Neuroactive Steroids in Brain Function, Behavior
and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Michael S. Ritsner
•
Abraham Weizman
Editors
Neuroactive Steroids in
Brain Function, Behavior
and Neuropsychiatric
Disorders
Novel Strategies for Research and Treatment
Editors:
Michael S. Ritsner, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and
Head of Cognitive & Psychobiology
Research Laboratory
The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Haifa and Director
Acute Department
Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center
Hadera, Israel
ISBN 978-1-4020-6853-9
Abraham Weizman, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry
Director of Felsenstein Medical
Research Center
Sackler Faculty of Medicine
Tel Aviv University, and Director of
Research Unit
Geha Mental Health Center
Petah Tikva, Israel
e-ISBN 978-1-4020-6854-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008920052
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without
written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for
the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser
of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
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Foreword
Over the past few decades the involvement of neurosteroids in brain function and
mental health has attracted much interest, not only from a neuroscience perspective, but
also from clinical and therapeutic aspects. In recent years, much of the research has
focused on the multifunctional position of neurosteroids in the nervous system. The areas
that have been explored, in particular, are the cellular and molecular mechanisms
involved in the activity of neurosteroids in the brain, the role of neurosteroids in brain
development, neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity, and their pharmacological
properties. The large increase in the number of publications highlights this amplified
interest in neurosteroids. Over the last 7 years at least 400 papers have been published
describing the putative role of neurosteroids in the modulation of basic brain function
and in the etiology and treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Contributors to this book are amongst the most active basic researchers and clinicians in the field and provide new perspectives not only clarifying some of the
ongoing controversies, but also proposing diverse aspects and new insights. The
book is organized in two major sections: “Neuroactive steroids and brain function’,
and ‘Neuroactive steroids and neuropsychiatric disorders”. Though the selection of
topics has been influenced by the current state of the art and the issues that require
further elaboration, one should not assume that these are the only significant issues
at this time. As often happens in publications composed of contributions by multiple authors from diverse orientations and academic backgrounds, differences in
approaches and opinions are inevitable, as is some overlap. Indeed we consider
such diversity to be one of this book’s strengths. We also believe this book to be the
first of its kind to go beyond the neuropsychiatric disorders and delve into the
neurobiological basis for clinical symptomatology, psychopathology, emotional
regulation, cognitive functioning, and novel pharmacological strategies.
We sincerely hope that this book will broaden the knowledge and deepen the
understanding of the complex role of neurosteroids in the regulation of brain functions and in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric disorders,
and that it will be of interest to a broad spectrum of readers including clinicians,
researchers and students, in the fields of neuroscience and mental health.
2007
Michael S. Ritsner
Abraham Weizman
v
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
Part I Neuroactive Steroids and Brain Functions
Chapter 1 Neurosteroid: Molecular Mechanisms of Action
on the GABAA Receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ming-De Wang, Mozibur Rahman, Jessica Strömberg,
Per Lundgren, David Haage, Inga-Maj Johansson,
and Torbjörn Bäckström
Chapter 2 Steroid Metabolism in Glial Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roberto C. Melcangi and Luis M. Garcia-Segura
Chapter 3 Involvement of Neuroactive Steroids in Hippocampal
Disorders: Lessons from Animal Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alejandro F. De Nicola, Luciana Pietranera, Juan Beauquis,
Françoise Homo-Delarche, and Flavia E. Saravia
Chapter 4 Estrogen Modulation of Visceral Nociception . . . . . . . . . . . .
Victor V. Chaban
3
43
61
89
Chapter 5 Neuroactive Steroids: Effects on Cognitive Functions . . . . . 103
Torbjörn Bäckström, Vita Birzniece, Guillén Fernández,
Inga-Maj Johansson, Kristiina Kask, Charlotte Lindblad,
Per Lundgren, Sigrid Nyberg, Gianna Ragagnin,
Inger Sundström-Poromaa, Jessica Strömberg, Sahruh Turkmen,
Ming-De Wang, Frank van Broekhoven, and Guido van Wingen
Chapter 6 Estrogen, Cholinergic System and Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sonsoles de Lacalle, Bryan Hyler, and Thomas Borowski
123
vii
viii
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Contents
Local Production of Estrogen and its Rapid Modulatory
Action on Synaptic Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suguru Kawato, Yasushi Hojo, Hideo Mukai,
Gen Murakami, Mari Ogiue-Ikeda, Hirotaka Ishii,
and Tetsuya Kimoto
Effects of Estradiol and DHEA on Morphological
Synaptic Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tibor Hajszan, Zsofia Hoyk, Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura,
and Arpad Parducz
Pregnane Steroids and Short-Term Neural Plasticity . . . .
Yuri B. Saalmann and Mike B. Calford
Chapter 10 Steroidogenesis and Neuroplasticity
in the Songbird Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colin J. Saldanha and Barney A. Schlinger
Chapter 11 Dehydroepiandrosterone, as Endogenous Inhibitor
of Neuronal Cell Apoptosis: Potential Therapeutic
Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ioannis Charalampopoulos, Christos Tsatsanis,
Andrew N. Margioris, Elias Castanas,
and Achille Gravanis
Chapter 12 DHEA and DHEA-S, and their Functions
in the Brain and Adrenal Medulla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alexander W. Krug, Christian G. Ziegler,
and Stefan R. Bornstein
Chapter 13 Neurosteroids in the Aging Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rael D. Strous
143
171
187
201
217
227
241
Part II Neuroactive Steroids and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Chapter 14 Dehydroepiandrosterone and Pregnenolone
Alterations in Schizophrenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michael S. Ritsner, Anatoly Gibel, Yael Ratner,
and Abraham Weizman
Chapter 15 Neurosteroids in Cortical Development and the Etiology
of Schizophrenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samantha S. Gizerian
251
299
Contents
Chapter 16 Neurosteroid Perturbation and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms in Schizophrenia: From the Mechanisms
to the Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flavia di Michele, Carlo Caltagirone,
and Gianfranco Spalletta
Chapter 17 Dehydroepiandrosterone Administration in Treating
Medical and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: High
Hopes, Disappointing Results, and Topics
for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michael S. Ritsner
Chapter 18 Allopregnanolone and Pregnenolone Alterations
Following Pharmacological Agents in Rodents
and Clinical Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Victoria M. Payne, Jason D. Kilts, Jennifer C. Naylor,
Jennifer L. Strauss, Patrick S. Calhoun, Roger D. Madison,
and Christine E. Marx
Chapter 19 Reconsidering Classifications of Depression
Syndromes: Lessons from Neuroactive Steroids
and Evolutionary Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bernardo Dubrovsky
ix
325
337
369
385
Chapter 20 Neuroactive Steroids in Brain and Relevance to Mood . . . 423
Torbjörn Bäckström, Lotta Andréen, Marie Bixo, Inger Björn,
Guillén Fernández, Inga-Maj Johansson, Per Lundgren,
Magnus Löfgren, Sigrid Nyberg, Gianna Ragagnin,
Inger Poromaa-Sundström, Jessica Strömberg,
Frank van Broekhoven, Guido van Wingen,
and Ming-De Wang
Chapter 21 The Role of Neuroactive Steroids in Anxiety Disorders . . .
Erin M. MacKenzie, Glen B. Baker,
and Jean-Michel Le Mellédo
435
Chapter 22 The Role of Midbrain 3a,5a-THP in Mediating
Exploration, Anxiety, Social, and Reproductive Behavior .
Cheryl A. Frye and Madeline E. Rhodes
449
Chapter 23 The Role of Progesterone and its Metabolites
in Premenstrual Disorders of Affect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Akiko Dohi, Glenn H. Dillon, and Meharvan Singh
483
x
Contents
Chapter 24 Neurosteroid Derangement in Women Diagnosed
with Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Daniel Stein, Rachel Maayan, Ron Loewenthal,
and Abraham Weizman
Chapter 25 Neurosteroids in Alcohol and Substance Use . . . . . . . . . . .
Brett C. Ginsburg, Lisa R. Gerak, Lance R. McMahon,
and John D. Roache
493
509
Chapter 26 The Role of Neurosteroids in Development
of Pediatric Psychopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pavel Golubchik and Abraham Weizman
539
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
555
Contributors
Lotta Andréen, M.D., Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Sweden, [email protected]
Torbjörn Bäckström, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden, Torbjorn.
[email protected]
Glen B. Baker, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Mackenzie Centre,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,
[email protected]
Juan Beauquis
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry,
Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos
Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, [email protected]
Vita Birzniece, M.D., Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center,
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Umeå, Norrlands University
Hospital, Sweden, [email protected]
Marie Bixo, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate professor, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center,
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Umeå, Norrlands University
Hospital, Sweden, [email protected]
Inger Björn, M.D., Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, University
of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden, [email protected]
xi
xii
Contributors
Stefan R. Bornstein, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor of Medicine, Director and Chair,
Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Dresden,
Germany, [email protected]
Thomas Borowski, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Claremont,
California, USA, [email protected]
Frank van Broekhoven, M.D., Ph.D.s
Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands, [email protected].
Mike B. Calford, Ph.D.
Professor, Pro Vice-Chancellor, Health, University of Newcastle, New South
Wales 2308, Australia, [email protected]
Patrick S. Calhoun, Ph.D.
Director, Health Services Research Core, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness
Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), Director, Psychology
Post-Doctoral Training, Durham VA Medical Center,
Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,
[email protected]
Carlo Caltagirone, M.D.
IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural
Neurology, Rome, and Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University,
Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Victor V. Chaban, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,
USA, [email protected]
Ioannis Charalampopoulos, Ph.D.
Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,
University of Crete, [email protected]
Elias Castanas, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine,
University of Crete, [email protected]
Contributors
Glenn H. Dillon, Ph.D.
Professor and Vice President for Research, Department of Pharmacology and
Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, USA
Akiko Dohi
Graduate Student, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
Bernardo Dubrovsky
Research Scientist, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, bernardo.
[email protected]
Guillen Fernández, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor, F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging,
Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
[email protected]
Cheryl A. Frye, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY,
Albany, New York, USA, [email protected]
Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
Instituto Cajal, C.S.I.C., Spain, [email protected]
Lisa R. Gerak
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology,
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,
Texas, USA
Anatoly Gibel, M.D.
Senior Psychiatrists, Acute Department, Sha’ar Menashe
Mental Health Center, Israel, [email protected]
Brett C. Ginsburg
Assistant Professor, Division of Alcohol and Drug Addiction,
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA,
[email protected]
Samantha S. Gizerian, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles,
California, USA, [email protected]
xiii
xiv
Contributors
Pavel Golubchik, M.D.
Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Geha Mental Health Center,
Petah Tiqva, Israel, [email protected]
Achille Gravanis, Pharm.D., Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,
University of Crete, [email protected]
David Haage, Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
Tibor Hajszan, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center,
Szeged, Hungary, [email protected]
Yasushi Hojo
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Françoise Homo-Delarche
CNRS UMR 7059, Université Paris, Diderot, Paris, France,
[email protected]
Zsofia Hoyk, Ph.D.
Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Szeged,
Hungary, [email protected]
Bryan Hyler
The Charles Drew University School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA,
[email protected]
Hirotaka Ishii
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Inga-Maj Johansson, Ph.D.
Associate professor, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical
Sciences, University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
Kristiina Kask, M.D, Ph.D.s
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Academic Hospital, Uppsala,
Sweden, [email protected]
Contributors
xv
Suguru Kawato
Professor, Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts
and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan, [email protected]
Erin M. MacKenzie, B.Sc.
Department of Psychiatry, Mackenzie Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada, [email protected]
Jason D. Kilts, Ph.D.
Senior Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, USA, [email protected]
Tetsuya Kimoto
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Alexander W. Krug, M.D.
Research scientist, Medizinische Klinik III, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav
Carus Universität Dresden, Germany, [email protected]
Sonsoles de Lacalle, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Charles
Drew University, Los Angeles, California, USA, [email protected]
Charlotte Lindblad, Ph.D.s,
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden, Charlotte.
[email protected]
Ron Loewenthal, M.D.
Tissue-Typing Laboratory and Bone Marrow Registry, The Safra Children’s
Hospital, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer,
The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Magnus Löfgren, Ph.D.s
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
Per Lundgren, Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
xvi
Contributors
Rachel Maayan, Ph.D.
Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center,
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Lance R. McMahon
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, The University
of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
Roger D. Madison, Ph.D.
Associate Research Professor, Department of Experimental Surgery,
Associate Medical Research Professor, Department of Neurobiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Research Career Scientist, Durham VA Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA, [email protected]
Andrew N. Margioris, M.D.
Professor, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine,
University of Crete, [email protected]
Christine E. Marx’s, M.D., M,A.
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University Medical Center, Director, Clinical Interventions Core; Director,
Psychiatry Fellowship Program, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research,
Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham VA Medical Center, Durham,
North Carolina, USA, [email protected]
Roberto C. Melcangi, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology,
University of Milan, Italy, [email protected]
Jean-Michel Le Melledo, M.D.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Mackenzie Centre,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,
[email protected]
Flavia di Michele, M.D., Ph.D.
Mental Health Service and Department of Neuroscience,
Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
Hideo Mukai
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts
and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Gen Murakami
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Contributors
Jennifer C. Naylor, Ph.D.
Research Associate, Duke University Medical Center, Durham VA
Medical Center, North Carolina,
USA, [email protected]
Alejandro F. De Nicola
Director, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, [email protected]
Sigrid Nyberg, Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
Mari Ogiue-Ikeda
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts
and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Arpad Parducz, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Szeged,
Hungary, [email protected]
Victoria M. Payne, M.D., M.S.
Psychiatry Research Fellow, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research,
Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham VA Medical Center,
Durham, North Carolina, USA, [email protected]
Luciana Pietranera
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y
Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina, [email protected]
Gianna Ragagnin, Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
Mozibur Rahman, M.D., Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
Yael Ratner, M.D.
Senior Psychiatrists, Acute Department, Sha’ar Menashe Mental
Health Center, Israel, [email protected]
xvii
xviii
Contributors
Madeline E. Rhodes
Psychology Department, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts,
USA, [email protected]
Michael S. Ritsner, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate Professor of psychiatry, and Head, Cognitive and Psychobiology
Research Laboratory, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa Director, Acute Department,
Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel,
[email protected]; [email protected]
John D. Roache
Professor, Division of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Department of Psychiatry,
The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Yuri B. Saalmann, Ph.D.
Research Scientist, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of
Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, [email protected]
Colin J. Saldanha Ph.D.
Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, USA, [email protected]
Flavia E. Saravia
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y
Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, and Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, [email protected]
Barney A. Schlinger
Professor and Vice-Chair, Department of Physiological Science,
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA, [email protected]
Meharvan Singh, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
University of North Texas Health Science Center, USA, [email protected]
Gianfranco Spalletta, M.D., Ph.D.
IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural
Neurology, Rome, and Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University,
Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Contributors
xix
Daniel Stein, M.D.
Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, Safra Children’s Hospital, The Chaim
Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel, [email protected]
Jessica Strömberg, Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden, Jessica,
[email protected]
Inger Sundström-Poromaa, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor, Department Women’s and Children’s Health, Academic Hospital,
Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected]
Jennifer L. Strauss, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke
University Medical Center, Health Scientist, Durham VA Medical Center,
Durham, North Carolina, USA, [email protected]
Rael D. Strous, M.D.
Beer Yaakov Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine,
Tel Aviv University, Israel, [email protected]
Erika Timby, M.D., Ph.D.
Student, Umeå neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
Umeå University, Sweden, [email protected]
Christos Tsatsanis, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine,
University of Crete, [email protected]
Sahruh Turkmen, M.D., Ph.D.
Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences,
University of Umeå, Norrlands University Hospital, Sweden,
[email protected]
Ming-De Wang, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center,
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Umeå, Norrlands University
Hospital, Sweden, [email protected]
xx
Contributors
Abraham Weizman, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry and Director of Felsenstein Medical
Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University
and Director of Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva,
Israel, [email protected]
Guido van Wingen, Ph.D., F.C.
Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen,
The Netherlands, [email protected]
Christian G. Ziegler, Ph.D.
Research Scientist, Medizinische Klinik III, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav
Carus, Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany