Guided Study for Chapter 14 Test
Holt Biology - Ch. 14, 19, & 20.1
This is just a tool to guide your study process. Refer to your previous assignments and class activities to
complete the guided study. It is recommended that you double check your answers and have a parent/friend
quiz you over the material to be thoroughly ready for the test.
x_______________________
Key Vocabulary: Use key terms from throughout the chapter to complete each definition or statement.
1. A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among organisms is a _________________ and the
modern classification system that relies on them is called ___________________.
2. The science of naming and classifying organisms ___________________.
3. Reproduction where offspring come from combining of 2 gametes is ____________________.
4. Organisms that capture energy from biotic sources are _____________________.
5. Organisms composed of just one cell are ___________________. These often may remain attached to
each other to form a __________________ cellular organization.
6. The two-named naming system that was first used by Linnaeus is _____________________________.
7. Similar traits as a result of common ancestry are __________________________, whereas similar traits
that evolved in separate groups of organisms not closely related are ____________________________.
8. Viral cycle that involves viral DNA incorporating into the host cell DNA is the _______________cycle.
9. Reproduction where offspring come from a single parent and no gametes is _____________________.
10. Organisms with internal membrane bound organelles are _____________________.
11. Structure present as the outermost layer of all animal-infecting viruses is the _____________________.
12. Organisms composed of many cells that have taken on specialized structures and functions are true
___________________ organisms.
13. ___________________ is all of the complex chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
14. A homologous trait that separates classification groups is a _____________________________.
15. Interbreeding populations that do not naturally interbreed with other groups are _______________.
16. Organisms that lack internal membrane bound organelles including a nucleus are __________________.
17. Homo sapiens and Turdus migratorius are examples of ___________________________.
18. Organisms that do not move and generally stay in one place are described as ________________,
whereas organisms that preform energetic processes requiring ATP and actively moving are described as
________________.
19. Viral cycle that involves the bursting of infected cells to release the large number of manufactured
viruses is called _______________cycle.
20. Organisms that capture energy from abiotic sources are ____________________.
21. An injection of a weakened virus or parts of a virus that allow the body to build up an immunity is a
_______________________.
22. Coat of protein that surrounds the viral genetic material is the ______________________.
23. Different cells performing specific functions have gone through _______________________________.
1
Holt Biology - Ch. 14, 19, & 20.1
Multiple Choices: Circle ALL that are true. There may be MORE THAN one correct answer.
24. Solely from its name you can tell Rhizopus nigricans must be ______________________.
A. in the genus Rhizopus
B. in the genus nigricans
C. in the species nigricans
D. in the species Rhizopus
E. an animal
25. A useful classification system __________________________.
A. gives each organism a unique name
B. shows evolutionary relationships
C. uses different scientific names for the same organism
D. changes the taxon (classification group) of an organism based on the newest data
26. In classifying organisms, closely related “Orders” are grouped together into _________________.
A. genera
B. phyla
C. families
D. classes
27. The largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus’s taxonomic categories is the _________________.
A. order
B. kingdom
C. phylum
D. species
E. domain
28. The study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms is called ___________________.
A. cladistics
B. domainology
C. scientific naming
D. binomial nomenclature
29. This diagram (at the right) which shows the evolutionary relationships
among a group of organisms is called a ________.
A. taxon
B. cladogram
C. classification bush
D. domain
30. A unique evolutionary trait such as: “Jaws”, “Lungs”, and “Feathers”
that is used to construct such a diagram (at the right), are called
___________.
A. taxa
B. molecular clocks
C. derived characteristics
D. binomial traits
31. Which of the following tells how to write a scientific name?
A. Names are written in Latin.
B. The genus name is always capitalized.
C. The species name is always capitalized.
D. The genus name is NOT capitalized.
E. The species name is NOT capitalized.
F. Both names are written in italics.
G. Names are written in the local regional language.
*Use the rules above to correctly write the scientific name for humans ________________________
2
Holt Biology - Ch. 14, 19, & 20.1
32. Organisms that can make their own food using chemosynthesis or photosynthesis are called ________.
A. heterotrophic
B. differentiated
C. sessile
D. autotrophic
33. Organisms whose cells have a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes are called __________.
A. sessile
B. multicellular
C. eukaryotes
D. prokaryotes
34. Which category is LARGER and more inclusive than a KINGDOM?
A. genus
B. class
C. phyla
D. domain
35. Thermophiles are organisms that can live in ________________ environments.
A. high salt
B. high temperature
C. high oxygen
D. high sulfur
36. Which domain includes organisms from more than one kingdom?
A. Eukarya
B. Archaea
C. Bacteria
37. Which of the following scientists developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a
genus and species name?
A. Mayr
B. Aristotle
C. Linnaeus
D. Darwin
38. Poison ivy is also known as Rhus toxicodendron. Its species identifier is
A. Poison
B. Rhus
C. ivy
D. toxicodendron
39. Refer to the illustration below. A shark’s skeleton is made of cartilage while a dolphin’s skeleton is
made of bone. This is one reason the two organisms are placed in different __________.
A. Kingdoms
B. Domains
40. Class is to family as _______ is to __________.
A. Order : phylum
B. Genus : class
C. Subspecies
D. Classes
C. Species : genus
D. Phylum : order
True or False: Determine if the statement is true (T) or false (F). If false, correct the underlined word or
phrase to make the statement true.
41. _____ The least inclusive group to which an organism can belong is the kingdom.
42. _____ Bird wings and insect wings are homologous structures.
43. _____ Most organisms in the kingdoms Animalia and Plantae are multicellular.
44. _____ All organisms in the kingdom Animalia are multicellular, heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls.
45. _____ A family is a larger taxonomic unit than an order.
46. _____ The correct order of the 8 taxonomic levels is: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order,
Genus, Species.
47. _____ Greek philosopher who first classified organisms as plants or animals was Achilles.
48. _____ Vaccination may involve using weakened, dead, or small recognizable parts of viruses.
3
Holt Biology - Ch. 14, 19, & 20.1
49. _____ A binomial nomenclature is a series of paired statements that describe characteristics of different
organisms that can be used to classify and identify living things.
50. _____ In multicellular organisms, cells of the same structure and function make up tissues, and multiple
tissues make up organs, and multiple organs make up organ systems.
Fill in the Blanks: Complete each statement with specific information from the concepts learned.
51. Large taxonomic group made up of closely related phyla that is the top level in Linnaeus’s classification
hierarchy is a ________________.
52. A __________________ is a group of closely related classes.
53. An organism that CAN’T make its own food and must gets is energy from consuming other organisms
is a ________________________.
54. Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei. Includes: protists, plants, fungi, and animals
________________
55. Polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi is ___________________.
56. Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls or chloroplasts is
____________________. Their domain is __________________.
57. Kingdom of “ancient” unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan and are
often found in harsh environments such as volcano hot springs, brine pools, and other anaerobic
conditions is _____________________. Their domain is __________________.
58. Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made of peptidoglycan is ________________.
Their domain is ____________________.
59. Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi is ______________.
Their domain is ____________________.
60. Kingdom composed of heterotrophs including mushrooms, toadstools, and yeast that obtain energy and
nutrients from dead organic matter is _________________. Their domain is __________________.
61. Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cells walls containing cellulose and
chloroplasts is ___________________. Their domain is __________________.
62. Group of similar orders is _______________ and a group of similar families is ________________.
63. Substance made of sugars and peptides and is in the cell walls of Eubacteria ______________________.
64. Polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants and some protists is __________________.
65. Name of the three domains: _________________, ________________, and ___________________.
66. Name of the six kingdoms of classification: ____________________, _____________________,
___________________, ___________________, ___________________, ___________________.
67. You have just discovered a new organism that can’t make its own food, has a nucleus, and has chitin in
its cell wall. You would classify it in the kingdom: ________________ and domain:_______________.
4
Holt Biology - Ch. 14, 19, & 20.1
68. Tell how some protists are like animals, but also how they differ:
Similarities: _________________________________________________________________________
Differences: _________________________________________________________________________
69. Tell how some protists are like plants, but also how they differ:
Similarities: _________________________________________________________________________
Differences: _________________________________________________________________________
70. Tell how the cell walls of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are different.
Archaebacteria: ______________________________________________________________________
Eubacteria: __________________________________________________________________________
71. Tell several ways plants differ from animals.
Plants: _____________________________________________________________________________
Animals ____________________________________________________________________________
72. Tell several ways viruses are different from living cells.
Viruses: ____________________________________________________________________________
Living cells: ________________________________________________________________________
73. Match the description of organism with its kingdom:
____ Eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cell walls contain chitin
____ Prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan
____ Multicellular autotrophs with chloroplasts whose cell walls contain
cellulose
____ Prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan
____ Heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls
or chloroplasts
____ Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular eukaryotes that show
the widest variety of characteristics
74. Label each organism with the kingdom and domain to which it belongs.
Kingdom:__________________
Kingdom:__________________
Domain:___________________
Domain:___________________
A. EUBACTERIA
B. ARCHAEBACTERIA
C. PROTISTA
D. PLANTAE
E. FUNGI
F. ANIMALIA
Kingdom:_____________
Kingdom:______________
Kingdom:________________
Domain:______________
Domain:_______________
Domain:_________________
5
Holt Biology - Ch. 14, 19, & 20.1
75. Use the information in the following table to construct a cladogram:
Draw cladogram in space below:
Derived Traits
Backbone
Legs
Hair
Earthworm absent
absent
absent
Trout
present
absent
absent
Lizard
present
present
absent
Human
present
present
present
Organisms
76. Use the dichotomous key below to identify each bird. Remember to start with step 1.
Bird W=___________________
Bird X= ___________________
Bird Y= ___________________
Bird Z= ___________________
77. Explain how genes are used to help scientists classify organisms.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
78. A scientist analyzes the insulin molecules, which are hormone molecules found in three different
species: A, B, and C. The insulin from A is different from B in six ways and different from C in two
ways. Insulin B is different from C in three ways. Which two species appear to be most closely related?
Explain._____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
79. Draw a typical animal-infecting virus in the box at the right,
and label its three main components.
80. Circle the components, that are found in all viruses.
6
Holt Biology - Ch. 14, 19, & 20.1
81. In the diagram below, “A” is a very basic model showing how a virus completes the ________________
cycle and “B” is showing how the virus completes the ________________cycle.
1.
7.
9.
6.
2.
5.
3.
8.
4.
82. Label the following components in the diagram above: phage, bacterial cell, prophage, bacterial
chromosome, new phages.
83. Describe what is happening at each step in the diagram above. Be descriptive for each illustration.
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________
84. Why would it make sense for a virus to remain dormant in the ______________ cycle, when it could be
replicated in massive numbers, as during the ______________cycle? ____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
85. Which viruses are the hardest to make vaccines for? _________________________________________
86. What does it mean for a person to be immune to a virus? ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7