Introduction to Biology. Lecture 24
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
March 29, 2017
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
1 / 23
Outline
1
Questions and answers
Exam 3
2
Where we are
Animals
3
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Plants are going terrestrial
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
2 / 23
Outline
1
Questions and answers
Exam 3
2
Where we are
Animals
3
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Plants are going terrestrial
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
2 / 23
Outline
1
Questions and answers
Exam 3
2
Where we are
Animals
3
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Plants are going terrestrial
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
2 / 23
Questions and answers
Exam 3
Questions and answers
Exam 3
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
3 / 23
Questions and answers
Exam 3
Results of Exam 3: statistic summary
Summary:
Min. 1st Qu. Median
38.00
56.00
65.00
Grades:
F
D
C
B max
< 60 < 70 < 80 < 90 100
Shipunov (MSU)
Mean 3rd Qu.
65.69
75.50
BIOL 111
Max.
100.00
NA’s
12
March 29, 2017
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Questions and answers
Exam 3
Results of Exam 3: the curve
Density estimation for Exam 3 (Biol 111)
40
60
(F)
80
90
(B)
100
Points
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
5 / 23
Questions and answers
Exam 3
Results of Exam 3: sections
100
Competition between Biol 111 sections (Exam 3 )
50
60
70
80
90
●
40
●
111−3
Shipunov (MSU)
111−2
111−1
111−5
BIOL 111
111−6
111−9
111−10
March 29, 2017
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Questions and answers
Exam 3
Results of Exam 3: priority vs. points
Grade vs. priority
45
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30
Points, out of 50
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25
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20
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Priority of submission
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
7 / 23
Questions and answers
Exam 3
Results of Exam 3: three questions
14. In Cambrian, Orsten and Burgess faunas were located:
A
B
C
On Siberian continent
On Gondwana continent
In the ocean
19. Cambrian echinoderms:
A
B
C
Sea cucumbers
Sea horses
Sea lilies
22. Jet motion is characteristic for:
A
B
C
Some arthropods
Some chordates
Some mollusks
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
8 / 23
Where we are
Animals
Where we are
Animals
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
9 / 23
Where we are
Animals
Phylogeny of eight classes
Mammalia
Aves
Reptilia
Amphibia
Dipnoi
Actinopterygii
Chondrichthyes
Leptocardii
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
10 / 23
Where we are
Animals
Timescale of Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era
Phanerozoic eon
Paleozoic era
Cambrian period: 541 Mya
Ordovician period: 485 Mya
Silurian period: 443 Mya
Devonian period: 419 Mya
Carboniferous period: 358 Mya
Permian period: 299–252 Mya
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
11 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian:
three ages of fishes
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
12 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Ordovician period
Climate changed from hot to glaciated (Gondwana hits the South Pole)
Marine fauna spread out, especially cephalopods, conodonts and
graptolites
In the end, the first great extinction: 85% of marine species extinct
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
13 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Graptolites
They were plankton colonial animals close to echinoderms and
chordates
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
14 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Silurian period
Fluctuating climate
Prospering of marine fauna again
Land colonization started from plants and arthropods!
South Pole still in the Gondwana
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
15 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Silurian sea
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
16 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes
Devonian period
Moderate climate becoming warmer
Exceptionally high sea level
Greatest diversity of marine fauna in Paleozoic (especially fishes)
Terrestrial vertebrates: tetrapods appeared!
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
17 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Plants are going terrestrial
Everyone is going terrestrial
Plants are going terrestrial
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
18 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Plants are going terrestrial
Protists, algae and plants
Photosynthetic protists are algae
Plants are descendants of green algae, they developed tissues in
the process of land colonization
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
19 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Plants are going terrestrial
Primordial plant cell: cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole and turgor,
plasmodesmata
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BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
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Everyone is going terrestrial
Plants are going terrestrial
Origin of tissues and organs of plants: first steps
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BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
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Everyone is going terrestrial
Plants are going terrestrial
Summary
Plants are photosynthetic multi-tissued eukaryotes
Plants developed tissues independently from animals, in the
process of land colonization
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
22 / 23
Everyone is going terrestrial
Plants are going terrestrial
For Further Reading
Plant cell.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell
Plant tissues.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_%28biology%
29#Plant_tissues
Shipunov (MSU)
BIOL 111
March 29, 2017
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