BIO 137 CHEMISTRY WORKSHEET B
1.
2.
Define the term chemistry: Chemistry is the study of matter.
Give the chemical symbol and name of the FOUR most abundant naturally
occurring elements in humans.
Symbol
Element name
Symbol
Element name
O
Oxygen
H
Hydrogen
C
Carbon
N
Nitrogen
3.
Give the chemical symbol and name of FOUR other naturally occurring elements
in humans. Examples include
Symbol
Element name
Symbol
Element name
Fe
Iron
Zn
Zinc
K
Potassium
Cl
Chlorine
4.
Name the three subatomic particles, and distinguish between them in terms of
charge, weight, and location of each.
SUBATOMIC
PARTICLE
CHARGE
LOCATION
MASS
(WEIGHT)
PROTON
NEUTRON
+
NUCLEUS
1
0
NUCLEUS
1
ELECTRON
-
ORBITALS
0
n
5.
6.
The atomic number of Fluorine is 9. Determine the following: .
a.
The number of protons = 9
b.
The number of electrons = 9
c.
Draw the electron configuration of the atom; 2 in first, 7 in second.
d.
The number of valence electrons = 7
e.
How will fluorine react? It will gain an electron; it will become an anion; it
will form ionic bond.
The atomic number of Sodium is 11. Determine the following: .
a.
The number of protons = 11
b.
The number of electrons = 11
c
Draw the electron configuration of the atom; 2 in first, 8 in 2nd; 1 in third.
d.
e.
The number of valence electrons = 1
How will sodium react? It will lose an electron; it will become an cation; it
will form ionic bond.
7.
Complete the sentence: Atoms are NEUTRAL in charge.
8.
Explain how atoms react with one another (i.e. interactions between what
subatomic particles)? THROUGH THEIR VALENCE ELECTRONS
9.
Fill in the table re: types of chemical bonds, and give an example of a molecule
(or macromolecule) that demonstrates each.
TYPE OF BOND
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
IONIC
Electrons are transferred
SALTS
COVALENT
ELECTRONS ARE
SHARED
Within a water molecule
HYDROGEN
Weak
BETWEEN WATER
MOLECULES
10. Compare & Contrast the two major types of chemical reactions
DEGRADATION
SYNTHESIS
Descriptive sentence
BREAKING POLYMERS INTO
MONOMERS
BUILDING POLYMER FROM
MONOMERS
Energy required or
released?
RELEASED - EXERGONIC
REQUIRED - ENERGONIC
Water required or
released? Term?
REQUIRED - HYDROLYSIS
RELEASED/REMOVED –
DEHYDRATION
Example in Human
Metabolism
BREAKING PROTEIN INTO AMINO
ACIDS
BUILDING TRIGLYCERIDE
FROM GLYCEROL AND
3 FATTY ACIDS
11. Acids, bases, and salts are held together by what type of chemical bond? IONIC
12. When acids are dissolved in water, they dissociate (i.e. the bond named above
breaks) and they donate a HYDROGEN cation.
13. When bases are dissolved in water, they dissociate and donate a HYDROXIDE
anion.
14. The relative concentrations of #2 and #3 above, determine the pH of a solution.
The pH scale ranges from 0 at the acid end, to 14 at the basic end, and neutral
pH is 7.
15. Name another term for basic. ALKALINE
16. At acid pH, the concentration of HYDROGEN ions is greater than the
concentration of HYDROXIDE ions.
17. At neutral pH, the concentration of HYDROGEN ions is equal to the
concentration of HYDROXIDE ions.
18. At basic pH, the concentration of HYDROGEN ions is less than the concentration
of HYDROXIDE ions.
19. The pH of fruit juices is (choose one):
acid
basic
neutral
20. The pH of distilled water is (choose one):
acid
basic
neutral
21. The pH of ammonia is (choose one):
acid
basic
neutral
22. The pH of human blood and tissue fluids is (choose one):
7.0
7.4
7.8
23. Name the type of compound that is added to solutions to prevent abrupt pH
changes? BUFFERS
24. Organic macromolecules are held together by strong bonds called COVALENT
bonds, which involve the sharing of electrons between monomers.
25. When monomers are bonded together through the bond named above, how is
water involved?
Water is REMOVED/RELEASED in a process called
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.
26. When monomers are bonded together to form macromolecules, how is energy
involved? Energy is REQUIRED and the term used to describe this is
ENDERGONIC.
27. The four organic macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins,
and nucleic acids.
a. Name
the
monomer
(building
block)
MONOSACCHARIDES OR HEXOSE SUGARS
of
carbohydrates.
b. Name the monomer of fats. TRIGYCERIDES
c. Name the monomer of proteins. AMINO ACIDS
d. Name the monomer of nucleic acids. NUCLEOTIDES
28. When dehydrations synthesis occurs between monomers of organic molecules,
polymers are formed.
a. Name five polymers of carbohydrates.
i. LACTOSE ( A DISACCHARIDE)
ii. SUCROSE ( A DISACCHARIDE)
iii. MALTOSE ( A FUN DISACCHARIDE :--))
iv. GLYCOGEN (AN ANIMAL POLYSACCHARIDE)
v. STARCH (A PLANT POLYSACCHARIDE)
b. Name the special bond between the monomers of proteins. PEPTIDE
c. Name the two polymers of nucleic acids.
i. DNA
ii. RNA
29. Organic molecules have special functions.
a. Name the function of all carbohydrates. ENERGY/ENERGY STORAGE
b. Name the function of fats. ENERGY/ENERGY STORAGE
c. Name the many functions of proteins.
i. STRUCTURE
ii. TRANSPORT
iii. MOVEMENT
iv. CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
v. DEFENSE
vi. CATALYSTS
d. Name the function of the most important nucleic acid.
DNA DIRECTS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
e. What type of chemical bond holds this important molecule together?
HYDROGEN BONDS HOLD THE TWO SIDES OF THE DNA LADDER
TOGETHER.
30. In addition to fats, two other classes of lipids exist. Name the two classes and
give a function for each.
a. PHOSPHOLIPIDS – CELL MEMBRANE COMPONENT
b. STEROIDS – HORMONES AND CELL MEMBRANE COMPONENT
31. If proteins encounter extreme pH, temperature, or chemical conditions, they
lose their quaternary shape. What is this process called?
DENATURATION