AP Biology
Summer Assignment 2017
Welcome to AP Biology!
Because AP Biology requires students to cover a tremendous amount of content during
the school year, most AP Biology classes use summer to get a head start by assigning
summer projects/reading assignment. This year, your summer assignment consists of 2
assignments. One assignment will cover the chemistry of cells. You are to read and
study the material assigned carefully. We will be taking a test over this material within
the first few weeks of school. My suggestion is that you do NOT leave this until the last
week in the summer to complete!
Assignment #1: Answer the following questions over the chemistry of cells.
This is not a collaborative assignment! This assignment is due on the 16th of
August. Whatever questions you can’t answer based off of your previous chemistry
knowledge you will need to google and search for the answers online.
Assignment #2: Read The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot.
It can be checked out of the Mid-Continent library—although they are also available for
purchase at local bookstores and online. Write a summary of the book. Then I want
you to address the following questions in detail:
a) How was the HeLa cell line cultured?
b) What virus infected HeLa and may have caused her cervical cancer?
c) What cellular process is affected by the virus?
d) Was there any bias in the way HeLa was treated at John’s Hopkins?
e) Should HeLa’s family by compensated for the discoveries made using her
cells?
f) Should tissue be removed from a patient without consent for research?
g) Do companies and universities have the right to patent discoveries made
using a patient’s tissues or genes without consulting the patient?
This entire assignment (summary and answers to the questions) should be no
more than 3 pages, 12 point font, and double spaced. This is to be your own work—not
something cut/pasted from an online source. I will be checking for plagiarism! The
summary is due on the first day of class—August 16th.
Optional Assignment for extra credit: If you want to earn some extra credit early
in the semester, you may read one of the books listed on the back of this paper. After
reading it, write a 2 page, 12 point font, and double spaced summary of the book.
Again, it needs to be your own work.
If you have questions, you are welcome to either e-mail me. My e-mail is
[email protected] Be sure to leave either an e-mail address or a telephone number
where you can be reached. I will get to you as soon as possible.
DO THIS ASSIGNMENT EARLY! That way you can enjoy the rest of the
summer!
Recommended Books:
The Beak of the Finch by Jonathan Weiner
Time, Love, Memory by Jonathan Weiner
The Double Helix: A Personal Account… by James Watson (Be sure you read Watson’s
book!)
Your Inner Fish by Neil Shubin
Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA by Brenda Maddox
Survival of the Sickest by Sharon Moalem and Jonathan Prince
The Panda’s Thumb by Stephen Jay Gould
The Forever Fix
The 6th Extinction
Items you will need for this class:
1. Quadrille Graphing Notebook-this will be your lab book and you will need it the
2nd week
2. 4 function calculator-a basic calculator that can add, subtract, divide, and
multiply. The TI-30 you used in middle school does not count. AP will only let
you use a basic calculator.
AP Biology
Chemistry Review
1. Which four elements make up 96% of all living matter?
2.
a. What is the atomic mass?
Atomic number?
b. How many electrons does carbon have?
Neutrons?
3. Which of the three subatomic particles is directly involved in chemical reactions?
4. What is electronegativity?
5. Draw the VSEPR shape for H2O. Be sure to show the partial positive and partial negative
charges (δ+/δ-).
6. What is a hydrogen bond? Draw a second H2O molecule on #5 in a different color and
show a hydrogen bond.
7. Put these bonds in order of increasing strength. This can be tricky…justify your answer.
Hydrogen Bonds; van der Waals Interactions; Covalent Bonds; Ionic Bonds
8. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Label the reactants and the products.
9. What is meant by dynamic equilibrium? Does this imply equal concentrations of each
reactant and product?
10. Water has a high specific heat. What does that mean? Compare the specific heat of
water to alcohol.
11. Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water’s high specific heat.
12. Ice floats! Describe why this property of water is important.
13. Explain WHY ice floats.
14. Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
15. You already know that some materials, such as olive oil, will not dissolve in water. In
fact, oil will float on top of water. Explain this property in terms of hydrogen bonding.
16. Explain HOW water dissolves salt.
17. Explain HOW water dissolves sugar.
18. Given three solutions of sucrose, 0.1M, 0.2M, and 0.3M; which is the most concentrated?
Which is the most dilute?
19. What is the concentration (this is the symbol for concentration [ ]) of [hydronium] ions
and [hydroxide] ions in water?
20. How many more times acidic is a pH of 3 compared to a pH of 5?
21. Look at the pH chart below.
a. Fill in the numerical values above the colors.
b. Label neutral, strong base, strong acid, weak base, weak acid
c.
Show the locations of pure water, urine, gastric juice, and bleach
22. “Iso-“ is a prefix that means equal. Define each of these words that begin with this
prefix: isotope & isomer.
23. One common theme we see in biology is the relationship between form and function.
Even a small change in form can affect the function. There are some groups of atoms
that when found together and attached to a larger molecule give specific properties to
that molecule so we call them functional groups. By having different functional groups or
functional groups in different places 2 similar molecules can have different functions.
This can be seen in the hormones testosterone and estradiol. Draw each below and
circle the differences between them.
24. Define polymer and monomer.
25. List the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules. Put a * next to the 3 that are
also polymers.
26. Consider the following reaction
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11
a.
The equation is not balanced. It is missing a molecule of water. Write it on the
correct side of the equation.
b. This type of reaction can be known a few ways. It can be called dehydration
synthesis, a dehydration reaction or a condensation reaction. Describe why these
names are well suited to this reaction.
c.
All organic polymers are made by this type of reaction. To take them apart the
reaction is called hydrolysis. Write the equation that shows the hydrolysis of
C12H22O11.
d. Describe why hydrolysis is a fitting name for this reaction.
Carbohydrates
27. Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates and are generally in some multiple
of (CH2O). For example ribose is a pentose or 5-carbon sugar and has the formula
C5H10O5. What formula would a hexose sugar have?
28. Here is an abbreviated ring structure of glucose. Where are the carbons?
We number the carbons in sugars so that we can talk about them and know which we
are referring to. Number the carbons in the glucose above.
29. Table sugar is called sucrose. It is a disaccharide. What monosaccharides make it up?
30. Plants make cellulose and starch. Both are polymers of glucose, but they have very
different functions.
a. What is the function of cellulose?
b. What is the function of starch?
c.
How are these two molecules structurally different?
d. We can digest starch, but not cellulose. Why is that?
31. Animals make a glucose polymer called glycogen.
a. What is the function of glycogen?
b. Where in your body can we find glycogen?
32. Chitin is found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods. What is
different about the structure of chitin?
33. Peptidoglycan is what bacterial cell walls are made of. What does this molecule consist
of? Why is its name fitting?
Lipids
34. Lipids include fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. What characteristic do all
lipids share?
35. What are the building blocks of fats? Label them on this figure. Also add the number of
water molecules that are produced in making a triglyceride.
36.
In the above drawing label each fatty acid as saturated or unsaturated. Circle the part
of the chain that makes it unsaturated.
37. Many plant triglycerides are oils at room temperature (olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, etc.)
Do plants make more saturated or unsaturated fats? How does this cause them to be
liquid at room temperature?
38. Trans fats used to be found in many foods and were not labeled on food packages.
Now, they are no longer as prevalent and have to be labeled for any food item that
contains them. Why should they be limited in your diet?
39. List 5 important functions of fats.
40. Below is a phospholipid. In the drawing label the phosphate group, glycerol, and fatty
acid chains. Also label the part of the molecule that is hydrophobic and the part that is
hydrophilic.
41. The following is a picture of a phospholipid bilayer.
a.
Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the phospholipids. Also label
the location of water.
b. Where in a cell will you find a bilayer like this?
c.
Using what you know about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which would
you expect more of in an organism adapted to live in very high temperatures?
Justify your answer.
42. Look at the molecule below. What is this? What is its function in living organism?
43. What are some other examples of steroids and their functions?
Proteins
44. Fill in the following table on types of proteins.
Type of protein
Function
Structural
Enzymes
Transport
Receptors
Signals
Motility
Poisons/toxins
Example
45. Label the following diagram. Include active site, substrate, enzyme, and product. How
does the enzyme compare from before the reaction to after the reaction? Was it altered?
46. Amino acids are the monomers of a protein. Sketch an amino acid. Label the central
carbon, amino group, carboxyl group and R group.
47. How many R groups are there?
48. Define peptide bond and polypeptide.
49. There are 4 levels of protein structure. Complete this table over protein structure.
Level of structure
Explanation
Bonds involved
Primary (1o)
Secondary (2o)
Tertiary (3o)
Quaternary (4o)
50. Label the levels of protein structure in the following picture.
51. Identify and explain the interactions causing the folding in this section of a protein.
52. What is denaturation? How does it affect a protein’s function? List at least 3 ways a
protein can be denatured. Can this be undone?
53. What is a chaperone protein?
Nucleic acids
54. The monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide. Below is an example of a nucleotide.
Label the base (thymine), phosphate group, and sugar (deoxyribose) in the diagram
below.
55. Refer back to the numbering of carbons in the carbohydrate section. Follow the same
pattern to number the carbons in the deoxyribose above. Notice the carbons in the base
are already numbered. To avoid confusion add a ‘ to the numbers in the sugar. (1’, 2’,
etc.)
56. There are 5 different nitrogenous bases. Which are found in DNA? Which are found in
RNA?
57. Which bases are purines? And which are pyrimidines? What is the difference between
these 2 categories of nitrogenous bases?
58. How do ribose and deoxyribose differ?
59.
What is the shape of DNA called?
60. Use the following diagram of DNA to answer the questions below.
a.
Label the 5’ and 3’ ends of the molecule in the close up on the right. Where do
these numbers come from?
b. The 2 strands of DNA are said to be antiparallel. What does that mean?
c.
What 2 parts alternate in the part that is represented as a solid ribbon in the
picture on the left? What type of bond joins these parts?
d. The 2 strands of a DNA molecule are held together by _____________ bonds
between complementary _______________.
61.
In a DNA molecule you find the following sequence of bases. Write the complementary
strand including labels for the 5’ and 3’ ends. Also show the correct number of bonds
between the base pairs.
5’ G C A T G G T C A A 3’