich i s
"an adverb
t i m e " 1. T he nam e i s
not
by te n
for a t le a st
lik e
H aiders o f th e
seem s to b e
but
u n d o u b t­
fo rtu n a te ly
"S ay, Jo h n , do you
o r "N o, i t ' s
t h i s m o rn in g t h a t
ever,
is
b y now I w o u l d h a v e b e e n
f iv e m in u tes? "
been s le e p i n g so u n d ly
one
lik e :
come o n t i m e ,
fo rty
w o u ld h av e
don?" o r
te n s e s
F u tu re -P e rfe c t-C o n tin u o u a -in -th e -P a st,
one does n o t
know t h a t
of
L o st A rk? " ,
o 'c lo c k
she
How­
to
Lon­
and th e P re s e n t
com prehend.
a p resen t te n se ,
but its
m e an ­
on th e o t h e r h a n d , i t
o f co m p letely p a s t
a te rrib ly
la te
tw o h o u r s . "
"H a v e y o u b e e n
d i f f i c u l t to
p a st;
to o
im p o rta n t
and
fa c to r
is
fin ­
and
J , K. W a r d ,
The Use o f Tenses in E n g lish, London 1954, p.
47;
b u t c f . a l s o * . K. P a l m e r ,
The E nglish verb, London 1974, p. 42;
T . K r z e s z o w s k i ,
Gramatyka angielska d la Polaków,
Warszawa
1980, p. 90; c f . a l s o i d e m ,
A n g ie lsk ie czasy perfektyw he w p rocesie
nauczania , "Z eszyty Naukowe UŁ" 1967, No 48, pp. 131-140; i d e m ,
Teach­
in g E nglish to P o lish Learners , Warszawa 1970, p. 112.
can e a s i l y
ready
be changed
-
been p ro p o sed ,
in
f a c t some d i f f e r e n t
nam es h a v e
a l2
, o ffers
a
co in ao e
f o r ex a m p le K o rsak o v
3
th e B e fo re p re se n t S t a t i c ,
w hereas
K rzeszo w sk i
fo llo w s R eich en 4
bach
and p o s t u l a t e s
t h a t th e w ord
" p e r f e c t “ be
re p la c e d w ith
“a n te rio r"
-
b u t th e p ro b le m s
Some e x p l a n a t i o n
a c tio n
is
o f m ean in g
a s t o why a p r e s e n t
p ro v id e d by th e
h isto ry
T he P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T e n s e
tu r e s o f th e
ty p e
n o t c a u sa tiv e ,
and w hose
in
b u t had th e
of
te n se can d en o te a p a s t
th is
d e v e lo p e d
"I have i t
" d o n e " was
agreem ent
and u sa g e rem a in .
done",
from O ld E n g l i s h
w hose "h a v e"
b a s i c m ean in g
o rig in a lly
w ith th e d i r e c t
te n se .
was
stru c ­
of
course
o f "hold" o r "possess",
in fle c te d
fo r case
o b je c t o f th e
and n u m b er,
a p p ro p ria te
form
of
th e e x p la n a tio n
is
"to have"5.
R e le v a n t
and u s e f u l
f a r fro m b e i n g
is
as i t
su ffic ie n t,
is,
fo r th e p re se n t-d a y
c o n s i d e r a b l y m o re c o m p l e x t h a n
G en e ra lly s p e a k in g ,
tw o f u n c t i o n s
-
it
a t any tira s b e f o r e
to happen
still
ed
in
w ith
ia n s
2
th e
te n d
is
U se,
a n a ly s is o f th e
to o v e rlo o k
A. K. K o r s a k o v ,
3 К r z e s z o v s k i ,
4
H. R e i c h e n b a c h ,
y et fin ish e d ,
-
co m p leted
i.e .
The f o rm e r
it
is
is
c a ll­
t h e " U n f i n i s h e d " U s e 6 . The
to e x p la in .
"F in ish e d "
its
an a c t i o n
show t h a t a n a c t i o n b e g a n
o f sp e a k in g .
th e l a t t a r
very ea sy
P erfect
P re s e n t P e r f e c t T ense has
d en o te
o r to
b u t has n o t
a t t h e m om en t
P resen t
an c e sto r.
e ith e r to
th e p r e s e n t,
“F i n is h e d "
" U n f i n i s h e d " U se
its
th e p re se n t-d a y
used
th e p a s t
h a p p e n in g
th e
is
how ever,
U se,
T he t r o u b l e
because
sta rts
m o st gram m ar­
h e te ro g e n e ity .
The te e
o f Tenses in E n g lish ,
G ram atyka...
i
Elements o f Symbolic
Logic,
Kiev 1978.
New York 1947.
5 For more i n f o r m a t i o n as w ell as f o r some Old and Middle E n g lish Examples
se e f o r i n s t a n c e s e e : R. B e r n d t , H istory o f th e E nglish Language, L e i­
p z i g 1982, pp. 154-156; c f . a l s o H. S w e e t ,
A New E nglish Grammar, v o l .
2, O xford 1398, pp. 8 6 -8 7 ; G. 0 . C u r m e ,
S y n ta x , [ i n : ] G. 0 . C u r m e ,
J . A. К u r a t h ,
A Grammar o f the E nglish Language, v o l . 3, Boston 1931,
pp . 3 5 8 -3 5 9 ; G. 0 . C u r m e ,
Part o f Speech and Accidence, [ i n : ]
C u rm e , К u r a t h,
Л Grammar..., v o l . 2 , B oston 1935, pp. 320-321; J . M a j e r,
The p resen t p e r fe c t Tense, and i t s P olish E q u iva len ts, U n iv e r s it y of
Łódź 1974, u n p u b l .
A. t h e s i s .
6 A fter
Wa r d,
op. c i t .;
th e s e two fu n c tio n s a r e r e f e r r e d to as Ex­
c l u s i v e and I n c l u s i v e , r e s p c c t i v e l l y , by G. G r a u s t e i n
e t a l . , En­
g l i s h Grammar. A U n iv e r s ity H andbook, L eip zig 1977, p. 160.
THE "FINISHED" USE
The u s u a l e x p l a n a t i o n
th a t th e
in
te n se
th e p a s t ,
and i t
is
is
b u t th e
th e
of th is
use
o f th e P re s e n t P e r f e c t
e m p lo y ed t o e x p r e s s
re su lts
re su lts
an
a c t i o n w h ich
o f w h ich a r e s t i l l
t h a t are b ein g s tr e s s e d h ere
7
is
to o k p l a c e
in
e x iste n c e ,
. F o l l o w i n g W.
О
M au rice
.
som e g r a m m a r i a n s
re c tn e ss o f th e
re su lts
(o r d ire c t)
a book,
and s u b je c t iv e
b e in g u n d e rsto o d
a lth o u g h
in
th e
d i­
come s o m e w h e r e
and
and d i s t i n g u i s h b etw een o b j e c ­
(in d ire c t)
very b r o a d ly , y e t
th e e x p la n a tio n ,
d iffe ren ce
o f s o m e b o d y 's h a v i n g
o f som ebody’s h a v in g r e a d
tiv e
observe th e
re su lts,
even w ith
n o t u n ac c e p ta b le ,
th e
th is
la tte r
re se rv a tio n ,
does n o t
seem
ad­
eq u a te .
F irst of a ll,
th e n o tio n
co m p letely g r o u n d le s s .
ten ce
A cco rd in g to
tra d itio n a l
appears
to
be
gram m ars, a se n ­
lik e
(1) I have re a d
w o u ld in p ly
is
o f in d ire c t re su lts
ab le to
su its
th a t
David C o p p e rfie ld .
th e s p e a k e r
kno w s t h e
c o n te n ts
o f th e book and
d isc u ss i t ,
t h i s k n o w led g e an d a b i l i t y b e i n g t h e
9
. Any p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t
th e s p e a k e r w an ts
in q u e stio n
co n v e y s u c h an
in h e re n t
in
id e a c a n n o t be
a r e n o t t h e sa m e t h i n g ,
in s is t
th a t
e x c lu d e d , b u t
th e P re s e n t P e r f e c t T ense:
he has
a n d a p e r s o n who h a s
r e a d them e v e n
th e id e a
re a d in g and
i f he has
is
reto
not
rem em b erin g
r e a d some b o o k s
may
a bad
and
irem ory
d o e s n o t rem em ber h a l f o f th e m .
S e c o n d l y , we f i n d e x a m p l e s w h i c h
re fu te
th e tn e o ry
of d ire c t
re su lts.
(2)
The
sev en te en -fo u rte en
tra in
has
come
ana gone.
v jo n n
C h eev er)10.
7 C f. f o r e x a n p l e : F . V. B y w a t e r ,
A P ro ficien cy Course in E nglish,
London 1969;
J . C y g a n,
O znaczeniach k a te g o rii gramatycznych czasowni­
ka a n g ielsk ie g o , " j ę z y k i Obce w S z k o le " 1966, n r 2 ( 4 9 ) , p p . 6 5 -7 3 ; V. L.
K a u s h a n s k a y a
e t a l . , A Grammar o f th e E nglish Language,
L e n in ­
g r a d 1S73;
J . B. K h l e b n i k o v a ,
Binary R s l a t i o n s in
Horphology
( wi t h Specia l R eference to the E nglish Verb), " P h i l o l o g i c a P r a g e n s i a " 1964, no
7 (.46 )2 , pp. 150-158; A. P r e j b i s z ,
Gramatyka j f z y k a
a n g ie lsk ieg o ,
Warszawa 1959.
til
W. M a u r i c e ,
P r e s e n t . Past and future
Versus P e r fe c t, " Z e i t ­
s c h r i f t f ü r F r a n z ö s i s c h e n und E n g l i s c h e n U n t e r r i c h t " 1927
Bd. 2 ó, H. 7 , p.
524 ( a f t e r K o rsa k o v , op. c i t . , p . 4 3 ) .
P r e j b i s z ,
op. c i t . ,
The e x a u p le i s ta k e n from
p . f15 .
K o r s a k o v ,
op. c i t . ,
p. 44.
(3) I 'v e h i t i t
tw ic e , b u t i t ' s
A n aly sed r é s u l t a t ! v e l y ,
su lts,
and s e n te n c e
th e
re su lta tiv e
th e
tra in
th e
tra in
in te rp re ta tio n
-
is
a t th e
still
p e rfe c tly
fu rth e r
on i t s w ay.
y ie ld s
co n tra d ic to ry
"n il
first
it
S in ce t h a t
is
b u t th a t
alread y
U nder
(2 ) -
sp e a k in g
th e second
part
som ew here
im p o s sib le ,
th e
f o r em p lo y in g
m om ent o f
m ean w h ile
is
re­
re su lts" .
p a r t o f se n te n c e
t h a t a t th e
sta tio n ,
clea r th a t
reaso n
th e
w o u l d mean
o th e r e x p la n a tio n
th e s p e a k e r 's
(2)
sta n d in g up11.
w h a t P alm e r c a l l s
h a s come
makes i t
b e no
se n ten c e
(3)
still
th o u g h t
th e re
else ,
seem s
of re su lts
th e P re s e n t P e r f e c t.
to
is not
As B r y a n
sta te s :
" I b eliev e th at
i n th e
p e r f e c t ten se
v erb, o r
.
ia of r e s u lts
form b u t d e r i v e s
from t h e c o n t e x t ,
a s s i g n to the
ure
any i d e a t h e r e
o r co n se q u e n c e s
from th e
meaning o r c h a r a c t e r
o r from th e s t a t e m e n t
p e r f e c t tense
form i t s e l f
i s n o t im p lie d
as a w h o le .
o f th e
That
is
to
a r e s u l t a t i v e f u n c t i o n means a f a i l -
. „12
in a n aly sis
W hat t h e n i s
th e t r u e m ean in g o f th e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t ?
A cco rd in g to
c a tio n
T w a d d e ll,
l i n k s an e a r l i e r
sig n als a sig n ific a n t
v alid , p r e s e n t
T w a d d e ll's d e f i n i t i o n
every se n te n c e
u n fo rtu n a te
d e sc rip tio n
in
event o r sta te
p ersisten ce
r e l e v a n c e o f th e
l i a b i l i t y o f c o n clu sio n s
d ell
( o r w hat
he c a lls
M o d ifi­
II)
"e x p lic itly
er
th e te n s e
of re su lts,
a co n tin u ed
e ffe c ts of e a r lie r
tru th
It
v alu e,
e v e n ts , th e co n tin u ed
a
re­
b a s e d on e l a r l i e r b e h a v i o r " 1^.
i s p ro b a b ly
s u f fic ie n tly broad
th e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t ,
because
re le v a n c e
is
does n o t e x c lu d e s e n te n c e s
h im s e lf ad m its
w i t h th e c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n .
th a t “th e
'P a s t'
but its
re la tiv e ,
in
to
in c lu d e
p h rasin g i s
ra th ­
and b e s id e s h is
t h e P a s t S i m p l e . Twad­
m o d ific a tio n
by no
means
d e n ie s such c u r r e n t r e le v a n c e " 14.
' ' p a l m e r ,
op. c i t . ,
p . 50.
12
W. F. 3 r y a n ,
The P r e te r ite and th e P erfec t Tense in Present-D au
E n g lish . " J o u r n a l o f E n g l i s h and G erm anic P h i l o l o g y " 1936, v o l . 35, p . 363- 3 8 2 , 369 ( a f t e r M a j e r ,
op. c i t . ) ;
c f . a lso
A. A. H i I 1 , Introduc­
tio n
to L in g u is tic S tru c tu re s: from Sound to Sentence in E n g lish ,
New
York 1958, p . 212; R.’ L. A 1 1 e n ,
The \erb System o f Present-Day Ameri­
can E n g lish , The Hague 1966, p p. 1 42-143.
JO
rf. F . T w a d d e l l ,
I s l a n d 1965, p . 8.
The E nglish Verb A u x ilia r ie s , P r o v i d e n c e , Rhode
A k ir a O t a ' s v iew i s s a f e r :
"The a c t u a l p e r f e c t ( g e n e r i c a s p e c t)
o r th e e x i s te n c e
the p a s t up
In h is
has "been
in g o f
feren t
is
in or fo r
o f speaking"
rev iew Joos
c ritic iz e s
to ta lly
our
rig h t
'p e r f e c t'" * ^
ju st a
b u t h i s own
fo rm u latio n
p h a s e means
fo r its
and-
O ta and i n s i s t s
"th e p e r f e c t
own s a k e
a t le a st
re fo rm u la tio n
an
th a t
action
time in
T w ad d e ll
as th e
is
m ean­
ra th e r
d if­
t h a t th e e v e n t
b u t fo r th e sake
to th e p r e s e n t a u th o r
o f th e t r a d i t i o n a l
of
from some
ab o u t 'c u r r e n t r e le v a n c e '
from T w a d d e l l's :
n o t m e n tio n e d
the o ccurrence
a p e r io d extending
to the moment
s e q u e n c e s " 1 7,
be
of a state
in d icates
of its
-
seem s
re su lta tiv e
con­
to
hypo­
th e s is 18.
H ow ever, i t
is
c o n p le te ly
T ense.
m u st n o t be i n f e r r e d
absent
from
O ta 's s ta te m e n t,
a ll
th e uses
as w e ll as
F i n i s h e d U se o f t h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t
and
at
fin ish e d
a ll
a t some
to in d ic a te
tim e in
w hen"
d itio n a l ex p la n a tio n ,
cases,
lik e
(4 )1
th e
Madison
16
to
of
re su lts
P resen t
d e fin itio n
P erfect
th a t
show s t h a t an a c t i o n
th e p a s t
but it
a l t h o u g h much
says
happend
n o th in g
b e t t e r th an th e
e ith e r,
because
"th e
tra ­
in
some
" F in ish e d "
U se
c a tc h a H effalu m p 20.
a re to o ta n g ib le
is
to be ig n o re d .
o b v io u s -
a t l e a s t tw o
not su ffic e .
b e s t to
,
id e a
o f th e
W a r d 's
are n o t p e r f e c t
have d e c id e d
re su lts
co m p rises
10
th e
f o r ex a m p le
The c o n c l u s i o n
does
th a t
th e
so -c a lle d
d iffe re n t uses,
A c o o r d i n a t o M cCaw ley
me a n d w h o s e
p o i n t o f v iew
A. 0 t a ,
Review o f
and M ilwaukee 1964,
^
f o r w h ich one d e f i n i t i o n
21
, w hose a p p ro a c h seem s
I s h a ll adopt
here,
it
com-
M, Jo o s, The E n g lish Verb: Form and
M eanings,
"Language" 1965, No 41, pp. 657-674, quot. p. 668 .
M. J o o s ,
Review o f A. O ta , Tense and A sp ec t o f P resen t Day Amer­
E n g lis h , Tokyo 1963, "Language" 1964, No 4 0 , pp. 487-498, q u o t. p. 495.
ic a n
J о о s,
The E n g lish V e r b . ,. ,
p. 140.
18
Oddly enough, Joos* and Tw addell’s conceptions a re
P a l m e r,
The Sem a n tics o f t h e E n g lish Verb, “L ingua"
186, b u t see a l s o pp. 189-190.
19 W a r d,
20
op. c i t . ,
A. A. M i 1 n e ,
equated by F. R.
1967, no 1S, p.
p. 47.
W innie-th e-P o o h , Magnet 1980, p. 52.
21
J . D. M с C a w 1 e y .
Tense and Time R e fe re n c e in E n g lis h ,
[in :]
Ch. J . F i l l m o r e ,
D. T. L a n g e n d o e n
f e d s . ] , S tu d ie s in L in ­
g u i s t i c S em a n tics, New York 1971, pp. 97-113.
p rise s
th re e ,
News U s e .
n am ely :
th e E x is te n tia l,
(To b e e x a c t
-
th e S ta ti v e ,
M cCaw ley d o e s
i s h e d " , n o r does he group th e s e
th ree
n o t use
uses
and t h e Hot
th e te rm
"F in ­
u n d e r a n y common h e a d ­
in g ).
THE EXISTENTIAL USE
The E x i s t e n t i a l U se
ste n c e
of th e o ccu rren ce
now o n r e c o r d .
e x iste n c e
is
th a t
is,
o f som e a c t i o n
i s n o t im p o rta n t
v ie w .
o f th e P re se n t P e rfe c t
o f a p a s t a c tio n ,
it
ab so lu te ly
The a c t i o n
re su lts
irre le v a n t
can b e
t h e exi­
about th e
on th e u n d e r s ta n d in g
w h en t h e a c t i o n h a p p e n e d
W h eth er an y
in d ic a te s
in fo rm s us
th a t
but ra th e r th a t
o f th e
a c tio n
fact
are
it
it
is
still
in
from t h e l i n g u i s t i c p o i n t
te rm in a tiv e
o r n o n -te rm in a tiv e ,
of
sin g le
o r rep e ate d .
( 5 ) B u t God f o r g i v e me t h e w r o n g I ' v e
(6 ) "T e rm o li, i s
it?
M ille r paused.
P lac e I 'v e
d o n e y o u t 22
alw ays w an te d t o s e e ."
" W h e re t h e h e l l ' s
T e r m o l i ? " 23
( 7 ) T h e v a m p i r e h a s b e e n d e a d many t i m e s .
The t e p p o r a l d i s t a n c e
moment o f s p e a k i n g
a c tio n
is
i n n o w ay
cannot be s p e c ifie d
P r e s e n t P e r f e c t Tense
and t h e r e f o r e
o f tim e ,
g ic a l.
betw een th e
th a t lo g ic ,
used w ith th e
th e tim e
and th e p o p u la r
to
in
th e
th e
th e
p re se n t,
w h ich i s o n ly l o ­
n o t everybody
ru le t h a t th e
of
c o n ta in no a d v e r b ia l
tim e a d v e r b i a l ,
in p r a c tic e
and th e
S tate m e n ts
th e a c tio n
th e y sh o u ld e i t h e r
o r h a v e som e p r e s e n t
U n fo rtu n a te ly ,
lim ite d , but
in th e s e n te n c e .
alw ay s r e l a t e
a p p a re n tly
end o f th e a c tio n
conform s
a d v e rb ia li
E n g lis h P r e s e n t P e r f e c t m ust alw ays
of
in c lu d e
to
tim e
th e
p r e s e n t moment h a s t o b e r e f o r m u l a t e d .
C o n sid e r th e
fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s :
( 8 ) W a ll, I 'v e
22
come
A. H o p e ,
a c r o s s h im i n ^ t h e
P riso n e r
of
p a s t t o o . (A . C ro n in )
Zenda,
K iaster
C lassics
1968,
p. 20 *.
A.
M a c L e a n ,
Fox со
10
from
Navarone,
Foat&na
1970, p .
(9)
You n e e d n ' t
as I have
in
th in k
th e p a s t .
K o r s a k o v , who
it
te r a ll,
T here a re
lo w in g :
ru le .
at le a st
flu e n c in g th e
ru le
m om ent a n d
ev id en c e
g o v ern in g th e
i n G erman
are d e f in ite ly
n o t n o tic e an y th in g
any
e x p la n a tio n ,
c le a rly is o la te s
is
tw o p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
w ith th e E n g lish
g ram m atic al
th is
in
A f­
th e v e r­
co n sp icu o u s
con­
Can we somehow a c c o u n t f o r t h i s ?
t h e s e ex a m p le s m ig h t
v e rb ia le
e n d u rin g a l l
2ч
a t l e a s t som e r e m a r k s .
"in th e p a s t"
from th e p r e s e n t
f l i c t w ith th e
does
does n o t o f f e r
ms t h a t t h e y d e s e r v e
th e e x p re ssio n
b al process
(T h. D r e is e r )
e x a n p le s,
and h en c e
seem s to '
a o in g to ao on
I 'm n o t .
p re s e n ts th e se
s t r a n g e a b o u t them
but
I 'm
p a st,
co -o ccu rren ce
P resen t
to use
daa
alth o u g h
T he f i r s t i s
a lin g u istic
P e r fe k t
fo l­
in ­
o f th e tim e
P e rfe c t.
It
w ith
th e a u x i lia r y
th e
change
is
ad v e rb la ls
verb i s
ad­
p e rfe c tly
w h ich
m arked f o r
th e p re s e n t:
(10) W ir h ab e n
g e e te rn
(1 1 ) Der L e h r e r h a t
A lso in F ren ch p a s t
(th e
Somehow i n
j'a i
v elo p m en t in
But th e re
p a st"
is not
"la te ly ",
ad v e rb lals
th is
is
d ire c tio n
an o th er
is
and
is
approved
g ram m arian s
f e c t m ust e i t h e r
e .g .:
cp . c i t . ,
P erhaps a de­
"in
of
th e
tim e
as
th e p re s e n t.
p riv ile g e
th e
th e m ost c o n s e rv a ­
t h e i r b e in g so
Why t h e n
and l e f t
in ­
sh o u ld
o u t? P erhaps
r e f e r e n c e o f th e P r e s e n t P er­
m om ent o r b e
in
som e
way
p. 143.
J . B u s с h a , ' Deutsche GraomatiJt,
P arlez-vous
arą^ a s s o c i a t e d
w hose o c c u r r e n c e w i t h
on acco u n t o f
In c lu d e th e p re s e n t
‘ 5 С. 4 e 1 b i g ,
p . 128.
26 , ,
A. 2 a г a с b.
c o m p o sé
The e x p r e s s i o n
o f by even
sa y t h a t t h e tim e
24 _
K o r s s k o v ,
o f tim e
from su c h a d v e rb s
"b efo re",
be re fu se d t h i 3
to
passé
now t a k i n g p l a c e i n E n g l i s h ?
p o ssib ility .
a s t o sonehcw b o r d e r on
enough
w ith
w ith th e a u x i lia r y .
m a rk e d ly d i f f e r e n t
"re c e a tly “ ,
th e p a s t"
i t is
norm al
25
d an s une p a p e t e r i e 2*.
r a th e r th a n
p re sc rip tiv e
d e fin ite
are
s e i n E xam en a b g e l e g t
o f th e E n g lish P re s e n t P e r f e c t ) ,
é té
P r e s e n t P e r f e c t Tense
tiv e
vorigen Jahr
th e s e la n g u a g e s th e a d v e r b la ls
w i t h t h e m ain v e r b
"in
in
F rench c o u n t e r p a r t
(12) H i e r ,
d ie S ta d t b e s ic h t ig t.'
fra n ç a is!
Kurs I ,
L e ip z ig
1975,
W arszawa 1969, p . 97.
ta n g e n tia l
v e rb ia ls
to
are
it,
or,
in o th e r w o rd s, th a t o n ly d e f i n i t e
fo rb id d e n w ith
U n fo rtu n a tely
ag a in ,
th is
te n se
o c c a s i o n a l l y we f i n d
even d e f in ite p a s t a d v e rb ia ls
p a s t ad-
27
co -o ccu r w ith
s e n t e n c e s i n w h ich
th e P re se n t
P erfect
T ense.
( 1 3 ) Ohe memoe r o f t h e g r o u p
has a c tu a lly
28
b r i ÿ i t s c h o l a r i n B u rm a a few y e a r s a g o
O ta i s
a t a lo ss
to acoount f o r t h i s
a few yea rs ago
"The a d v e r b ia l
w ith th e w ord in g th a t
f o l lo w s i t ,
v e r s a t i o n in any la n g u a g e ,
m a t i c a l l y im p o s s ib le "
a
P u l-
w ic h h a s s e r v e d
but
o n ly
p e r h a p s o n l y w it h
i n Burma,
t h i s much a n b i g u i t y i s
w h il e c o l l i g a t i o n
perhaps e sp e ­
r o u tin e
w ith th e p e r f e c t
in
co n ­
verb i s
gram -
29
O t a 1965 a c e p t s J o o s '
(.1 4 ) D r T u r n e r
th re e
as
usage. Joos e x p la in s :
i s n ot c o llig a t e d
as a F u lb rig h t sc h o la rs
c i a l l y w it h
serv ed
a n a l y s i s , a d d s o n e m ore e x a m p le :
[...)
has had, i t
is
announced, a h e a rt a tta c k
days ago.
b u t expresses h is
th e ty p e
doubt about Jo o s'
" I h a v e shown
such se n te n c e s
it
-rig h t to
to h e r y e s te rd a y " .
a p a s t tim e a d v e r b i a l
is
r e je c t se n te n c e s o f
But a p p a re n tly
ju stifie d
o n ly
if
in
it
is
a d d e d a s an a f t e r t h o u g h t 3 0 .
I t is
also n ecessary
an i n d e f i n i t e
p o in t
to d i s t i n g u i s h b etw een
o f reference.
a sp e c ific
At f i r s t g la n c e ,
a
and
se n ten c e
lik e :
( 1 5 ) T he t r a i n h a s
a r r i v p d a t 5 o ' c l o c k 3 *.
seem s t o b e u n g r a m m a tic a l,
d e fin ite
5 o 'c lo c k .
and i t
But s e n te n c e
d e fin ite ly
(15)
is,
if
w e mean
has not been tr ig g e re d
one
by
and does n o t answ er th e q u e s tio n
( 1 6 ) When d i d t h e t r a i n
Sencence
on " h a s "
C f.
28
29
(15)
-
co u ld o n ly be
w h en
A l l e n ,
Ota,
J o o s ,
30 Ibidem ;
a rriv e ?
we a r e
u tte re d
fa n n in g
op. c i t . ,
-
hopes-
w ith th e
( o r . sim p ly
se n ten c e s t r e s s
ex p e ct)
p p . 1 5 6 -1 5 7 .
Tense and A s p e c t . ..
R eview o f . . . ,
also
p. 4 9 5 .
В. С о m r i e,
31 1 owe t h i s example to
A sp ec t,
Cambridge 1 9 7 8 ,
P r o f . T. P . Krzeszowski.
p . 54.
th a t
a t r a i n w h ich
m e an in g
th e
w o u ld
th e
t h e n b e an
"now ",
is
th e
of
ad v e rb ia ls
re a l s p e c if ic p o in t
w o u ld
be
conne­
o f tim e
of
th e
ref­
covert
32
P r e s e n t P e r f e c t Tense
is e n tire ly
fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s :
(1 7 ) I t e l l y o u .
th e s h iv e rs
o f reference not
a n te rio r
use o f th e
now
The o v e r t t i n e a d v e r b j
o f th e
t h e m om ent o f s p e a k i n g
S im ila r ly , th e
till
use
and th e
tim e ,
one ca se b e fo re
on tim e .
_on t h e
to w h ich th e a c t i o n
j u s t i f i e d in
be p u n c tu a l t h i s
in d e fin ite p o in t
c o n stra in t
th a t is
may
been a t l e a s t
P resen t P e rfe c t,
erence
la te
b ein g a t o u r s ta tio n
cte d w ith th e
w ith
fre q u e n tly
th a t th e re has
tra in
ia l
is
I 'v e
r a n up
(1 8) I have s a t
s a t and
lo o k e d i n t o
a n d down my s p i n e .
and th o u g h t
upon i t
th a t
(j.
till
d o g 's
eyes
London)
my h e a d w e n t
round.
( . J , L o n d o n ) 33
because th e
p le Tense
ac tio n s
a d v e rb ia l c la u se s
a re n o t m eant
in q u e stio n .
th e
In
o f tim e c o n t a i n i n g
to be p o in ts
a
se n se th e y
o n ly
fa c t are
r e l a t e d t o t h e m om ent o f s p e a k i n g .
is
clo sely
co n n e cted
s u b je c t o f th e
I t is
o f th e
tim e r e f e r e n c e
w ith
th e
on
a common
b e lie f th a t
w h ich
o f th e
P resen t
o f th e
m ust be
th e s u b je c t
a liv e
t h i s by c o x p a rln g th e
( 2 0 ) E n g l a n d h a s h a d many a b l e
or
of a
P erfect
still
se n te n c e
e x istin g .
a good d e a l in h i s
ru le rs.
(2 1 ) *C aesar has seen
a good d e a l in h i s
and
^ A s s y r i a h a s h a d many a b l e r u l e r s .
С о m r i e,
op. c i t . ,
p. 54.
life tim e .
in
Curme i l ­
life tim e .
w ith
33
a c tu a l
e x is te n c e o f th e
and
32
in
se n te n c e s:
(•19) My g r a n d f a t h e r h a s s e e n
(22)
th e
a d if fe r e n t p la n e,
a c tio n s
q u e stio n
S im ­
fo r
record.
th e P re s e n t P e r f e c t
lu s tra te s
o f th e
lie
m arking
T he p r o b l e m
te rm in a tio n
th e P a s t
o f reference
152
_____ __________J a n u s z Wr ó b l e w s k i _________ __________________________
re sp e c tiv e ly
3/
J5
McCawley
p ro v es how ever
36
To Chomsky
,
th e se n te n c e :
w rong.
.
th a t th e
b e lie f
is
♦ (23) E in s te in h as v i s i t e d P rin c e to n .
seem s odd a s com pared w ith :
(2 4 ) P r i n c e t o n h a s b e e n v i s i t e d by E i n s t e i n .
b ecau se w h ile
a liv e .
But a c c o rd in g to
w ith th e
th e n
c le a rly
Thut th e
seem s
in
(21)
on th e
"one i s
and in ( 2 2 )
odd in t u r n ,
e x istin g
E in ste in
ta lk in g
becom es
about
o f th e s e n te n c e
-
to th e
th e rec o rd
M cC aw ley c o m p a r e s a l s o
th e
no
lo n g e r
th e
se n ten c es
b o th
ex a m p le s,
ev e n ts
of
o f E in ste in
v isitin g
q7
v isitin g "
.
th e s e c o n d one
th e c o n d itio n
to p ic ra th e r
th e s u b je c t
have to be th e s u b je c t o f
in
g ra m m a tic a l and
w h ich p r o v e s t h a t
refers
is
i f one read s
f i r s t w ord
"ab o u t ev e n ts
f i r s t se n ten c e
a liv e o r
e x ists,
M c C a w le y ,
se n te n c e s t r e s s
P rin c e to n ",
je c t
P rin c e to n s t i l l
of
b ein g
th a n
to th e
sub­
o f th e s e n te n c e
does
not
38
fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s :
( 2 5 ) Many p e o p l e h a v e d i e d i n a u t o a c c i d e n t s .
( 2 6 ) D e n n i s B r a i n h a s d i e d i n an a u t o a c c i d e n t 3 9 . ,
The s u b j e c t s o f b o t h
se n ten c e
d ea th s
is
in
w hereas
accid en t
u n g ram m atic al.
car
and th u s
35
С u r m e.
The f i r s t
one i s
can
It.is
to
se n ten c e
(and
th e p a s t
th e
second
speaks
about
w h ich do) s t i l l happen,
in
one
(u n le ss
how ever p o s s ib le
Parts o f S p e e c h . . . ,
M c C a w l e y ,
b u t o n ly
ab o u t one d e a th
b elo n g s
N ew s“ , d i s c u s s e d l a t e r ) .
34
are dead,
a c c i d e n t s w h ich
th e second
-
se n te n c e s
p a rtic u la r
it
is
"H ot
to say ;
p . 321.
op. c i t .
3^ л . C h o m s k y ,
Ocep s t r u c t u r e . S u r f a c e S tru c tu re and Semantic In ­
te r p r e ta tio n , [ i n : ]
Û. D. S t e i n b e r g ,
L. A.
J a k o b o v i t s
[ e d s . j . Sem antics, Cambridge 1971, p p . 183-217.
37
38
M c C a w l e y ,
op. c i t . ,
.
p . 106.
I t s e e a s to r e
t h a t Cherasky i s s l i g h t l y i n c o n s i s t e n t , b ec a u se
t i o n i n g the g r a m m a t ic a l i t y o f ( 2 3 ) , he a t th e s a a e t i n e a d m i ts " t h a t
la ry
h ad j u s t aBnour.cfcd t h a t h e had suc c e e d e d i n c lim b in g E v e r e s t , i t
have b e e n a p p r o p r i a t e , w i t h o u t th e p r e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t Marco P o lo i s
to have s a i d , But Marco P o lo has done i t to o " C h o m s k y ,
op.
pp . 2 1 2 -2 1 3 . C t . a l s o P a l m e r ,
The E nglish Verb, p. 53.
39
q u e s­
i f H i­
would
aliv e,
c it.,
in
( 2 7 ) D en n is B r a i n an d
40
a c c id e n ts
manv o t h e
fam ous
m u sic ia n s
have
d ie d
au to
.
The S t a t i v e
th e p a s t has
effect
tio n
U se
TUE STATIVE USE
in d ic a te s
som e r e s u l t s
still
c o n tin u e s.
o f th e
t h a t an
in
a c t i o n w h ich
th e p r e s e n t ,
E v id e n tly ,
P resen t P e rfe c t
happened in
th a t is ,
th e
corresponds
its
d ire c t
tra d itio n a l
ex p lan a­
o n ly
use.
to th is
For
ex a m p le :
( 2 8 ) I 'm
l e c t my w i f e
from t h e
T he w ay
u ra lly
o f lo o k in g
t h e sam e
o f th e a d v e rb ia ls
c o n stra in ts.
is
[...]
I 'v e
come
o f tim e
is
is
re g u la te d
o f th e
a c tio n ,
as b e lo n g in g
p re se n t,
used,
or
in th e S ta ti v e
E x i s t e n t i a l U se,
to
co l-
Use i s
n a t­
hence th e p resen ce
by m ore o r l e s s
if
t o som e
it
is
at
t h e sam e
a ll
g iv e n ,
b ro ad e r o r narrow er se c ­
- i n s o ir e c a s e s
-
a
very g e n e ra l
past
f o r ex a itp le:
Why, I b e l i e v e y o u .
(2 9 )
agency
a t th e a c tio n
as in th e
The t i m e
s p e c i f i e d o n ly
t o r o f th e
ex p re ssio n
o o lle c tio n
41
You h a v e
co n v in ced
me
lo n g
ago.
(G. B . S h a w )
I 'm s u r e
(3 0 )
s h e 's
fo rg o tte n
a ll
about
you lo n g
ago.
(H .
in th e
S ta tiv e
U se
re­
W a l p o l e ) 42
To s a y
fer is
to w hat
fa irly
O n ly o n e t h i n g
fin d
in
to
se n ten c es
account
can be s t a t e d :
i n gram m ars
n o t have
e ffe c ts
easy;
to a ffe c t
for i t
in s p i t e
and t e x t b o o k s ,
th e s u b j e c t
th e
is
how ever
o f w hat
re su lts
o f th e
of
im p o ssib le .
we
fre q u e n tly
th e
se n te n c e ;
a c tio n
for
do
ex am p le
th e s e n te n c e :
T he p o l i c e h a v e
a r r e s t e d my
w ife ,
s o we
c a n 't
com e
to
your p a rty .
40
4t
Ib id e m ,
p.
108.
P. В o w e n,
dooks 197 4 ,
M. H a y d e n ,
F. R i e s s ,
p . 148.
42 К о r s a к о v ,
o p. c i t . ,
p . 142.
Screen
T e s t,
P inguin
" it is
th e
s p e a k e r 's
s e r t e d to be in
A lso , i t
th e
w if e and
n o t th e p o lic e
43
in q u e stio n *
sta te
sh o u ld b e
added th a t
re su lts
o f th e
a c tio n
i n som e
cases
can be e x p re s s e d
o f th e
is
P a s t S im p le .
t h e tw o r e s p e c t i v e
t o som e
a s id e e f f e c t and
e q u a lly w e ll
by
h as k een ly o b se rv e d ,
n o t o n l y i n m o re
b ro u g h t you a box
as you can
means
we
fin d
o r le ss p a ra lle l
as P r e s le y
o f c h o c o la te s.
a n d p u t som e
( 3 3 ) "By t h e w a y ,
sta re d
e x t e n t o n ly
o f th e
si­
^
(32) I 'v e
(F.
b ein a as-
c u rre n t e x iste n c e
alm o st
As K o r s a k o v
te n se s
tu a tio n s, e g .:
as q u ic k ly
th e
th a t is
I b ro u g h t you
l a id th e
Get t h r o u g h th e m
w e ig h t on.
a box
box on th e
(D . C usack)
of cig a rs“ .
edge
of
A n n ix te r
th e
w ash stan d
N o r r i s ')**4
(34)
"They l i k e
come f o r ,
(35)
h a y c o m s,”
s a id Pooh,
because p oor T ig g e r
...
T ig g e r e x p la in e d
h a s n 't
to
"so t h a t ' s w h at w e 'v e
h a d any
anybody
b reak fast y e t"45.
who w a s
lis te n in g th a t
h e h a d n ' t h a d any b r e a k f a s t y e t .
" I kn ew t h e r e w a s s o m e t h i n g , "
th is tle s,
so t h a t w as
b u t a l s o e m p lo y ed
s a id Pooh.
why w e came
by one p e rs o n
“T i g g e r s
to see y ou, B ey b re”
in
a
sequence
alw ays e a t
A6
.
referrin g
to th e
sam e e v e n t :
( 3 6 ) A nd t h a t ' s
m ore o r l e s s
The tw o t e n s e s
th e use
of e ith e r
so m e tim es
come
(A .
change o f
o f th e
u tte ra n c e .
co n c en tra tin g
came
m e an in g ,
o n ly
affect
th e
does n o t
T he c r i t e r i o n
t h e tw o t e n s e s
in such
a t th e
o f sp e a k in g .
on. t h e
I
to be in te r c h a n g e a b le , b ecau se
about a
s l i g h t and
betw een
to see you.
C r o n i n ) 47
is very
s t a t e o f m in d
speaker is
I 'v e
does b r in g
ch a racter
th e ch o ice
s p e a k e r 's
reason
can n o t be s a id
th e change
re su lta tiv e
in g
th e
to ask y o u r ad v ice .
m om ent
re su lts
w ith o u t
cases
govern­
is
If
re la tin g
/3
45
46
47
M c C a w l e y ,
op. c i t . ,
p . 109.
K o r s a k o v ,
op. c i t . ,
p. 43.
A.
A. M i l n e ,
Ib id em ,
p . 26.
The House v o f Pooh C orner,
Magnet 1980, p . 23,
th e
th e
th e
ac tio n
to
an y p a r t i c u l a r
P e rfe c t;
te s
i f he i s
th e a c tio n
past
m e n tally
tim e ,
in
w i t h some
he w i l l use
th e p a s t ,
if
th e
P resen t
h e somehow a s s o c i a ­
p a s t circ u m sta n ce s,
he w i l l s h i f t
to
th e P a s t S im p le .
H ow ever, t h e r e 4 a r e
th e id e a
th e
th a t th e
speaker
F o r ex am p le
i f N e w to n 's
in w h ich
o f th e
h a s no o p tio n
th e o ry
is
to
convey
in e x is te n c e
t h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T ense.
t h a t we s h o u l d s a y :
e x p la in e d th e
still
th e P a s t S im p le
in o rd e r
ac tio n are s t i l l
b u t to use
Jespersen s ta te s
( 3 7 ) N e w to n h a s
use o f
se n ten c es
re su lts
m o v e m e n ts
th o u g h t
in th is
o f t h e пхзоп.
to be c o r r e c t , b e c a u s e
th e
se n te n c e :
( 3 8 ) N e w to n e x p l a i n e d t h e m o v e m e n ts o f t h e moon.
m i g h t m ean t h a t N e w t o n ' s e x p l a n a t i o n h a s s i n c e b e e n g i v e n
(N o te,
ten ce
in c id e n ta lly ,
in
th e
an o th er p ro o f
P resen t P e rfe c t
th a t th e s u b je c t
d e fin ite ly
up48.
of a
sen­
need n o t be a liv e ) .
THE HOT NEWS USE
U su ally th e te n s e
from t h e
does
in
its
im m ed ia te p a s t .
not yet
i n g from
(39)
The a c t i o n s
make s e n s e t o
t h e m om ent
though n o t
H ow ever,
can b e
fa irly
heard about i t .
"The h o t
40
b a s e s th e
o n ly th e
perfect
is
th a t
it
o f t h e i r happen­
fre q u e n tly
th e adverb
(a l­
"ju st".
alm o st m id n ig h t.
of
o f th e
th e
0.
J e s p e r s e n ,
Alabama P r e s s 1964, p . 245.
is no t a p re­
is
T he a c t i o n
n o t s u p p o s e d t o have
it:
i s an e x i s t e n t i a l
range o f th e
a c tio n
H o t News U s e .
liste n e r
As M cCaw ley e x p l a i n s
nevs p r e s e n t
th e s p e a k e r
I t 's
em p lo y m en t
rem o te,
tim e
T he u s e
th e te m p o ra l p ro x im ity
fo r th e
a c tio n s
tw e lv e .
( 4 0 ) W h e re h a v e y o u b e e n ?
re q u isite
th e
a s s o c ia te d w ith
ju s t stru c k
expresses
are so r e c e n t,
se p a ra te
o f sp e a k in g .
n e c e ssa rily )
I t has
H o t News U se
q u a n tifie r not
E s s e n tia ls
present p erfect
on h i s
o f E n g lis h
own
in
which
p resu p p o si-
Grammar,
U n iv ersity
of
t i o n s as t o
when th e e v e n t
in q u e s t io n
n i g h t happen
M49
b u t on h i«
e s tim a te o f
h i s a d d r e s s e e ’ s p r e s u p p o s it io n s "
In other
words: a
sîmes that
place
his hearer
in the
treat the
which
speaker reporting
pastj
does not yet
not knowing
action as
the action
the news
know that
about it,
definitely
happened
of an
past;
somehow
the
the
event
event - took
hearer
therefore,
as­
cannot
the period in
seems to belong to the pres­
ent.
To quote McCawley once again:
"The p e r io d
i s a lw a y s
e x te n d e d
fo r w a rd s
so a s to
w ou ld cak e f o r
th e news o f i t s
h a p p en in g to
of a
a c t u a l l y b e in g
u sed t o
se n te n c e
t o mean g e t
to th e p e r so n
in c lu d e th e
t in e th a t i t
g e t around and [ . . . ]
i n th e c a s e
c o n v e y th e
to whom t h e
n e w s,
se n te n c e i s
g e t around i s
50 "
ad d ressed "
ta k en
.
Thus it is possible to say:
(41) Kennedy has been assassinated51.
provided that the sentence is uttered to a person who has lived
—
50
in complete isolation since, for instance, 1960
Before we pass on to the next section, tu o more things have
to be pointed out.
First,
that the three
not always
might be
been
easily
hard
fired"
can be
is
common
either
on which
"Finished"
and that
some
the sentence
interpreted
existentially
fired),
or
are
utterances
For exairple
Max was
Use
regarded
"Max
has
(there
as
Hot
Johnny, what's.new?"), with a possible resultative
(he has not found another job yet)53.
Second, that
Tense
of the
distinguishable
to classify.
were occasions
News ("Hi,
connotation
subtypes
not
an action
always
expressed
related
misconception).
to the
Sometimes
by the
moment
it can
Present
of
Perfect
speaking
be anterior
(a
simply to
a general present point of reference, regardless of whether the
tense is in its Existential, Stative, or Hot Newe Use.
49
M c C a w l e y ,
op. c i t . ,
p . 109.
I b id en.
51 Ibidem .
32
C f. a l s o
53 C i.
С о m r i e,
M c C t w l e y ,
op. c i t . ,
op. c i t . ,
p.
p.
( 4 2 ) A lu m n u s
uated
- n . A Boy o r man w ho h a s a t t e n d e d o r b e e n g r a d -
from a s c h o o l , c o l l e g e , e t c .
( 4 3) T h e f e m a l e b o x t u r t l e
eggs a t about s ix
have g e n e r a lly
o 'c lo c k in
re tire d
54
com es t o s e l e c t a p l a c e
th e
ev e n in g ,
f o r "th e n ig h t.
(P .
F.
( 4 4 ) So P o o h r o s e a n d s a t down a n d s a i d
th e p r o p e r th in g
t o s a y w h en y o u
to
la y h e r
a t a t i m e w h en t u r t l e s
C o l l i e r ) 55
"Thank
y o u ," w h ich I s
h a v e b e e n made a K n i g h t
[. , . ] 56
THE "UNFINISHED" USE
T he " U n f i n i s h e d " U se
s a l by
M cC aw ley)
th ro u g h o u t
ent
„57
.
o f th e P re s e n t
in d ic a te s
“th a t
some I n t e r v a l s t r e t c h i n g
in o th e r w o rd s,
present s ta te
it
of
th e p a s t d u ra tio n
is
p erfo rm ed by
n a tu ra lly ,
ly e q u iv a le n t
th a t
w ith
som e o v e r l a p p i n g
its
th e P re se n t
d istrib u tio n
im p o rta n t
t h e w ay
as
o f lo o k in g
a w h o le,
P resen t P e rfe c t;
tio n ,
a
tw o t e n s e s ) .
i f we v i e w
i f we w a n t
i f we v i e w
it
a t th e
it
(alth o u g h
T h e m a in
th e re
d iffe r­
p ro g re ssiv e
a c tio n .
If
th e
sy n o p tic a lly ,
to em p h asize
a n a ly tic a lly ,
P e r f e c t Con­
i s n o t co m p lete­
o f th e P re se n t P e r f e c t
betw een th e
en c e b etw een th e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T ense and i t s
is
of
o r a c tio n .
A s im ila r fu n c tio n
te rp a rt
( c a l l e d U n iv er­
a f f a ir s p re v a ile d
from th e p a s t i n t o t h e p r e s -
expresses
tin u o u s Tense b u t ,
is
P erfect
a sta te
coun­
a c tio n is
we u s e
th e
th e p ro g re ss o f th e ac­
we u s e t h e
P resen t
P erfect
C o n tin u o u s.
The P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T e n s e
fo re
r e s tr ic te d to s ta tiv e
(45)
to
I h a v e know n h e r
in i t s
" U n f i n i s h e d " Use
v erbs:
fo r about e ig h t y e a rs,
c e r ta in n o n -t e rm in a tiv e v e rb s:
(4 6 ) B i l l h a s w orked i n o u r f a c t o r y
sin c e
( 4 7 ) How l o n g h a v e y o u l i v e d i n o u r t o w n ?
54
K o r s a k o v ,
op. c i t . ,
p . 135.
" 5 Ib id e m .
^
К i 1 о e,
The H o u s e . . . ,
57 M c C a w l e y ,
op. c i t . ,
p . 174.
p . 104.
1977.
is
th e re ­
and to s e n te n c e s e x p r e s s in g
th e s t a t e o f th e co m p lete
l a c k o f an
a c tiv ity :
( 4 6 ) I h a v e n ' t s e e n h i m f o r tw o y e a r s
I t is
ed"
and
n o rm ally v ery
th e
o f th e p e rio d s
th e sp e ak e r
f o r
o f tim e
has
s i n c e
Use
s e n ten c e
day"
i n so m e c a s e s
can a ls o be
te lls
h a p p e n in g
he is n o t i l l
ill
he is
are e x c e p tio n s
the P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T ense
may h a v e t a k e n
s p e a k e r w an ts
th is
or
use:
p e rio d
th e
by a p e r io d .
a sig n ific a n t
t o em p h asize
re p re se n ts
any l o n g e r ,
fo r n ea rly
us t h a t
th e re
fo llo w ed
appear w ith
le n g th o f th e
"R ic h a rd h as been i l l "
"R ich a rd h as been
im m ed ia te ly
tio n
has been
a n d means t h a t
U n fo rtu n a te ly ,
e i t h e r th e
because
sta rtin g
th e a c tio n h as been h a p p e n in g .
Thus t h e s e n t e n c e
ish e d *
betw een th e " F i n i s h ­
o f th e P re se n t P e r f e c t,
t h a t m ust alw ays
a c tio n
w hen
to d is tin g u is h
U se
to s p e c if y
w h ich th e
p o in t
easy
"U n fin ish e d "
58
a m o n th /
still
th e
"F in ­
and
th e
sin c e
Mon­
i l l 59.
to t h a t
in i t s
r u l e o f th u m b "F in ish e d "
F o r ex am p le,
am ount o f
Use
a co n p lete d
t i m e , w h ich
(th e E x is te n tia l and,
ac­
th e
c o n se q u e n tly ,
t h e H o t News U s e ) :
( 4 9 ) He l i v e s
C h in a f o r t h i r t y
i n E n g l a n d p e r m a n e n t l y now
o r th e sp e a k e r
in
may w a n t
in tro d u c e d fo r
th e S ta ti v e
b u t he has been in
years.
( 5 0 ) W he re h a v e y o u b e e n
has been
-
U se
tin u e beyond th e
f o r s u c h a l o n g t i m e ? 60
to s p e c if y
th e
le n g th
( p le a s e n o te t h a t
alw ays i n d i c a t e s
o f tim e
th e use o f
th a t th e
re su lt
a sta te
a
w ill
p e rio d
con­
m om ent o f s p e a k i n g ) :
( 5 1 ) T h e y ' v e g o n e t o E n g l a n d f o r tw o m o n t h s .
58
.
C f. K a u s h a n s k a y a ,
o p . c i t . , p . 97. P a s t d u r a t i o n o f
a
p r e s e n t s t a t e i s so m etim es e x p r e s s e d by means o f th e P r e s e n t Sim ple
T en se:
" I know you f o r tO y e a r s a l r e a d y now" (T h , D r e i s e r ) a f t e r
K o r s a k o v ,
op . c i t . ,
p . 5. " S i n c e when do you smoke so much"? bu t t h e g r a m m a t ic a l s t a ­
t u s o f su c h s e n t e n c e s i s n o t q u i t e d e a r . K orsakov a t t r i b u t e s su ch c a s e s to a
change o f i n t e n t i o n i n th e m id d le o f t h e s e n t e n c e . C l o s e - s p e a k s ab o u t th e
" d o u b l e fo c u s " o f su ch c o n s t r u c t i o n s - t h e s p e a k e r w an ts t o em phasize
b o th
th e p a s t d u r a t i o n and t h e g e n e r a l p r e s e n t v a l i d i t y o f t h e s t a t e o r a c t i o n
(R. A. C l o s e ,
E n g lis h a s a F o re ig n Language: Grammar and S y n ta x
fo r
T e a ch ers and A dvanced S t u d e n t s , London 1 9 6 2 ).
W a r d,
60 Ib id e m ,
op . c i t . ,
p . 54.
p . 55.
H ow ever, t h e m e an in g
o f such se n te n c e s
is
clea r
and
m isin te r­
p r e ta tio n h a rd ly p o s s ib le .
SPECIAL USE
T he P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T e n s e
i n te m p o ra l
re p la c e s
th e
F u tu re P e r f e c t
Tense
and c o n d i tio n a l c l a u s e s :
( 5 2 ) As s o o n a s y o u h a v e r e a d t h i s b o o k , b r i n g i t b a c k t o me.
( 5 3 ) When y o u h a v e
f i n i s h e d , w e ' l l go t o t h e z o o .
( 5 4 ) H u r r y u p ! You w o n ' t
go t o
th e p a r ty
u n le ss
y o u h a v e done
y o u r hom ew ork b y s e v e n o ' c l o c k .
THE POLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
T he P o l i s h
In
fa c t,
la n g u a g e
none o f th e
th e g ram m atic al
does n o t have
a present p e rfe c t
te m p o ro -a sp e c tu a l o p p o s itio n s
te n s e s o f E n g lish
is
re fle c te d
te n se.
present
in
th e
in
P o lish
sy stem o f te n s e s .
The c a t e g o r y o f t e n s e
fo u r e le m e n ts,
ry e le m e n t
Of
is
reference
te n se p ro p e r,
in
it
m o d a lity
is
n o te
co m p lex , a n d ,
"m ay",
tio n s
"m u st“ ,
can be s a i d
e sta b lish in g
to
n am ely
-
th e
"sh a ll"
a lth o u g h in
and
In clu d in g a lso
"need",
are p o s s ib le ,
"w ill"
it
le t
us assum e
and i s
ca te g o ry
i s em p lo y ed
fo rb id d e n ,
N o n ~ P a st,
aïe :
th a t
used to de­
i s much
su c h modal a u x i l i a r i e s
e tc .,
a llo w e d ,
o r ra th e r
o n ly
th e
a p o in t
th e u tte r a n c e , w ith
o f sim p lic ity
re a lity
co m p rise
Tłje o b l i g a t o ­
fo r th e a c tio n
tim e o f
th e P re s e n t,
fo r th e sake
to
th re e o p tio n a l.
The t h r e e o p t i o n a l e le m e n ts
re p re s e n te d by
fu tu rity ,
and
re la tio n
j u s t tw o r e a l i z a t i o n s ,
and th e P a s t .
in E n g lish
one o b lig a to r y
m ore
as
"can",
to s ta te
t h a t ac­
necessary,
ad v isab le, o r
th e lik e ;
-
asp ect p e rfe c tiv e ,,
im p ly in g t h a t
th e p o in t o f re fe re n c e , n o t
-
aspect p ro g re ssiv e ,
a n a ly tic a lly ,
o u trid e.
as i f
from
th e a c tio n i s
a n te r io r to
sim u lta n e o u s w ith i t ;
in d ic a tin g
th e i n s i d e ,
th a t
th e a c tio n
is
v iew ed
n o t s y n o p t i c a l l y , from t h e
Thus a p r e d ic a te
in E n g lish w i l l
b e m arked f o r t h e
fo llo w in g
c o n tra sts :
+ past
+ fu tu re
+ a n te rio r
+ a n a ly tic a l
and s e n te n c e s
[-
p a st,
th e y
-
in th e P re s e n t P e r fe c t
fu tu re ,
express
+ a n te rio r,
sy n o p tic a lly
-
w ill be
ch a ra c te riz e d
a n a ly tic a l],
seen a c tio n s
as
w h ic h means t h a t
a n te rio r
to
a
present
p o in t o f referen c e.
In P o lis h ,
th e
an a b s t r a c t p o i n t
tim e
o f th e
c a te g o ry
o f te n se
of reference,
a c tio n
p ro p er does
ra th e r i t
re fe rre d to
in
u tte r a n c e , and, th e
P r e - P a s t Tense
its
th re e
-
-
re a liz a tio n s
correspond
to th e
th e P a s t,
usual d iv isio n
bered th a t
from th e p h y s i c a l
t u t e s o n ly
th e u n d im e n sio n a l
fu tu re ,
and t h a t
M o reo ver, P o l i s h
tio n , b u t
it
nor th a t o f
in v o lv e s
th o u g h
a n a ly tic a l
f e c t ! ve ),
(it
a
and
o u t o f u se ,
th e
m ust
F u tu re
be
b o th
remem­
c o n sti­
th e p a s t
tw o - w a y
and th e
of
th e m
vs.
a sp e c tu a l
s y n o p tic a l v ie w in g . A spect
o r in c o m p le tio n
o f th e
h e r e may b e t h e
c a lle d p e rfe c tiv e ,
t h e phenom ena th e y
in P o lish
a c tio n 61,
sam e
in c o m p le ted
and
ad d in g
a sin g le
and in c o ir p le ti o n
t h a t w i t h m o m e n ta r y
a l­
(co m p leted v erb s
n a tu ra lly
d e n o te a r e n o t t h e sam e.
be w o rth w h ile
o p p o si­
v s . non- a n t e r i o r i t y
th a t o f a n te rio rity
te rm s e m p lo y ed
a c t,
of
th e p re s e n t
ex ten d ed in to
verbs d is p la y
co m p letio n
th e
is
th e
w h o le o f e t e r n i t y ) .
is n e ith e r
a r e so m etim es
o f tim e.
b o u n d ary b etw een
it
re la te s
t o th e tim e
h av in g f a ll e n
th e P re s e n t,
p o i n t o f v iew
in p r a c tic e
and can em brace ev e n th e
d ire c tly
th e s e n te n c e
th e
not e s ta b lish
verbs
a se rie s of a c ts,
im p e r­
It
may
c o n p l e t i o n means
fo r
in sta n c e :
aachnąć/m aahać.
Not every P o lis h
does n o t
n o r can
ex ist
for
we f i n d
seem s r a t h e r
th e
a
verb
Ьаз
e x a m p le an
p e rfe c tiv e
co m p leted
b o th
a sp e c tu a l v e rsio n s
im p e rfe c tiv e
form o f th e
v e rsio n
of
form o f
verb
iś ć ).
-
th e re
z a s tr z e lić ,
c h o d z ić
( .p ó j ś ć
On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
6Î T л
'•
I.
G r a n i c * a,
E n g lis h P a s t T e n se s and P o lis h A s p e c t - a C o n tr
b u tio n to th e L i n g u i s t i c Theory o f T r a n s l a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f
Łódź 1967,
u n p u b l. Ph . D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , p . 5.
som e v e r b s
have a ls o s p e c ia l
rep e ate d a c tio n
w e ll),
is
so as
(th e
general
a m a tte r
fo rirs i n d i c a t i n g
iirp e rfe c tiv e
o f f a c t th e
ar
o c c a sio n a lly
form s e x p r e s s
c a te g o ry o f a sp e c t
it
in
as
P o lish
th re e fo ld :
p e rfe c tiv e
general
im p e rfe c tiv e ^
ite ra tiv e
The c o m b i n a t i o n
tu a l o p p o sitio n
(p e rfe c tiv e
n o n e o f th em
v ie w e d s y n o p t i c a l l y
ence, '
b u t th e
correspondences
th e e q u i v a l e n t
t i v e sy stem s
te n ses
used in th e
a n te rio r
to
th e
62
th ree-w ay a sp ec -
o f e ig h t te n se
form s
P re se n t T ense).
w o u l d m ean e x a c t l y
is
of
and t h e
an i n v e n t o r y
b etw een
estab lish m e n t
As h a s
t h a t an a c t i o n w h ich
a present
th e o re tic a l sim ila rity
not a p re re q u is ite
P erfect
in
v e rb s c a n n o t be
been s a id ,
is
o f th e th r e e
re su lts
(fre q u e n ta tiv e )
p o in t o f r e f e r ­
tw o s y s t e m s
o f c e rta in
is
p ra c tic a l
(гм
toes i t b y the way g u a r a n t e e
of t h e e l e m e n t s within t h e r e s p e c ­
th e d i s t r i b u t i o n
of the E n g l i s h P r e s e n t
b e t w e e n th e m
d istrib u tio n s
-
com pare
w ith t h a t o f
dae P e r fe k t
in
Thus t h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T e n se
G erm an).
in
its
"F in ish ed "
U se
corre­
s p o n d s t o t h e P o l i s h P a s t Tense-,
When i t
it
is
d en o tes
u su a lly
f e c t i v e A sp ec t.
is
tra n sla te d
When i t
is
in e an t an d
H ow ever, i t
62
verb
n o n -te rm in a tiv e ,
in
th a t a re p e a te d
th e P o lish
Im p e rfe c tiv e
is
i n t o t h e P a s t T ense
o b v io u s
(single or r e p e a t e d ) ,
Past Tense in its
P er­
ac tio n
m e an s o f the
When t h e a c t i o n
th e P a s t I t e r a t i v e
fe c tiv e :
a te rm in a tiv e
ren d ered by
th e
Iirperfective
its
n o n -te rm in a tiv e
happens to have
te n se
A sp ec t.
ac tio n
t h e iterative
is
form,
can be u s e d .
happens very
in ste a d
th e p ro c e s s
fre q u en tly
of
(and in
is
id e n tifie d
th e
th a t
we u s e
m ean in g o f )
w ith
th e
th e
P ast
th e P a st P er­
co m p letio n
o f th e
F ar ïüore i n f o r o a t i o o se e : .1. F i s i a k a
M. I i p i ń s k a-G r z e g о г e к,
I . Z a fa г о с к i ,
Ли In tr o d u c to r y Ел g lI s n - P ö lis h C o n tr a s tiv e
(Ягаяхпг. V a n t u a <4 78 ;
2 . К 1 o r n e n t ; i e w i с r.,
podszawowe uIbóohdś c i z gram atyki Je ży ka p o ls k ie g o , Wars za wл 19 73 ;
W. S m i e с h ,
Funk­
c j e aspektów czasownikowych we w spółczesnym ję z y k u o g ó ln o p o lskim .
Łódź
'Л 1 ;
К, T u r a w i с z ,
The Couplet? and uticimpi e t -г
vor.jj
in
and t h e i r E q u iv a le n ts in E n g lis h , U n iv e r s it y of Łódź 1977,
unp u b l. M. A. t h e s i s .
a c tio n .
s io n .
C zo ch ralsk i
63
c a lls
th is
phenom enon
A o r ie tia c h e
1) S e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s i n g
w here i t
is
se lf-e v id e n t
sin g le
ac tio n s
of
a
is
tv p e
m e an t:
bh
(55)
C z y ta łeś t ą k sią żk ę ?
(56)
S ł y s z a ł e m o ty m w c z o r a j .
fin ish e d r e s u lt o f h is
sp e c ia l
t h a t th e co m p leted a c tio n
2 ) S e n t e n c e s i n w h ic h we m e n tio n ( o r a s k a b o u t )
th e
E xten­
a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e s tw o c a s e s o f s u c h u s a g e :
a c re a to r
and
a c tio n :
( 5 7 ) K to m a l o w a ł t e n o b r a z ? ^ 5
( 5 8 ) Ten f i l m
Thus i t
is
also
r e ż y s e r o w a ł G e o r g e Roy H i l l .
p o ssib le to tr a n s la te
tin g a te rm in a tiv e
a c tio n
th e P re se n t P e rfe c t
b y m e an s o f t h e
P o lish
deno­
P ast Im perfec-
tiv e 66.
S e n te n c e s
in th e
(l)-(9 )
and ( l 7 ) - ( 2 0 )
w o u ld t h e r e f o r e b e t r a n s l a t e d
f o l lo w in g w ay:
( 1 ')
( 2 ')
C zy ta łem "D a v id a C o p p e r f i e l d a " .
P o cią g sie d e m n a sta c z te r n a ś c ie
( 3 ')
U derzyłem to
( 4 ')
P o stan o w iłem z ła p a ć S ło n ia .
(5*)
A l e n i e c h В<5g w y b a c z y mi z ł o ,
(6 ')
dwa r a z y ,
- A ha, T e r m o li.
[?] p rz y je c h a ł i o d je ch a ł.
ale nad al s to i.
k td re c i
M ie jsc e, k td re
w y rz ąd z iłe m .
zaw sze c h c ia łe m zo b a cz y ć
- M i l l e r p r z e r w a ł - G d zie u d i a b ł a j e s t T e r m o li?
( 7 ')
W a ir p ir b y ł m a rtw y w i e l e
( 8 ')
C óż,
( 9 ')
N ie m y ś l, ż e z a m ie rz a m d a l e j z n o s i ć t o w s z y s tk o t a k ,
zn o sił-e m
63
rów nież n a tk n ą łe m s i ę n a n ie g o w p r z e s z ł o ś c i .
ja k
( - a m ) t o w p r z e s z ł o ś c i , n i e mam z a m i a r u .
terbalaspekt und Tempussystem im Deutschen
Eine K onfro n ta tive D a rstellu n g , Warszawa 1975, p. 181.
J. С z o c h r a 1 s к i,
und P o ln isc h en .
64
ja
razy.
Ibidem.
65 Ibidem .
f tf i
Cf. a l s o T. W ó j с i k,
Gramatyka
Warszawa 1973, p. 121-122.
tra sty w n e ,
j f z y k a ro syjskieg o - studium коп-
( 1 7 ')
Mówią c i ,
sia d y w a łe m i w p atry w ałem s i ę w o c z y
te g o p sa ,
a ż c i a r k i p r z e c h o d z i ł y mi p o p l e c a c h .
( 1 8 ')
P rz esia d y w ałe m i
ro z m y ś la łe m n a d ty m ,
aż z a c z y n a ło
mi
s i ę k o ło w ać w g ło w ie .
( 1 9 ')
Mój d z i a d e k w i d z i a ł s p o r o w sw o im ż y c i u .
( 2 0 ')
A n g lia m ia ła w ie lu
A nd h e r e i s
am ong s e n t e n c e s
th e
z d o ln y c h w ład có w .
tr a n s l a ti o n o f th e
r e l e v a n t ex a m p le s
from
(28)*-(44 ):
( 2 8 ')
J e s t e m z MPO.. .
[?]
P r z y s z e d ł e m po s w o j ą ż o n ę .
( 2 9 ')
A leż w i e r z ę c i .
P rz ek o n a ł-e ś
( 3 0 ')
J e s te m p ew ie n ,
( 3 1 ')
P o lic ja
( - a ś ) m n ie daw no t e m u .
ż e z a p o m n i a ł a o t o b i e daw no t e m u .
a r e s z t o w a ł a m o ją ż o n ę ,
w ięc n ie
możemy
p rz y jść
n a tw o je p r z y j ę c i e .
( 3 2 ')
b ciej i
P rz y n io słe m c i p udełko c z e k o la d e k .
przybądź
( 3 4 ')
- One l u b i ą
p rz y sz liśm y ,
( 3 6 ')
2 je d z
je
ja k n a j s z y ­
tro c h ę na w adze.
ż o łę d z ie - p o w ie d z ia ł P u ch atek - w ięc
gdyż b ie d n y T y g ry s
n ie
ja d ł
je szc ze
I w ła ś n ie d la te g o p rz y sz e d łe m s i ę
po t o
śn ia d an ia.
z to b ą zo b aczy ć. P rz y ­
s z e d łe m m n ie j w ię c e j p r o s i ć c i ę o r a d ę .
( 3 7 ')
N e w to n w y j a ś n i ł r u c h y K s i ę ż y c a .
( 3 9 ')
W łaśn ie w y b iła d w u n asta.
( 4 0 ')
G d zie b y ł e ś ?
(4 1 ' )
K ennedy z o s t a ł zam ordow any.
J e s t ju ż p raw ie p ó łn o c .
T h e “ U n f i n i s h e d " U se
to P o lis h
e x p re ssin g
it
is
n a tiv e
o f th e
b y m eans o f t h e
th e s t a t e
tra n sla te d
a c tio n s)
P resen t
P erfect
P re s e n t G en e ra l,
o f th e
by m eans o f
c o m p lete la c k
e i th e r th e
o r th e P a s t Im p e rfe c tiv e
is
except
o f an a c t i v i t y , w h e re
P a st P e rfe c tiv e
(.te rm i-
( a c t i o n s w h ich a r e n o n -
- t e r m i n a t i v e ):
(45') Znam ją od około ośmiu lat.
(46') Bill pracuje w naszej fabryce od 1977 roku.
(47') Od jak dawna mieszkasz w naszym mieście?
(48') Nie widziałem go od dwóch lat.
rendered in ­
fo r se n ten c es
When t h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T e n s s
P e r fe c t T ense,
th e
it
is
tra n sla te d
is used in ste a d
in to
o f th e F u tu re
P o l i s h b y means
of
one o f
fu tu re te n s e s :
( 5 2 ')
Jak
ty lk o p rz e c z y ta sz
tę
k sią ż k ę ,
p r z y n i e ś mi j ą
г po­
w rotem .
( 5 3 ')
K i e d y s k o ń c z y s z , p ó j d z i e m y do z o o .
( 5 4 ')
P o śp iesz s ię !
N ie p ó j d z i e s z n a p r z y j ę c i e ,
je ż e li
n ie
z r o b i s z ( s k o ń c z y s z ) p r a c y dom ow ej p r z e d s i ó d m ą .
The c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s e s t a b l i s h e d
th e
f o llo w in g d ia g ra m
(ta b le
above can b e
p re se n te d
in
1).
T a b l e
I
The c o rre s p o n d e n c e s betw een th e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T ense
and th e P o l i s h te n s e form s
С
--- ----- ----------
P resent
P erfect
P re s e n t
Past
P o lis h
censes
Хч
Im p erf.
P erfec­
tiv e
Gen,
X"x
-o
<V Term inative
«
•*4
Ö
♦H ' N on-T erm inative
U«
X
Cen.
Ite r.
P erf.
Imp.
Cen.
X
/X /
It.
/X /
X
/X/
X
S ta tiv e
Unf in is h e d
Future
Lack o f an ac ­
tiv ity
X
X
F o r F u tu r e P e r f e c t
in T em poral and
C o n d itio n a l
C la u s e s
X - t y p i c a l r e n d e r in g
/ X / - o c c a s io n a l re n d e r in g
I t m ust be added, how ever,
its
• F in is h e d '’
la ta b le
rio u s
in to
p o lish ,
p ro b lem s
th a t w h ile
a n d " U n f i n i s h e d " U se
th e te n se
in
fo r th e t r a n s l a t o r
is
its
th e P re s e n t P e r f e c t in
g en e rally
re a d ily tr a n s ­
S p e c i a l U se c a n p o s e
( a s can th e
F u tu re
se­
P erfect
p o i n t of
it is f u t u r e
in
re la tio n
t o t h e m om ent o f s p e a k i n g ,
and, c o n s e o u e n t l y , in or­
d e r t o c o n v e y t h e p r e c i s e m e a n i n g o f a p e r f e c t t e n s e w i t h a future
reference,
th e tr a n s la to r .ir.a y o f te n have
to reso rt
to
para­
T ense).
S ay in g
referenoe is
ph rase,
t h a t an a c t i o n
is
n o t t h e sa m e t h i n g
a future
a n t e r i o r to
as s a y in g t h a t
and p e rh a p s use a d i f f e r e n t P o lis h
te n se .
Per­
f e c t can so m etim es b e d i f f i c u l t to r e n d e r ,
f o r example'
because
o f th e la c k
o f e q u iv a le n c e betw een
som e v e r b s i n
E n g lish
and
P o lis h , b u t th e se
a r e p ro b lem s
fo r th e th e o ry
o f , translation
a n d l i e b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f this paper.
N ee d less to s a y ,
even th e
"easy"
uses o f th e
P resen t
I n s ty tu t F il o l o g i i A n g ielsk iej
Z ak ład Językoznaw stw a Stosowanego
J a n u s z Wróblewski
CZAS PRESENT PERFECT I .JEGO POLSKIE ODPOWIEDNIKI
A rty k u ł d o ty c z y
u ż y c ia a n g ie ls k ie g o c z a s u
P re se n t P e rfe c t
i
jfy,.»
odpo­
w iedników w je ż y k u p o le
A’j t o r p rz e c iw s ta w ia s i e
zw iązane j e s t
z trw aniem w c h w ili m ów ienia
wa u z d a n iu , a n a s t ę p n ie
C zas P r e s e n t P e r f e c t
n ie is to tn e j e s t ,
s trz e ;
s łu ż y d o:
P e rfe c t
r e z u l ta t ó w c z y n n o ś c i, o k t ó r e j mo­
w yrażania czynności p rz e s z ły c h ,
k ie d y s i ę one o d b y ł y ,
p o d k reślen ia fak tu ,
p o d a w a n ia , ja k d ł u g o
Wspocmiane j e s t te ż
że u ż y c ie P r e s e n t
p rz e d s ta w ia sz c ze g ó ło w a d y s t r y b u c je te g o c z a s u .
trw ają w te r a ź n ie j s z o ś c i ;
n ie j;
p o p u la r n e j k o n c e p c ji,
że
l e c z r a c z e j , ż e S3
bezp o śred n ie
aó w ien ia o
re z u lta ty
czynnościach
o b e c n ie
•«
czynności
j e s t ju ż
re je ­
p rz e s z łe j
z p rzeszło ści
j a k a ś c z y n n o ść t e r a ź n i e j s z a
u ż y c ie sp e c ja ln e -
je ż e li
bezpośred­
wykonywana.
w z d a n i a c h p o d rz ęd n y ch r k o l i c z n i k o w y c h
c z a s u i w arunku.
A u to r zw raca uw agę, że
n iep raw d « j e e t , i ż
być u ż y ty z о к э! ic z o i-k a a i c z a s u p r z e s z łe g o ,
tym czasvQ
n i e (susi być u p rz e d n ia
te n o d n ie s ie n i a może b y ć dow olna
W c z ę ś c i lo o n tra sty w n e j
system u czasów
c z a s fr«.s«?>it r e r f e c t
p o d k r e ś la '
w s to su n k u do
‘, że
n ie
ak cja
восн'Г.ы siôw xenia;
Boże
w yrażona
je j
p un k-
( n a v e t w ie lo k r o tn a ] < h y i l * w t e r a ź n i e j s z o ś c i .
porów nana j e s t s t r u k t u r a
v Ję z y k u a n g ic l s W s i p o lsk i"* ,
o d p o w ie d n ik i a n g ie l s k i e g o c z a s u P r e s e n t P e r f e c t .
o ra z pi
s y .ita k ty c z n o -s e m a n ty c iń a
J it* .v io n c
sę
p o ls k ie