General Questions on the Course of Plant Anatomy
Put true [T] or false [F] in front of the following sentences: all true
1. Plant in general consists of two systems: shoot and root systems.
2. The basic plant organs are roots, leaves, stems, flowers.
3. All organisms are composed of cells.
4. Cells are the basic unit concerned with the function and the structure of the organism.
5. Cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing.
6. Each cell contains microscopic organelles.
7. Root hairs has thin wall to facilitate the absorption of soil solution.
8. The number of cells varies from one organism to another.
9. According to the structure, cells divided into Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
10. Eukaryotic cells are cells that have nuclear envelope and organelles.
11. Prokaryotic cells are cells that have not either nuclear envelope or organelles.
12. According to function: cells divided into Somatic cells and Reproductive cells.
13. Somatic cells are cells which doing all the vital functions away from reproductive
competence, and have diploid chromosome [2n].
14. Reproductive cells responsible for the process of sexual reproduction and the transfer of
genetic traits from one generation to another, such as the egg cell and sperms, haploid
chromosome set [n].
15. Tonoplast is the last layers of the cytoplasm surrounding the vacuoles from the inside.
16. Plasma membrane is the outer most layers of cytoplasm that surrounding the animal cells from
the outside, and followed by the cell wall in plant cells.
17. Plasma membrane characterized by the phenomenon of selective permeability
18. Plasma membrane protects the cell from external factors.
19. Plasma membrane receives sensory information from outside the cell in the form of
hormones.
20. Plasma membrane play a role in the organization of cellular communication and
exchange of materials
21. Ribosomes are tiny protoplasmic objects occurred free in the cytoplasm, or on the surface
of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
22. Ribosomes represents the center protein synthesis in the cell
23. Golgi apparatus consists of a group of objects called Dictyosomes spread in the plasma.
24. The main function of Golgi apparatus is secretion.
25. Golgi apparatus Secrete pectin materials necessary to configure the middle plate.
26. Golgi apparatus Secrete the cellulose component in the plant cell wall
27. Mitochondria are protoplasmic bodies, responsible for the respiration.
28. Mitochondria increase in the cells where energy is most needed.
29. Plastids are living objects found only in plant cells.
30. Some plant cells contain one plastid as in some algae [Spirogyra].
31. Cells of higher plants often contain many plastids as in leaf Elodia.
32. Plastids divided according to the presence or absence of pigments into Choroplasts,
Chromoplasts and Lucoplasts.
33. Chloroplasts can be converted from one image to another.
34. Chloroplasts may be: discoid, spiral, cup-shaped or star-shaped as in figure below.
35. Chloroplasts have outer double membrane.
36. The grana contains chlorophyll are capable of absorbing solar energy.
37. Nucleus is usually present in the center of mature animal cell.
38. Nucleus is usually it appears to side position in the mature plant cells.
39. Mature plant cells contain one nucleus.
40. Lower plant cells may contain many nuclei.
41. Nucleus contains the genetic information that is passed on from cell to cell and from
generation to generation.
42. Nucleus consists mainly of four parts: Nuclear membrane, Nuclear plasma, Nucleolus and
Chromatin net.
43. Nucleolus is small spherical body rich in nuclear acids [RNA] and proteins.
44. Starch grains may be simple [when contain on hilum], half compound {more than one
hilum surrounding by one wall] or compound [more than one hilum surrounding each with
separate wall]
45. In higher plant tissues are divided into two main groups depending on the origin and
function
46. Plant Tissues divided into Permanent tissues and Meristematic tissues
47. Apical meristems occurs in the apex of both roots and stems
48. Intercalary meristems occurs in the nodes and base of leaves (monocots)
49. Lateral meristems as vascular cambium and cork cambium
50. Apical meristems derived mainly from one origin [pro-meristem] which divided into
primary meristematic tissues, then become primary tissues as follow
51. Promeristems when divide give primary meristems
52. Primary meristems in apical shoot include protoderm, ground meristem, leaf primordia
and procambium
53. Protoderm grow to permanent tissue [epidermis or dermal tissues]
54. Ground meristem grow to permanent tissue [cortex and pith]
55. Cortex and pith consists of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues
56. Procambium grow to permanent tissue [primary xylem & primary phloem]
57. Plant in general consists of two systems: shoot systems and root systems.
58. Ribosomes represents the center protein synthesis in the
59. Golgi apparatus consists of a group of objects called Dictyosomes
60. Dermal tissue protect the other tissues below it.
61. Elongation of roots and shoots from the apical meristems is called 1ry growth.
62. Secondary growth Increase in thickening of roots and stems.
63. Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem, phloem and rays.
64. Periderm replaces the epidermis and is impermeable to water.
65. Secondary growth produced in the roots and stem of dicots.
66. Cork cambium divided into Periderm outside the cortex.
67. Vascular bundles closed and scattered throughout monocot stems
68. Vascular opened and arranged in ring throughout dicot stems.
69. Plerome is a primary meristematic tissues which responsible for production of the
vascular tissues.
70. Secondary meristematic tissues originated from primary meristems which lost its ability to
divide for a period of time and then returned its activity [as vascular cambium].
71. Secondary meristematic tissues originated from mature tissue regain its activity to divide
as phellogen [cork cambium].
72. Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem (wood) , phloem and rays.
73. Cork cambium (Originates from parenchyma cells that regain the capacity to divide):
produce the periderm, that replaces the epidermis (and is impermeable to water).
74. Secondary growth produced in the roots and stem of only dicots and gymnosperms.
75. Vascular cambium which regain its activity is (fasicular).
76. Parenchyma cells in between the vascular bundles which regain its capacity to divide is
(inter fasicular cambium).
77. Vascular cambium divided into secondary phloem & secondary xylem and xylem ray
parenchyma. While the inter-fasicular cambium divided into pith ray.
Define the following:
Give the scientific term for the following:
1. Cells: are the basic unit which concerned with the function and the structure of the
organism.
2. Root hairs: are long tubular to expose to a wide portion from the surface of the soil.
3. Eukaryotic cells: are cells that have nuclear envelope and organelles.
4. Prokaryotic cells: are cells that have not either nuclear envelope or organelles.
5. Somatic cells: are cells which doing all the vital functions away from reproduction.
6. Reproductive cells: are cells responsible for the process of sexual reproduction only.
7. Cytoplasm: is the main part of the vital components of living within the cell.
8. Tonoplast: is the last layers of the cytoplasm surrounding the vacuoles from the inside.
9. Plasma membrane: is the outer most layers of cytoplasm that surrounding the animal
cells from the outside, and followed by the cell wall in plant cells.
10. Ribosomes: are tiny protoplasmic bodies responsible for protein synthesis.
11. Mitochondria: are protoplasmic bodies, responsible for the respiration.
12. Plastids are: living objects found only in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
13. Nucleolus: is small spherical body rich in nuclear acids [RNA] and proteins.
14. Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a special function.
15. Meristematic tissues are a group of cells have the ability to split or divided
Draw a clear circle around the correct answer
Choose the correct answer
1. The branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of plants
A- Botany, B- Zoology, C- Microbiology
2. Studied all organisms that were not generally regarded as animal.
A- Zoologists, B- Botanists, C- Microbiologists
3. The study of plant structure, function, and evolution.
A- Zoology, B- Botany, C- Microbiology
4. Plant in general consists mainly of.
A- Three system, B- Two systems, C- Shoot and root systems, or D- both b and c
5. The basic plant organs are.
A- Three organs, B- Two organs or C- Four organs
6. All organisms are composed of units called
A- Organs, B- Cells, C- System
7. The basic unit which concerned with the function as well as the structure of the organism.
A- Cytoplasm, B- Cell, C- Nucleus
8. Cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing.
A- Meristematic, B- Preexisting cells, C- Embryonic cells
9. Plasma membrane from outside surrounded
A- Plant cells, B- Animal cells, C- Both
10. Each mature plant cell contains
A- Two nucleus, B- One nucleus, C- Many nucleus
11. What is incorrect, protoplasmic organelles in plant cells are
A- Mitochondria, B- Golgi apparatus, C- lysosomes
12. Root hairs are long tubular to increase
A- The penetration of the soil, B- The absorption surface, C- Both
13. Root hairs has thin wall to facilitate
A- The penetration of the soil, B- The absorption of soil solution, C- Both
14. According to the structure, cells divided into
A- Somatic & reproductive cells, B- Eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells, C- Both
15. Cells that have nuclear envelope and organelles are
A- Eukaryotic cells, B- Reproductive cells, Prokaryotic cells, C- Both
16. Cells which doing all the vital functions away from reproduction
A- Prokaryotic cells, B- Eukaryotic cells, C- Somatic cells
17. The last layers of the cytoplasm surrounding the vacuoles from the inside
A- Plasma membrane, B- Tonoplast, C- Both
18. Characterized by the phenomenon of selective permeability
A- Golgi Bodies, B- Plasma membrane, C- Ribosomes
19. Golgi apparatus present in
A- All cells, B- Red blood cells, Sperm cells, C- All false
20. Object consists of a set of hollow flattened disks in Golgi bodies
A- Plastids, B- Dictyosome, C- Ribosomes
21. The main function of Golgi apparatus is
A- Absorption, B- Secretion, C- Protection
22. Secrete pectin materials necessary to configure the middle plate
A- Plastids, B- Golgi bodies, C- Ribosomes
23. Golgi apparatus Secrete the cellulose component in the plant cell wall
A- Golgi bodies , B- Plastids, C- Ribosomes
24. Increase in the cells where energy is most needed
A- Plastids, B- Golgi bodies, C- Mitochondria
25. Increase the respiratory surface in Mitochondria
A- Stroma, B- Cristae C- Matrix
26. Plastids are living objects found
A- All cells, B- Animal cells, C- Only plant cells.
27. Lateral meristems as vascular cambium and cork cambium
A- Apical meristem, B- Lateral meristem, C- Root meristem
28. Promeristems when divide give
A- Primary meristems, B- Secondary meristem, C- Both
29. Ground meristem grow to permanent tissue [cortex and pith]
A- Epidermis, B- Xylem & phloem, C- Permanent tissue [cortex and pith]
30. Procambium grow to
A- Primary [xylem & phloem], B- Secondary [xylem & phloem], C- Both
31. In plants a region of actively dividing cells is referred to
a. parenchyma,
b. vascular tissue c. ground tissue
d. meristem
32. The primary photosynthetic cells of dicot leaves are
a. epidermal cells b. guard cells
c. mesophyll parenchyma cells
33. The location of leaf attachment on a stem is called a
a. branch
b. node
c. petiole
d. internode
34. Vascular tissue of plants is composed of
a. xylem for moving water and minerals, and phloem for moving products of photosynthesis
b. xylem for moving products of photosynthesis, and phloem for moving water and minerals
c. stomata for moving water, and guard cells for moving products of photosynthesis
35. During secondary growth, the vascular cambium
a. divides to form xylem toward the center and phloem toward the outside
b. divides to form the cortex and pith
c. is crushed by the rapidly dividing xylem and phloem cells
d. produces cork and cork parenchyma cells to form the periderm
36. A tree trunk increases in size. What is this process called
a. primary growth b. secondary growth
c. differentiated cells
d. apical meristem
37. Tissue located at the ends of roots and shoots.
a. Lateral meristems
b. Apical meristems c. Lateral buds
d. Internodes
38. Tissue consists of cells with hardened and thick secondary cell walls.
a. Collenchyma
b. Parenchyma
c. Sclerenchyma
39. Tissue transport(s) water and minerals from roots to the rest of a plant.
a. Xylem
b. Phloem
c. Sieve Tubes
40. New cells arise from the division of existing cells in specialized zones called
a- phloem
b- pith
c- meristems
d- xylem
41. Primary meristem tissue found in buds and root tips is called
a- axial meristems b- apical meristems
c- cork cambium
d- cambium
42. Lateral meristem that produces both the phloem & xylem tissues and is responsible for
growth in diameter is called
a- parenchyma
b- phloem
c- vessels
d- cambium
43. Tissue mostly responsible for conduction of water and minerals throughout the tree.
a- cambium b- meristem c- xylem
d- phloem
44. Small openings in the leaf surface that allow the exchange of gases are called is
a- guard cells
b- stomata d- chloroplasts
45. Gas exchange in most land plants occurs through structures called
a- stomata b- phloem
c- cuticles
46. Cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are
a- self-reproducing
b- the basic units of structure and function
c-Eukaryotic
47. Plants are made up of basic
a. Four systems
b. Three systems c. Two systems
48. Cells classified according to their function into
a- Eukaryotic or prokaryotic b- Somatic cells or Reproductive
49. Origin of collenchyma tissues
a- protoderm
b- ground meristem
50. may be branched, discoid or Y
a- starch grain
b- hilum
c-Eukaryotic or Reproductive
c- secondary meristem
c- chloroplast
List the ….
1. The main characters of Plasma membrane
2. The specific characters of
a- Plasma membrane
b- Ribosomes
d- Mitochondria
e- Green Plastids
3. The main function of Golgi apparatus
4. General characters of Meristematic tissues
c- Golgi apparatus
5. What do you know about The nucleus
6. What do you know about Cell theory
7. Why the cell dies when separated by the nucleus
8. List 3 functions for each of the major plant parts; roots, stems and leaves.
9. Describe the general functions of dermal tissue.
10. Explain how and why the epidermis of roots and stems differs.
11. How do the epidermal tissues of roots differ from those of stems and leaves? Suggest a
reason for the differences.
12. Why do you think you found collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells in stem and leaf tissue,
but not in the root?
13. The primary function of the vascular tissue system in plants is to