UNIVERSITY
OF TRENTO
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
38050 Povo – Trento (Italy), Via Sommarive 14
http://www.dit.unitn.it
INTEGRATING BOOLEAN AND MATHEMATICAL
SOLVING: FOUNDATIONS, BASIC ALGORITHMS
AND REQUIREMENTS
Gilles Audemard, Piergiorgio Bertoli, Alessandro Cimatti,
Artur Kornilowicz and Roberto Sebastiani
2002
Technical Report # DIT-02-0042
Also in: "Artificial Intelligence, Automated Reasoning, and Symbolic
Computation. Proc. of Joint AISC 2002 and Calculemus 2002"
Marseille, France, 2002. LNAI series N.2385, Springer Verlag.
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