Families of Elements
Desirae Krystofiak
Physical Science
Period: fourth
Hydrogen
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Hydrogen has one valence electrons
with having one valence electron it forms a positive 1 cation.
The atomic number for hydrogen is 1
Symbol: H
FACTS:
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Even though hydrogen is in the first group it is NOT a metal.
75% of the elements mass of the universe is Hydrogen.
Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable.
In compounds, hydrogen can take a negative or a positive charge.
Hydrogen
Group 1 - Alkali Metals
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Alkali Metals only have one valence electron also forming a 1+ cation
The elements are soft and shiny metals that react violently with
water.
It reacts quickly with oxygen therefore it is never found in its pure
substance.
Sodium is in the first group and is also found in table salt.
Francium
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Francium is in group one because it is INSANELY reactive because it
only has 1 valence electron.
Francium’s most stable isotope is Francium-223 has half-life for only
about 22 mins.
It decays into radium-223 through beta decay or into astatine-219
through alpha decay.
Francium gets its name from the country it was discovered in- France.
Atomic number is 87.
Symbol: Fr
Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals
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Group one has 2 Valence electrons.
It forms a 2+ cation
Less reactive than the Alkali metals
some of these metals can be found in bones, teeth and sea animals.
Barium
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Barium is in the Earth Metals group because it forms a positive 2 Cation
The atomic number is 56.
The Symbol is Ba.
FACTS:
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Its melting point is 1341 degrees Fahrenheit.
it was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808.
Barium is in the environment.
When Barium i found in food or water its not a large amount therefore its
nothing to worry about.
Group 3-12 - Transition metals
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Much less reactive than group one and two.
It can lose electrons to form positive ions.
You cannot predict the number of valence electrons in this groups.
Like all metals it is shiny and can be stretched.
Nickel
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Nickel is in this group because its in group 10 and the valence electrons
cannot be determined.
The atomic number of nickel is 28.
The symbol for nickel is Ni
Facts:
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Nickel is made into a coin.
Nickel carbonyl is an extremely toxic gas.
It is a silvery white metal with high polish.
Its meaning is devils copper.
Group 13- Boron Family
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It has 3 valence electrons.
It forms a positive 3 cation.
Boron is used in detergents.
Aluminum
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It has 3 valence electrons
It forms a positive 3 cation
Symbol is Al
Atomic number is 13.
FACTS:
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Al is the most common metal in the Earth’s outer layer.
Al is also found in cans, foils,and siding.
It was discovered by Hans Christian Orsted
At room temperature it is a solid.
Group 14- Carbon Family
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This group contains 4 valence electrons.
They do not form ions it is easier to share and form covalent bounds.
Carbon is found in all living substances.
Tin
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The atomic number is 50.
Its symbol is Sn.
It forms 4 valence electrons therefore it is in group 14.
Facts:
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Tin is used to coat steel in making rust proof cans.
Tin containers has been recently replaced by plastic or aluminum
containers.
It has 8 stable isotopes.
Tin is a alloyed to make pewter and solder.
Group 15- Nitrogen Family
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The nitrogen family has 5 valence electrons
It forms an anion with a negative 3 charge.
Pure nitrogen exists as a gas.
It combines with oxygen, carbon and hydrogen to form explosive
compounds such as TNT.
Phosphorus
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It is in group 15 because it forms 5 valence electrons.
The atomic number is 15
The symbol is P
FACTS:
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Its a solid which can exist in a yellow or red form.
It is the basic part of organs and bones.
Its considered a non metal.
some of this is used in soft drinks.
Group 16- Oxygen Family
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It has 6 valence electrons
It forms an anion with a negative 2 charge
oxygen is the most common element in the Earths most outer layer.
Its the basic form of all life.
Sulfur
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It is in group 16 because it forms 6 valence electrons.
its atomic number is 16
Its symbol is S
FACTS:
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It is a yellow solid.
It is used to make rubber tires and matches.
It is classified as a nonmetal.
At room temperature sulfurs form is a solid.
Group 17- Halogen Family
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It forms 7 valence electrons
It also forms a negative 1 charge anion.
this family reacts the most readily with the alkaline earth metals to form
white solids known as SALT.
Also found in some cleaning agents.
Bromine
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it is in the halogen group because it has 7 valence electrons.
Its Atomic number is 35
Symbol is Br.
FACTS:
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Bromine is known as a liquid.
It is used in drugs, photographic film, and in gasoline to prevent engine
knocking.
Bromines vapors are very toxic with inhalation.
Its vapors irritate the eyes and throat.
Group 18- Noble Gas
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It has 8 valence electrons in the outermost shell.
Noble gases do not lose or gain any electrons therefore it doesn’t form any
ions.
The elements in this group are stable therefore they do not interact with
other elements.
Argon
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Argon is in this group because it is unreactive with other elements.
Its atomic number is: 18
Symbol: Ar
FACTS:
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Argon makes up about 1% of the earths atmosphere.
Sir william Ramsay is the founder of the element.
It is used for lighting.
it was discovered in 1894.
Lanthanides
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Lanthanide family starts with the element Lanthanum and the atomic
number is 57.
Some Lanthanides are used in the production of steel and glass.
The number of valence electrons can not be determined like the ones in
groups 3-12.
This family can lose electrons to form positive ions.
Cerium
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It is in this group because the valence electrons can not be determined.
The atomic number is 58.
It symbol is Ce.
FACTS:
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Cerium was named for the asteroid Ceres.
It was founded in 1801 then found again two years later.
Cerium is the most abundant so called rare earth metal.
It is found in many minerals.
Actinides
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Actinide family begins with the element Actinium and the atomic number is
89.
ALL actinides are radioactive, they give off high energy particles.
The number of valence electrons can not be determined like the ones in
groups 3-12.
This family can lose electrons to form positive ions.
Uranium
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Uranium is in this group because the number of valence electrons can not
be determined.
Its atomic number is 92.
Its symbol is U.
FACTS:
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Uranium is a very heavy metal, which can be used in a source of
concentrated energy.
It was discovered by 1789.
Uranium was apparently formed in supernovae about 6.6 billion years ago.
It has a melting point of 1132 C.