Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
BIOLOGY
Chapter 24: pp. 433 - 454
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Flowering Plants:
Structure and
Organization
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(Top left): © David Newman/Visuals Unlimited; (Top right): © Dwight Kuhn; (Bottom left): © Runk-Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; (Bottom center): © Ardea London Ltd.;
(Bottom right): Courtesy George Ellmore, Tufts University
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline

Plant Organs
Roots
 Stems
 Leaves




Monocots vs.
Eudicots
 Epidermal Tissue
 Vascular Tissue

Roots

Organization

Diversity
Stems

Organization

Diversity
Leaves

Organization

Diversity
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Organs of Flowering Plants

Flowering plants, or _________, are extremely diverse.

Most flowering plants possess a root system and a shoot system




Share many common structural features.

The _________ simply consists of the roots,

The _________ consists of the stem and leaves.
A typical plant features three vegetative ________

The _____,

The ______, and

The _______
____________are concerned with growth and nutrition
________, _______, and _______ are structures involved in
reproduction.
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Plant Organs

_______


Generally, the root system is ________ in size and
extent to the shoot system

______________

______________________

____________________
Root hairs:

Projections from epidermal root hair cells

Greatly increase _____________________
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Organization of Plant Body
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
terminal bud
blade
leaf
vein
petiole
axillary bud
stem
node
internode
node
vascular tissues
shoot system
root system
branch
root
root hairs
primary
root
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Vegetative Organs of Several Eudicots
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
blade
stem
roots
petiole
stems
lateral root
a. Root system, dandelion
b. Shoot system, bean seedling
(All): © Dwight Kuhn
c. Leaves, pumpkin seedling
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Stems

Shoot system of a plant is composed of the
_____, ________, and ________

________ is the main axis of a plant that
elongates and produces _______
_______ occur where leaves are attached to the
stem
 ________ is region between nodes


________ also has vascular tissue that
transports _____ and ________
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Leaves

_______ are the major part of the plant that
carries on photosynthesis

Foliage leaves are usually broad and thin




_______ - Wide portion of foliage leaf
________ - Stalk attaches blade to stem
________ - Leaves that attach to objects
________ - Leaves that store food
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Monocot vs. Eudicot

_______ (Single cotyledon)
Cotyledons act as transfer tissue
Root vascular tissue occurs in ring
 Parallel leaf venation



________ (Two cotyledons)
Cotyledons supply nutrients to seedlings
Root phloem located between xylem arms
 Netted leaf venation


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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Flowering Plants: Monocots or Eudicots
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Root
Stem
Leaf
Vascular bundles
scattered in stem
Leaf veins form
a parallel pattern
Flower
Monocots
Seed
Root xylem and
phloem in a ring
Flower parts in threes
and multiples of three
Eudicots
One cotyledon in seed
Two cotyledons in seed
Root phloem between
arms of xylem
Vascular bundles
in a distinct ring
Leaf veins form
a net pattern
Flower parts in fours or
fives and their multiples
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Plant Tissues

Epidermal Tissues

Covered with waxy _________

Roots contain ____________

Lower leaf surface contain _________

Woody plants covered by ____________
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Vascular Tissue

__________ transports water and minerals
from the roots to the leaves

___________ transports sucrose and other
organic compounds from the leaves to the
roots
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Organization of Roots

_________________


Protected by root cap
_________contains fully differentiated cells
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Eudicot Roots
Monocot Root
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
vascular
cylinder
a.
pith
phloem
xylem
pericycle
endodermis
cortex
epidermis
b.
100 mm
a: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: Courtesy George Ellmore, Tufts University
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Dicot Root
Root Diversity

____________- Fleshy, long single root, that
grows straight down


______________- Slender roots and lateral
branches


__________
______________
_____________- Roots develop from organs of
the shoot system

____________
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Root Diversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a.Taproot
b. Fibrous root system
c. Prop roots, a type of adv entitious
root
d. Pneumatophores of black
mangrov e trees
e. Aerial roots of English iv y clinging to tree trunks
a: © Dr. Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Ed Degginger/Color Pic; c: © David Newman/Visuals Unlimited; d: © Terry Whi ttaker/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
e(Left): © Alan and Linda Detrick/Photo Researchers, Inc.; e(Right): © David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Shoot Tip and Primary Meristems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Three Primary Meristems:
protoderm
leaf primordium
shoot apical
meristem
protoderm
ground
meristem
procambium
ground
meristem
procambium
Primary Tissues
internode
epidermis
axillary bud
pith
cortex
vascular
cambium
vascular bundles
pith
primary xylem
vascular cambium
primary phloem
cortex
primary
xylem
primary
phloem
a. Shoot tip
b. Fate of primary meristems
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Herbaceous Stems

Mature non-woody stems exhibit only
_____________________

___________covered with waxy cuticle

_________ have distinctive vascular bundles

___________- Vascular bundles arranged in
distinct ring

___________ - Vascular bundles scattered
throughout stem
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Herbaceous Eudicot Stem
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
epidermis
cortex
pith
vascular
bundle
100 mm
phloem fiber
xylem
phloem
epidermis
pith
vascular cambium parenchyma
50 mm
collenchyma
(Top): © Ed Reschke; (Bottom): Courtesy Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin Madison
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Monocot Stem
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
ground tissue
epidermis
vascular
bundle
ground tissue
(parenchyma)
xylem
phloem
vessel element
air space
bundle sheath cells
sieve-tube member
companion cell
(Top): © CABISCO/Phototake; (Bottom): © Kingsley Stern
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Woody Stems

___________have both primary and
_____________ tissues

_________ - grow taller

___________ - grow wider
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Woody Twig
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
bud scale
one year's
growth
lenticel
terminal bud
internode
node
node
terminal bud
scale scars
axillary bud
stem
leaf scar
bundle scars
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Woody Stems

Woody stems have no vascular tissue, and
instead have three distinct regions

______

______

______
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Secondary Growth of Stems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vascular cambium:
Lateral meristem that will
produce secondary xylem
and secondary phloem in
each succeeding year.
pith
primary xylem
primary phloem
a.
b.
Periderm: As a stem
becomes woody, epidermis
is replaced by the periderm.
cortex
epidermis
pith
primary xylem
secondary xylem
vascular cambium
secondary phloem
lenticel
primary phloem
cortex
cork cambium
cork
Bark: Includes periderm and also
living secondary phloem.
Wood: Increases each
year; includes annual
rings of xylem.
c.
xylem ray
phloem ray
secondary xylem
vascular cambium
secondary phloem
cork cambium
cork
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Bark

Bark of a tree contains______, ________, and
________

Bark __________, but it is harmful to the plant
due to lack of organic nutrient transport
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Wood

Wood is __________that builds up year after
year


_________is made up of spring wood and summer
wood
In older trees, _________, ___________, no
longer function in water transport
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Three-year-old Woody Twig
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
cork
cork cambium
cortex
phloem ray
Bark
phloem
Vascular Cambium
summer
wood
spring
wood
secondary
xylem
annual
ring
Wood
primary xylem
Pith
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Tree Trunk
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
annual rings
a. Tree trunk,
cross-sectional view
heartwood
sapwood
vascular
cambium
phloem
cork
b. Tree trunk,
longitudinal view
© Ardea London Limited
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Stem Diversity

_________:



Above-ground horizontal stems
Produce ________when nodes touch the ground
_________:



__________ horizontal stems
Contribute to asexual reproduction
Variations:


_______ - Enlarged portions functioning in food storage
_______ - Underground stems that produce new plants during
the next season
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Stem Diversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
rhizome
branch
axillary
bud
papery
leaves
adventitious roots
stolon
corm
axillary
bud
node
rhizome
adventitious
roots
tuber
adventitious roots
a. Stolon
b. Rhizome
c. Tuber
d. Corm
a: © Stanley Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; b: © William E. Ferguson; 19c, d: © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Carlyn Iverson,
photographer
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Leaf Diversity

Blade of a leaf can be ______ or _________

Leaves are adapted to environmental conditions.

__________

__________

__________
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Leaf Structure
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
trichomes
cuticle
Water and minerals
enter leaf through xylem.
upper epidermis
palisade
mesophyll
Sugar exits leaf
through phloem.
air space
bundle sheath cell
spongy
mesophyll
lower epidermis
cuticle
leaf vein
stoma
chloroplast
central vacuole
epidermal cell
upper
epidermis
nucleus
chloroplast
palisade
mesophyll
O2 and H2O
exit leaf
through stoma.
nucleus
leaf vein
guard cell
CO2 enters leaf
through stoma.
spongy
mesophyll
mitochondrion
stoma
Stoma and guard cells
Leaf cell
lower
epidermis
100 m
SEM of leaf cross section
© Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Classification of Leaves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
axillary bud
Alternate leaves,
beech
Simple leaf, magnolia
axillary buds
Palmately compound leaf,
buckeye
Whorled leaves,
bedstraw
Pinnately compound leaf
black walnut,
Opposite leaves, maple
a. Simple versus compound leaves
b. Arrangement of leaves on stem
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Leaf Diversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
stem
spine
tendril
hinged
leaves
a. Cactus, Opuntia
b. Cucumber, Cucumis
c. Venuss’ flytrap, Dionaea
a: © Patti Murray Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; c: © P. Goetgheluck/Peter Arnold, Inc.
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 25
Structure and Organization of Plants
Review

Plant Organs
Roots
 Stems
 Leaves




Monocots vs.
Eudicots
 Epidermal Tissue
 Vascular Tissue

Roots

Organization

Diversity
Stems

Organization

Diversity
Leaves

Organization

Diversity
37
Chapter 24: pp. 433 - 454
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Flowering Plants:
Structure and
Organization
BIOLOGY
(Top left): © David Newman/Visuals Unlimited; (Top right): © Dwight Kuhn; (Bottom left): © Runk-Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; (Bottom center): © Ardea London Ltd.;
(Bottom right): Courtesy George Ellmore, Tufts University
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
38
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