Eubacteria (true bacteria)
Archaea (archaebacteria)
Plants (mosses, ferns, seed plants)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts)
The relationships
of these 3 phyla
are in dispute,
this pattern may
be altered.
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals)
Eukaryotes
Nematoda (round worms)
Onychophora (velvet worms)
Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, chelicerates)
Ecdysozoa
Protostomia
Animalia
Annelida (segmented worms)
Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Lophotrochozoa
Echinodermata (starfish, sea stars, sea cucumbers, etc.)
Bilateria
Urochordates (tunicates)
Cephalochordates (amphioxus)
Hyperotreti/Myxini (hagfish)
Hyperoartia/Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, etc.)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Dueterostomia
Dipnoi (lungfish)
Chordata
Anura (frogs and toads)
Amphibia Caudata (salamanders and newts)
Gymnophiona (caecilians)
Turtles were long thought
Amphibia
Craniata
Anapsida
Vertebrata
to have evolved from
anapsids which are
otherwise extinct.
X
Gnathostomata
Archosauria
Sarcopterygii
Diapsida
Terrestrial
vertebrates
X
X
X
Dinosauria
Lepidosauria
Amniota
Cryptodira (vertical retracting turtles)
Pleurodira (side necked turtles)
Crocodylomorpha (crocodiles and alligators)
Ornithischia (bird-hipped herbivores)
Sauropodomorpha (long necked herbivores)
Theropoda (bipedal carnivores)
Paleognathae (ratities and tinamous)
Neognathae (the rest of the birds)
Sphenodontida (tuatara)
Squamata (iguanas, amphisbaenians, lizards)
Cetartiodactyla
NOTES:
Many extinct taxa are not represented on this diagram.
Glires
Many extant taxa are not represented on this diagram.
Eutheria
Branch lengths are not to scale
Synapsida
Afrotheria
Cetacea (whales, dolphins)
Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates: pigs, deer, goats, hippos, etc.)
Perissodactyla (odd toed ungulates: horses, tapirs, rhino)
Carnivora (dogs, cats, raccoons, weasels, hyenas, seals, etc.)
Pholiodota (pangolins)
Chiroptera (bats)
Insectivora (shrews, hedgehogs, moles)
Rodentia (rats, mice, capybara, etc.)
Mammal tree
topology from:
Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas)
Murphy et al
Dermoptera (flying lemurs)
Science (2001)
Scandentia (tree shrews)
294: 2348-2351
Primates (monkeys, apes, humans)
Xenartha/Edentata (anteaters, sloths, armadillos)
Macroscelidea (elephant shrews)
Tubulidentata (aardvark)
Sirenia (manatees, dugong, sea cow)
Hyracoidea (the hyrax)
Proboscidea (elephants)
Marsupialia (kangaroos, wombats, koalas, etc.)
Monotremata (egg laying mammals: platypus, echidna)