GIS BASED APPLICATION TOOL – HISTORY OF EAST INDIA
COMPANY
_______________
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of
San Diego State University
_______________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
in
Computer Science
_______________
by
Sudhir Phophaliya
Fall 2014
iii
Copyright © 2014
by
Sudhir Phophaliya
All Rights Reserved
iv
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this thesis to my Grandparents, Parents, Sisters, family
members and friends who always supported, encouraged and stood by me for accomplishing
my work. I also want to dedicate this thesis to my Professor Dr. Carl Eckberg.
This thesis is also dedicated to my Uncle and Aunt who inspired me to pursue my
Masters in United States.
v
ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS
GIS Based Application Tool – History of East India Company
by
Sudhir Phophaliya
Master of Science in Computer Science
San Diego State University, 2014
The emphasis of the thesis is to build an intuitive and robust GIS (Geographic
Information systems) Tool which gives an in depth information on history of East India
Company. The GIS tool also incorporates various achievements of East India Company
which helped to establish their business all over world especially India. The user has the
option to select these movements and acts by clicking on any of the marked states on the
World map.
The World Map also incorporates key features for East India Company like landing
of East India Company in India, Darjeeling Tea Establishment, East India Company Stock
Redemption Act etc. The user can know more about these features simply by clicking on
each of them. The primary focus of the tool is to give the user a unique insight about East
India Company; for this the tool has several HTML (Hypertext markup language) pages
which the user can select. These HTML pages give information on various topics like the
first Voyage, Trade with China, 1857 Revolt etc.
The tool has been developed in JAVA. For the Indian map MOJO (Map Objects Java
Objects) is used. MOJO is developed by ESRI. The major features shown on the World map
was designed using MOJO. MOJO made it easy to incorporate the statistical data with these
features.
The user interface was intentionally kept simple and easy to use. To keep the user
engaged, key aspects are explained using HTML pages. The idea is that pictures will help the
user garner interest in the history of East India Company.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................1
1.2 About the Application ........................................................................................1
1.3 Motivation ..........................................................................................................1
1.4 List of Chapters ..................................................................................................2
2
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................3
3
TECHNOLOGIES .........................................................................................................4
3.1 Java ....................................................................................................................4
3.2 MapObjects - Java Edition .................................................................................5
3.3 Features of MOJO ..............................................................................................6
3.4 Eclipse IDE ........................................................................................................6
3.5 Html, JavaScript and CSS ..................................................................................7
3.6 DBF Explorer .....................................................................................................8
3.7 Quantum GIS Desktop .......................................................................................8
4
TIMELINE .....................................................................................................................9
4.1 1600: Royal Charter ...........................................................................................9
4.2 1601 – The First Voyage....................................................................................9
4.3 1608 – Landing in India .....................................................................................9
4.4 1615 – First Treaty with Mughal Empire ........................................................10
4.5 1668 – Expansion in India ...............................................................................10
4.6 1684 – Trade with China..................................................................................11
4.7 1697 – London Weavers Attack East India House ..........................................12
4.8 1733 – St Helena, the Forgotten Coffee...........................................................12
vii
4.9 1754 – Seven Years War..................................................................................13
4.10 1764 – Battle of Buxar ...................................................................................14
4.11 1773 – Boston Tea Party ................................................................................15
4.12 1780-1784 – Anglo Mysore War ...................................................................16
4.13 1784 – East India Company Act ....................................................................17
4.14 1802 – Battle of Poona...................................................................................18
4.15 1813 – The Charter Act..................................................................................18
4.16 1823-1826 – Anglo Burmese War .................................................................19
4.17 1845-1846 Anglo Sikh War ...........................................................................20
4.18 1848 – Darjeeling Tea Established ................................................................20
4.19 1857 – Revolt .................................................................................................20
4.20 1873 – East India Company Stock Redemption Act .....................................21
5
SOFTWARE PROTOTYPE ........................................................................................22
6
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.....................................................................................25
7
SETUP DEVELOPER‟S ENVIRONMENT ...............................................................26
8
SHAPE FILES .............................................................................................................27
8.1 How to Create Shape Files ...............................................................................27
8.2 Creating Shape Files ........................................................................................27
9
TOOLBARS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE .............................................................29
9.1 ZoomPan ToolBar ............................................................................................29
9.2 Selection Toolbar .............................................................................................29
10 SUMMARY AND OBSTACLES ...............................................................................30
11 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS ....................................................................................31
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................32
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 5.1. Login screen; gateway to application. ...................................................................23
Figure 5.2. Security alert incorrect login credentials. ..............................................................23
Figure 5.3. First screen after login. ..........................................................................................24
Figure 5.4. Hotlink feature. ......................................................................................................24
Figure 6.1. High level software architecture diagram..............................................................25
Figure 7.1. Adding ESRI library . ............................................................................................26
Figure 7.2. Importing MOJO jar files to Eclipse. ....................................................................26
Figure 8.1. Adding a new layer to create ShapeFile. ...............................................................27
Figure 8.2. Adding a new attribute. .........................................................................................28
Figure 8.3. Toggle editing (edit mode). ...................................................................................28
Figure 9.1. ZoomPan toolbar. ..................................................................................................29
Figure 9.2. Selection toolbar. ...................................................................................................29
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank my advisor and Thesis chairperson Professor Dr. Carl Eckberg, Department of
Computer Science, San Diego State University for giving me an opportunity to work on this
thesis project and always supporting me with my work with sufficient guidance to
accomplish this thesis.
I thank Professor Dr. Kris Stewart, Department of Computer Science, San Diego
State University for her acceptance and being part of this thesis committee.
I also am obliged to Professor Dr. Michael E. O‟Sullivan, Department of
Mathematics, San Diego State University for showing interest in knowing about the tool and
its use and being part of my thesis committee.
I would also thank my mother, Kusum Phophaliya and father, Ramesh Phophaliya for
all the support in every step of my life.
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
The intension behind developing this tool is to encourage people to know more about
the expansion of business of the East India Company. Being an Indian I chose to learn more
about East India Company, how they expanded their business all over the world especially
India and wish to share the same knowledge with the world. This map-based tool helps us
navigate through the wide range of areas like Company‟s timeline, personalities involved,
different Acts signed and movements which helped the East India Company to establish their
business more firmly. The tool displays different color shades depending on the different
campaigns, agitations and events. The application tool has features to provide extensive
knowledge of the events with images and description.
1.2 ABOUT THE APPLICATION
JAVA programming language and the Quantum GIS desktop application (for creating
shape files) are used to develop the GIS tool. The mapping tools are developed using ESRI
(Environmental Science Research Institute) Map Objects Java Edition. This provides
flexibility to display different layers on the map. This tool shows the physiography of the
world which includes a timeline feature to highlight the different aspects of the East India
Company‟s movements. The important aspect of using a GIS tool is to analyze the data
pattern in a more effective way through mapped data. This allows the user to view and
understand the data and patterns through maps and images [1]. Eclipse IDE is used to build
the application considering the ease of use and plug-in support which includes java swing in
designing timeline, menus and tool bars [2].
1.3 MOTIVATION
In trying to understand the history of trade with India, and the relationship between
Britain and India, many people are unaware of the fact a chartered corporation, the British
2
East India Company was the predominant player, rather than the government of England or
its navy. This thesis attempts to address that story in some considerable detail
1.4 LIST OF CHAPTERS

Chapter 2: Design requirements and functionality specifications required for this
application.

Chapter 3: Tools and Technologies: discusses the technology used for developing this
application. Java, MOJO, Html, ECLIPSE, Quantum GIS are explained.

Chapter 4: Timeline of East India Company. Here we discuss more about the
personalities involved, different Acts signed and movements which helped East India
Company to establish their business more firmly.

Chapter 5: Software development life cycle or software prototype. Briefly explains
which software development life cycle was used to build the application.

Chapter 6: Architectural design: elaborates on the architecture of the application and
high level design of the UI (User interface).

Chapter 7: Shape file and Layers. Here we discuss how to modify, remove and add
the shape files and layers to the application in brief.

Chapter 8: Tool bars and their design specification. Explains the toolbars available in
this application and their significance.

Chapter 9: User defined menus and their functionality.

Chapter 10: Summary and Obstacles: discusses the brief summary of East India
Company and obstacles faced during the research.

Chapter 11: Future Enhancements: Here we discuss what enhancements and
improvements can be done in this project.
3
CHAPTER 2
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
This thesis is an application to learn about the East India Company. This application
is designed, developed and implemented under the guidance of Professor Dr.Carl Eckberg,
San Diego State University. This application was implemented with an interface which is
intended to help the students. The main aim is to make students understand the history of the
East India Company and their business, just using a few clicks on an application. As we
know no topic of discussion can be complete, hence not all data about personalities, Acts and
Pacts signed, and political organizations have been covered; yet this application presents
most of the important data and features. Following are the list of specifications and
requirements to make this tool effective:

The tool shows the World map.

The boundaries are marked to distinguish between different areas.

Each event has its own shape file and an area of the event where it took place.

Options to use the hotlink and time line features are implemented.

One can add new events through shape files, if necessary.

One can edit the contents of each new or existing shape fields.

One can display all event information including pictures and videos to date.

Hotlink can give brief information about the layer, when you click on an event.

The tool is designed in a way that it gives vital information including pictures for all
events.

The application is re-usable and simple, with easily loadable test.

Since JAVA is platform independent, it is used along with MOJO to develop this
application.
4
CHAPTER 3
TECHNOLOGIES
Carefully chosen were the set of software tools and technologies, listed below, for the
development of the tool after analyzing the pros and cons of each tool to produce a user
friendly and effective software application.
3.1 JAVA
Java technology includes Java platform and Java programming language. The Java
programming language is an object-oriented programming language widely used in today‟s
world in developing web-applications, mobile applications, games and enterprise software.
The Java platform provides an environment to run the applications built using the Java
programming language. Java provides developers an option of “write once, run anywhere”
i.e., Java programs compiled on one machine can be run on any other machine without
recompiling. Java programs are compiled to a byte-code representation (.class file) and then
interpreted by the machine-specific Java virtual machine (JVM) to run the program [3].
Eight major versions of the Java programming language have been released to date,
Java 1.7 being the latest. Java programming language has two parts:

JRE (Java Runtime Environment) that allows us to be able to run any java application
(web or standalone). JRE installation includes JVM, Java core and platform libraries.

JDK (Java Development Kit), which includes java compiler and debugger, has to be
installed along with JRE to be able to develop any java application.
Java platform is a software platform that runs on top of other hardware platforms [4]
and it consists of two major components, namely:

JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

Java API (Application Programming Interface) - a collection of many software
components referred to as packages.

Some of the reasons for Java being popular are:

Portability - Java program written and compiled in one environment can be run on
any other hardware or operating system making it portable. This is possible because
5
of its intermediate byte-code representation that can be interpreted by any JVM. JVM
is operating system-specific.

Object-Oriented - Importance is given to the data and the methods operating on the
data rather than the procedures. Java comes with a set of libraries that contains readyto-use classes or functionality.

Distributed - Java is used in distributed applications because of its features such as
multi-threading, concurrency, suitable for network-based applications, high
performance and its support for RPC and EJB.

High-performance - Java is one of the fastest programming languages because of its
built in support for multithreaded environments. E.g.: JRockit, HotSpot; GIS benefits
greatly from the use of threads.

Secure - Java is built for network-based applications and hence highly secure for
advanced application environment. This is achieved through Java‟s memory
allocation model; the use of access specifiers for data and byte-code is always
verified before compiling.

Simple - Java programming language comes packaged with ready to use software
components and the syntax is easy even for developers with C/C++ background. The
programmer does not have to worry about memory as Java performs garbagecollection. It does not make use of unions, structs or pointers.
Thus there are many advantages about Java as a platform, including easy deployment, and it
makes sense for developers to use the Java platform for many projects.
3.2 MAPOBJECTS - JAVA EDITION
According to Victoria Kouyoumjian, ESRI's MapObjects product manager,
“MapObjects--Java Standard Edition provides an extensive Java-based application
programming interface for developers to build client geographic-based display, query, and
data retrieval applications” [5].
MOJO is an abbreviation for Map Objects Java Objects, released by ESRI as Map
Objects, Java Edition. It is basically used to build customized GIS applications which work
on all platforms. MapObjects has more than 900 Java components that can be used for
building a robust GIS application that can create and display any graphic features [6]. It
provides many Layer implementations to deal with different data such as:

Feature Layers to access vector data

Image Layers to access raster data

Image Server Layers to access image service [5]
6
3.3 FEATURES OF MOJO

Can be used in desktop applications, applets and in server-side environments.

It comes packaged with inbuilt JavaBeans components and hence can be integrated
with Eclipse easily.

Can access any GIS data source with the ability to combine many data sources - local,
internet and intranet.

Useful for creating customized maps.

Compatible with multiple data source formats such as image-formats, industry
standard shape files.

Provides tools for adding graphical features.

Can be used to dynamically add data on the maps.

Offers ample documentation with a starters guide.

Since this is java based all Javas latest API packages offer unlimited customization
[6].
3.4 ECLIPSE IDE
Eclipse IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a Software Development
Environment and comprises of a base workspace and plug-ins to customize the software
development environment. All programming languages use different IDE [7].
Eclipse was initially developed by the source community for Java and Android and is
one of the leading development environments. The JDT project provides the tool plug-ins
that implements a Java IDE supporting the development of any Java application.
Advantages of using Eclipse:

User Interface makes the development environment easier to access all project files.

Importing and exporting a project is simple.

Code Completion: A lot of code writing is avoided by a simple tab, instead of
referring to the extensive documentation available to implement methods.

Getters and Setters: Creating getters and setters is a click away.

Syntax checking is simple and any errors are indicated in red and warning in yellow.

Refactoring: Renaming of global variables across the project is simpler.

Adding a clean and fast debugging tool with step-by-step break points.

Plug-ins makes it simpler to program in many different languages.

It is integrated with a version control system, making it easier to maintain code.
7

UI development environment makes it easier to access all project files [8].
The GUI (Graphical User Interface) uses Java Swing. The project includes a Java
GUI widget tool kit that is included as part of the project in Eclipse which allows the
developer to create labels, buttons, checkboxes, dialogues and others more easily.
This thesis project is developed using Eclipse IDE, ESRI MOJO jar files imported
into the main application project and the Java programming language. Java swing is used to
create 90-95% of the application UI which includes login screen, the main application
containing toolbars, menu options and all the dialogue which pops out on errors or displaying
more information about the application.
3.5 HTML, JAVASCRIPT AND CSS
HTML, Hypertext Markup Language is just a plain text file which is either saved as
„.html.‟ or „.htm‟. This file contains small code snippets embedded inside different HTML
tags, deciding how the content should be rendered to the user over a webpage. The HTML
tags are placed inside angle brackets within which lies the content of the webpage and also
these tags are placed in pairs marking the starting and the end point.
Any document can be structured with heading, anchors, lists, sub-lists, tables,
paragraphs and other features using HTML. Another advantage of using html in any
document would be the use of embedding video, audio and 2d graphic animations; web pages
like these could be designed and put to good use using HTML.
Now that we know how a document can be rendered the next step would be to know
how to make this document user friendly and interactive. This can be achieved using
JavaScript which accesses all the contents on the rendered screen and dynamically updates
and re-renders the screen contents. The JavaScript is usually written between tags
<script>…. </script> and this can be included in HTML file or can be written as a separate
file with „.js‟ extension.
The most important feature of a webpage is presentation; this is taken care by CSS
(Cascading Style Sheets), Like JavaScript this can also be part of the main page alongside
HTML tags defining how it should be rendered (color, font, size etc.), or can be written into a
separate „.css‟ file which helps for better readability and brevity.
8
3.6 DBF EXPLORER
DBF Explorer is a free software tool available for editing the dbf (database) files,
which contain the non-location fields for a layer. This software allows opening a dbf file for
a map layer and allows the user to edit, add, and delete the contents, columns and its
structure. Shape files can also be created using this tool by simply providing a CSV file, any
number of columns can be added by specifying its data type [9].
3.7 QUANTUM GIS DESKTOP
Quantum GIS (QGIS) is an Open Source Geographic Information System (GIS) that
runs on a number of platforms. It is similar to the DBF Explorer tool discussed above. But in
QGIS we can create polygons, lines and points on the map making it a decent user friendly
interface to develop and create shape files [10].
All the shape files in this application were designed using QGIS. The User Interface
is easy to use and can be used to create attribute tables for a selected shape file. The fields
can be added, deleted and edited at ease. A sample snapshot of the map and shape files is
included in the home page of the main HTML file created in this application.
9
CHAPTER 4
TIMELINE
This chapter summarizes major events in the East India Company‟s history that are
germane to the expansion of business [11-13].
4.1 1600: ROYAL CHARTER
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a
right or power to an individual or a body corporate. At first the company is known as 'The
Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies.'. The Company of Merchants
of London trading into The East Indies was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I on
December 31, 1600, established with 125 shareholders and £72,000 of capital. Sir Thomas
Smythe was the Company‟s first Governor. Elizabeth also limited the liability of the EIC‟s
investors as well as her liabilities in granting a Royal Charter. This made The Company the
world‟s first limited liability corporation [14].
4.2 1601 – THE FIRST VOYAGE
Five vessels leave Woolwich for the Spice Islands or East Indies led by James
Lancaster holding six letters of introduction from the Queen, each with a blank space for the
name of the local King. Lancaster intended to trade iron, lead and British broad cloth for
spices, but made little impression as the Dutch controlled trade, and the broad cloth was
deemed to be too heavy to be of value by those living in the tropics. English ships set out for
the Banda Islands to trade woolen cloth and silver for spices. There the English meet Arab,
Turkish, Gujarati, Bengali, Malay and Chinese merchants. Traded goods included spices,
drugs, silks, porcelain, precious stones, carpets, gourmet foods and perfumes [15].
4.3 1608 – LANDING IN INDIA
The Company‟s ships dock at Surat and in the next two years establish the first
“factory”, as trading posts were called, in the town of Machilipatnam of the Coromandel
10
coast of The Bay of Bengal. Landing in India gives The Company access to spices not
controlled by Dutch traders [16].
4.4 1615 – FIRST TREATY WITH MUGHAL EMPIRE
English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese
counterparts in the Indian Ocean. The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese
in the Battle of Swally in 1612. The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a
territorial foothold in mainland India, with official sanction of both countries, and requested
that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission. Sir Thomas Roe was instructed by James 1 to
arrange a commercial treaty with Emperor Nurudin Salim Jahangir. This gave The Company
exclusive rights to reside and build factories around Surat in exchange for rare commodities
from Europe. This provided a secure base for operations to wage trade wars with the
Portuguese and Dutch governments and merchants. The English also established factories at
Ahmadabad, Burhanpur, and Agra. English ambassador Thomas Roe in 1618 got Emperor
Jahangir to grant trade with exemption from inland tolls. The Mughals destroyed the
settlement at Hughli in 1632, imprisoning more than a thousand Portuguese; but the same
year the Golconda sultan granted free trade from its ports. In 1639 Francis Day got the lease
from the declining Vijayanagara empire to build Fort St. George at Madras. In 1651 the
English got permission to build a factory at Hughli. When Shivaji's Marathas sacked Surat in
1664, English president Oxenden held out in the governor's castle and was honored by
Aurangzeb. The French fortified Pondicherry, and in 1672 they occupied San Thomé near
Madras [17].
4.5 1668 – EXPANSION IN INDIA
By 1668 The Company had established factories in Goa, Chittagong, Bombay,
Madras and three small villages in the east of India called Sutanati, Gobindapore and
Kalikata which was renamed Calcutta in 1690. The major factories became the walled forts
of Fort William in Calcutta, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle, which developed
into the great Indian cities of today. Of these forts Fort William remains active as the HQ of
the Eastern Command of the Indian Army. By 1690, the Company had trading centres
(known as 'factories') all along the West and East coasts of India. The main centers were at
11
Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The Company started to protect its trade with its own armies
and navies - very different from most companies today. London also became an important
trading centre, where goods were imported, exported and transferred from one country to
another. The Company would have liked to pay for all its import goods with silver, but
traders in England wanted them to export English manufactured goods. Coastal areas
provided strategic importance to the Company‟s trade. In 1690 Job Charnock, an agent of the
British East India Company, established a trading fort named Fort Williams. The British
called the settlement Kalikata (Calcutta), an Anglicized version [18].
4.6 1684 – TRADE WITH CHINA
The Company receives Chinese permission to trade from Guangzhou (Canton)
importing silk, tea and porcelain. Trade was made with the Chinese Hongs (trading
companies) who controlled trade within China. In England, the demand for tea booms, and in
1664 The Company placed an order for Tea for 100lbs; by 1750 annual imports had reached
4,727,992lbs. Having initially traded tea for silver, the English are concerned that too much
silver is leaving their shores. They begin to trade the highly addictive drug opium for tea;
this leads directly to the opium wars between Britain and China, as the Chinese government
tries to stop this trade. The Company was soon engaged in direct and regular trade with the
Chinese from that base and was permitted to make regular voyages to Amoy, Chusan and
Canton. By the turn of the century, the Company's base for the China trade was transferred
from Taiwan to its “factory” at Canton. With its Royal Charter, the Company was granted the
privilege of monopoly of trade in the East Indies until 1833. From 1700 onwards, most
foreign traders were confined in Canton, where rigid restrictions were imposed through the
practice of Co-hong, a guild of Chinese merchants, and the sole recognized agency between
foreign and Chinese merchants. The limited trading ports and the exorbitant fees paid to the
customs officer via Hong merchants were the main grievances expressed by the Company
traders. Seeking ways of by-passing the restrictions imposed by the local officials at Canton,
the Court of Directors of the East India Company proposed sending a royal envoy to the
Imperial Court at Peking to negotiate a preferential treaty [19].
12
4.7 1697 – LONDON WEAVERS ATTACK EAST INDIA
HOUSE
Weavers, dyers and linen drapers in England protest that imports of Indian cloth are
threatening their own industries. They riot and attack East India House in London. The
arrival of Chinese-type silk textiles from Tonkin and then mainland China was seen as such a
threat that rioting weavers attacked East India House in January 1697. In January 1697,
when Parliament was discussing a bill designed to prohibit imports of Indian wrought silks,
between 4000 and 5000 weavers and their wives marched to the House, crowded into the
lobby and threatened to invade the Chamber itself. The same evening a mob attacked East
India House and broke open the outer door, pulled down rails, smashed windows and
knocked down an officer. Initially, The Company responds by re-exporting Asian textiles to
other countries in Europe. But market forces soon overshadow the cries of protesters, and
Asian textiles continue to be hugely popular in England throughout the 18th century. In 1700
an alliance of weavers, dyers, linen-drapers and commercial rivals produced an Act of
Parliament prohibiting the use and wearing of Asian textiles. The Company's immediate
response was to concentrate upon re-export, but protectionist legislation had little effect
against market forces and the popularity of Asian textiles continued throughout the
eighteenth century [20].
4.8 1733 – ST HELENA, THE FORGOTTEN COFFEE
The East India Company bought coffee plants and seeds from Yemen to St Helena on
board the „Houghton‟ from the Red Sea port of Mocha. The first seed came from the Red Sea
port of Mocha, aboard the fully-laden East India Company‟s ship Houghton, which was
returning under sail along the South Easterly trade wind route to Europe after taking on cargo
in the East Indies. Napoleon Bonaparte, exiled to the island in 1816, remarked on the quality
of St Helena coffee. If Napoleon Bonaparte had not been exiled to the island in 1816, St.
Helena‟s existence and the island coffee would probably have remained almost unknown. St
Helena coffee is unique, as it is not just a pure Arabica coffee, but produced from a single
type of Arabica bean known as Green Tipped Bourbon Arabica. This coffee is still grown in
St Helena today and is amongst the worlds finest, respected and rare coffees. St. Helena
coffee then proceeded to top the London market, and in 1845 was securing prices above any
13
other coffee, thus making it the most expensive and exclusive in the world. All of this did
little to prevent the island coffee from fading from view, and, for many years, it appears to
have grown wild on the tiny volcanic island. The most exclusive coffee in the world comes
from the South Atlantic Ocean island of St. Helena situated just above the Tropic of
Capricorn, midway between Africa and America [21].
4.9 1754 – SEVEN YEARS WAR
The Seven Years War, a global conflict known in America as the French and Indian
War, officially begins when England declares war on France. However, fighting and
skirmishes between England and France had been going on in North America for years. In
the early 1750s, French expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought France into
armed conflict with the British colonies. In 1756--the first official year of fighting in the
Seven Years War--the British suffered a series of defeats against the French and their broad
network of Native American alliances. However, in 1757, British Prime Minister William
Pitt (the older) recognized the potential of imperial expansion that would come out of victory
against the French and borrowed heavily to fund an expanded war effort. Pitt financed
Prussia's struggle against France and her allies in Europe and reimbursed the colonies for the
raising of armies in North America. The French and British East India Companies and their
respective Indian allies were at war with each other. The East India Company led by Robert
Clive defeat the French ally, Siraj Ud Daulah, at the Battle of Plassey ending the rule of the
last independent Nawab of Bengal. France cedes New France (excluding Louisiana), to
Great Britain and recognizes British supremacy in Bengal. This is judged to be one of the
pivotal events leading to the formation of the British Empire in South Asia. The resulting
central administration and governance starts a process that leads eventually to the formation
of unified India. The treaty ensured the colonial and maritime supremacy of Britain and
strengthened the 13 American colonies by removing their European rivals to the north and
the south. Towards the end of Seven Years War and ending of rival French imperial in India,
the East India Company emerged as dominant political power on the basis of its military
power [22].
Results:

Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)
14

Treaty of Hamburg (1762)

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) [23]
4.10 1764 – BATTLE OF BUXAR
The Battle of Buxar was fought between the British East India Company and the
combined forces of Mir Qasim- Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daula- Nawab of Awadh and
Shah Alam 2- A Mughal Emperor. The battle was waged on October 22nd 1764 at Buxar;
then within the territory of Bengal, a town located on the banks of the River Ganges and
proved to be a decisive victory for the British East India Company or the “Company” as they
came to be known. The person who suffered from the outcome of this war the most was
Shuja-ud-Daula, who signed the Treaty of Allahabad and secured Diwani Rights for the
Company to collect and manage the revenue of almost 100,000,000 acres of real estate,
which forms parts of the present day states of West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar
Pradesh, as well as the neighboring country of Bangladesh. Shuja-ud-Daula was also forced
to pay a war indemnity of 5 million rupees, though all his pre-war possessions were returned
except for the districts of Karra and Allahabad. The treaty of Allahabad introduced the
establishment of the rule of the East India Company in 1/8th of India. The battles of Plassey
and Buxar assured a permanent foothold for the company in the rich province of Bengal.
Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula was restored to Oudh with a subsidiary force and a guarantee of
defense. Emperor Shah Alam 2 made peace with Allahabad and in return he gave the Empire
Grant or the Diwani revenue authority in Bengal and Bihar to the Company. This was a
privilege that had earlier been enjoyed by the Nawab, so that now there was a double
government and the Nawab retained judicial and political functions and the Company
exercising revenue power. The Company were used to this as they had already been the
Mughal revenue agent for Bengal and Bihar and this virtually made them the rulers of
Bengal, since they already possessed significant military power.
All that was left to the Nawab was the control of the judiciary administration, which
he was forced to hand over to the Company in 1793, hence completing the Company‟s
control. In spite of all this, the East India Company was on the verge of bankruptcy which
pushed them into a fresh effort to reform. On one hand Warren Hastings was appointed with
15
a mandate for reform and on the other hand an appeal was made to the state for a loan. This
resulted in the beginning of state control by the Company and thirteen years governorship of
Warren Hastings.
Hastings‟ first crucial job was that of an “organizer” and two and a half years before
the “Regulation Act” came into force he put the entire Bengal administration into order. The
Indian deputies who had collected the revenue on behalf of the Company were done away
with and their place taken by a “Board of Revenue” in Calcutta and English collectors in the
district. This was the real beginning of British administration in India [24].
4.11 1773 – BOSTON TEA PARTY
This famed act of American colonial defiance served as a protest against taxation.
Seeking to boost the troubled East India Company, British Parliament adjusted import duties
with the passage of the Tea Act in 1773. While consignees in Charleston, New York, and
Philadelphia rejected tea shipments, merchants in Boston refused to concede to Patriot
pressure. On the night of December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty
boarded three ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This resulted
in the passage of the punitive Coercive Acts in 1774 and pushed the two sides closer to war.
This action, part of a wave of resistance throughout the colonies, had its origin in
Parliament‟s effort to rescue the financially weakened East India Company so as to continue
benefiting from the company‟s valuable position in India. The Tea Act (May 10, 1773)
adjusted import duties in such a way that the company could undersell even smugglers in the
colonies. The company selected consignees in Boston, New York, Charleston, and
Philadelphia, and 500,000 pounds of tea were shipped across the Atlantic in September. To
Parliament, the Boston Tea Party confirmed Massachusetts‟s role as the core of resistance to
legitimate British rule. The Coercive Acts of 1774 were intended to punish the colony in
general and Boston in particular, both for the Tea Party and for the pattern of resistance it
exemplified. Colonists objected to the Tea Act because it violated their right to be taxed only
by their own elected representatives. Men thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342
chests overboard three ships, the „Dartmouth‟, the „Eleanor‟ and the „Beaver‟, loaded with
tea from The East India Company. For weeks after the Boston Tea Party, the 92,000 pounds
of tea dumped into the harbor caused it to smell [25].
16
As a result of the Boston Tea Party, the British shut down Boston Harbor until all of
the 340 chests of British East India Company tea were paid for. This was implemented under
the 1774 Intolerable Acts and known as the Boston Port Act. The Intolerable Acts outraged
and unified the American colonists even more against British rule. In addition to the Boston
Port Act, the Intolerable Acts also implemented the Massachusetts Government Act, the
Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act [26].
4.12 1780-1784 – ANGLO MYSORE WAR
The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of four wars occurring in mainland India
between the Kingdom of Mysore versus the British East India Company and its Indian allies.
The British East India Company was a joint-stock company that controlled most of the trade
down with China and India, mostly for silk, dyes, tea, cotton, and opium. The Kingdom of
Mysore was a long-standing kingdom in central India.
The First Mysore War began when Hyder Ali, Maharaja (ruler) of Mysore, began to
gain too much power. This began to worry the British, who made an agreement with a
bordering nation, Hyderabad, too supply them with troops and armaments to fight with the
British against Mysore. After some early losses for Mysore, Hyder Ali attempted peace
treaties. When the British East India Company ignore them, Hyder Ali pulled all his
resources to fight the British. A peace treaty was soon signed, with neither side gaining
much.
The Second Mysore War began due to the American Revolutionary War, Britain was
furious at France for interfering. Mysore, still angry at Britain, allied themselves with France,
in an attempt to protect France from being pushed out of India by the British. Mysore won
several decisive victories, many lead by Hyder Ali‟s eldest son and ablest commander, Tipu
Sultan. The treaty that ended the war is one of the last documents that India was involved
with were they dictated the conditions.
The Third Mysore War occurred when Tipu Sultan attempted to increase Mysore‟s
lands by taking land along the coast. The British deemed this as a declaration of war. Tippu
Sultan won several unlikely battles, but ultimately, the British and its several allies won. The
Treaty of Seringapatam(also called Srirangapatinam), signed 19 March 1792, ended the
Third Anglo-Mysore War. Its signatories included Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British
17
East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Mahratta Empire,
and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. The Fourth Mysore War began when Napoleon
attempted to bring his Army to India. The British and its Indian allies immediately marched
and began to siege the Mysore capital. Tipu Sultan died during the siege, at the front of the
battles, leading his troops [27].
4.13 1784 – EAST INDIA COMPANY ACT
East India Company Act 1784 (also known as Pitt‟s India Act) introduced changes
mainly in the Company's Home Government in London. It greatly extended the control of the
State over the company's affairs. While the patronage of the Company was left untouched, all
civil, military and revenue affairs were to be controlled by a board popularly known as the
Board of Control, consisting of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, one of the Principal
Secretaries of State and four members of the Privy Council appointed by the King. In India,
the chief government was placed in the hands of a Governor-General and Council of three.
The Governor-General was still left liable to be over-ridden by the Council, but as the
number of Councilors was reduced to three, he, by the use of his casting vote, could always
make his will predominate if he had one supporter. Beyond this the Act of 1784 did not go.
This defect was met in the Act of 1793, whereby the Governor-General was empowered to
disregard the majority in Council provided be did so in a formal way, accepting the
responsibility of his own action. Under the Act of 1784 the residencies of Madras and
Bombay were subordinated to the Governor- General and Council of Bengal in all matters of
diplomacy, revenue and war. Pitt's Indian Act of 1784 brought about two important changes
in the constitution of the Company. Firstly, it constituted a department of state in England
known as the Board of Control whose special function was to control the policy of the Court
of Directors, thus introducing the Dual System of government by the Company and by a
Parliamentary Board which lasted till 1858. The Board of control had no independent
executive power. The East India Company had grown into a powerful political and trading
organization, rivaling that of the British Government, in effect ruling many of The British
Empires territories. The bill differentiated The East India Company‟s political functions
from its commercial activities. In political matters The East India Company was subordinated
to the British government directly. The process was slow and required subsequent
18
parliamentary acts to allow The British Government to fully separate The Company‟s
political control from its commercial activities [28].
4.14 1802 – BATTLE OF POONA
The Treaty of Bassein (Now called Vasai) was a pact signed on 31 December 1802
between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the Maratha peshwa of Pune
(Poona) in India after the Battle of Poona. The treaty was a decisive step in the dissolution of
the Maratha Empire, which led to the East India Company's usurpation of the peshwa's
territories in western India in 1818.
On 13 May 1803, Baji Rao II was restored to Peshwarship under the protection of the
East India Company and the leading Maratha state had thus become a client of the British.
The treaty led to expansion of the sway and influence of the East India Company over the
Indian subcontinent. However, the treaty was not acceptable to all Marathas chieftains, and
resulted in the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
Terms:
1. The terms of the treaty entailed the following:
2. A British force of around 6,000 troops be permanently stationed with the peshwa.
3. Any territorial districts yielding twenty-six lakh rupees were to be ceded to the East
India Company.
4. The peshwa could not enter into any other treaty without first consulting the
Company.
5. The peshwa could not declare war without first consulting the Company.
6. Any territorial claims made by the peshwa would be subject to the arbitration of the
Company (i.e. Nizam and Gaekwar).
7. The peshwa must renounce his claim over Surat and Baroda.
8. The peshwa must exclude all Europeans from his service.
9. To conduct his foreign relations in consultation with the British [29].
4.15 1813 – THE CHARTER ACT
The East India Company Act 1813, also known as the Charter Act of 1813, was an
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which renewed the charter issued to the British
East India Company, and continued the Company's rule in India. However, the Company's
19
commercial monopoly was ended, except for the tea trade and the trade with China.
Reflecting the growth of British power in India:
1. The Act expressly asserted the Crown's sovereignty over British India.
2. It allotted Rs 100,000 to promote education in India.
3. Christian missionaries were allowed to come to British India and preach their
religion.
The power of the provincial governments and courts in India over European British
subjects was also strengthened by the Act. Financial provision was also made to encourage a
revival in Indian literature and for the promotion of science. The Company's charter had
previously been renewed by the Charter Act of 1793, and was next renewed by the
Government of India Act 1833.This asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the
Indian territories held by The Company. It renewed the Charter of The Company for a
further twenty years but ended its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea. At this point
The East India Company was forced to open India to missionaries, who had previously been
banned [30].
4.16 1823-1826 – ANGLO BURMESE WAR
The British East India Company started the first Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) on
Mar. 5, 1824. English forces met stubborn resistance. The Burmese army, led by Maha
Bandula, inflicted serious damage to the English forces. After Maha Bandula‟s death in April
1825 the English army was able, at the expense of huge losses, to advance almost to the
Burmese capital of Ava. England bound Burma to a treaty, signed in Yandabo on Feb. 24,
1826. Burma lost Arakan, Tenasserim, and the Indian principalities of Assam and Manipur,
which it had conquered at the beginning of the 19th century. Burma was obligated to pay an
indemnity of <£ 1 million, to accept an English resident, and to conclude a trade agreement
with England. The resistance of the Burmese people forced the East India Company to end
military actions without completing the conquest of all of Burma. The Treaty of Yandabo
was the peace treaty that ended the First Anglo-Burmese War. The treaty was signed on 24
February 1826, nearly two years after the war formally broke out on 5 March 1824, by
General Sir Archibald Campbell on the British side, and by Governor of Legaing Maha Min
Hla Kyaw Htin from the Burmese side. With the British army at Yandabo village, only 80
20
km (50 mi) from the capital Ava, the Burmese were forced to accept the British terms
without discussion [31].
4.17 1845-1846 ANGLO SIKH WAR
The Treaty of Lahore of 9 March 1846 was a peace treaty marking the end of the First
Anglo-Sikh War. The Treaty was concluded, for the British, by the Governor-General Sir
Henry Hardinge and two officers of the East India Company and, for the Sikhs, by the sevenyear-old Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur and seven members of the Lahore Durbar acting
on his behalf. The terms of the Treaty were punitive. Sikh territory was reduced to a fraction
of its former size, losing Jammu, Kashmir, Hazara, the territory to the south of the river
Sutlej and the forts and territory in the Jalandhar Doab between the rivers Sutlej and Beas. In
addition, controls were placed on the size of the Lahore army and thirty-six field guns were
confiscated. The control of the rivers Sutlej and Beas and part of the Indus passed to the
British, with the proviso that this was not to interfere with the passage of passenger boats
owned by the Lahore Government. Also, provision was made for the separate sale of all the
hilly regions between River Beas and Indus, including Kashmir, by the East India Company
at a later date to Gulab Singh, the Raja of Jammu [32].
4.18 1848 – DARJEELING TEA ESTABLISHED
Robert Fortune, a botanist, was hired by The Company to obtain the finest tea plants
from China to establish plantations in India. He disguised himself as Chinese „from a distant
province‟, hired an interpreter, a precaution as the Chinese were extremely protective of their
virtual monopoly on tea production. His efforts resulted in the shipment of 20,000 plants to
the Himalayas, establishing Darjeeling as one of the finest tea producing regions in the
world, and India as the dominant world tea producer it is today [33].
4.19 1857 – REVOLT
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India
Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut, and soon
escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and
central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region.The rebellion posed a considerable threat to
21
East India Company power in that region, and was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on
20 June 1858.The rebellion is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great
Rebellion, the Indian Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Rebellion of
1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. For some months the
British presence in this area was reduced to beleaguered garrisons, until forces were able to
launch offensives that had restored imperial authority by 1858. The lesson that the British
drew from 1857 was that caution must prevail: Indian traditions must be respected and the
assumed guardians of these traditions - priests, princes or landholders - were to be conciliated
under firm authoritarian British rule. Thus British Indian history in the 19th century is often
divided into two halves, separated by the great watershed of 1857: an age of ill-considered
reform, followed by an age of iron conservatism. Conservatism was eventually to provoke a
different form of reaction, the nationalism out of which modern India was to be born. The
revolt of 1857 reminded the British officials of their vulnerability and made them to take
Indian affairs seriously [34].
4.20 1873 – EAST INDIA COMPANY STOCK REDEMPTION
ACT
The East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 was an Act of the Parliament of
the United Kingdom, passed in 1873, that formally dissolved the British East India Company.
It was one of the East India Loans Acts 1859 to 1893. By the time of The Act‟s passing, The
Company had been effectively dissolved anyway, as The Crown assumed all governmental
responsibilities held by The company by The Act for the Better Government of India. The
Company‟s 24,000-man military force was incorporated into the British Army, leaving it
with only a shadow of the power it had wielded years earlier. Queen Victoria was the ruling
monarch at the time, and thanks to her new authority over India, became the first monarch to
use the title Empress of India [35].
22
CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE PROTOTYPE
Software prototype is an important part of a software development process. It is a
sequence of revision and draft versions of the final outcome of the application. A prototype
in the development process serves multiple purposes. It drives the development process in a
direction and gives a perspective into the difficulties ahead. It invites feedbacks from both
supervisors and student end users.
Software prototype serves as an initial model which is refined along the development
process to meet the requirements. The precursor to the development of software prototypes is
to gather requirements and specifications. Prototyping is part and parcel of agile software
development [8].
The initial prototype for this application was developed as shown in Figure 5.1 and
Figure 5.2. The application is provided with a login page for the user to enter the application.
The initial application launch preview has the user interface as shown in Figure 5.1. The
application had the following features:

The application displays events such as The Royal Charter, Trade with China, Boston
tea party, etc.

Each event includes information, pictures and videos if applicable.

The custom tool bar and menu to add, delete and to label the map layers.

Time line feature for navigation.
At every stage in the development process there was a scope for improvement to
include more information and to provide better knowledge to the user. Hence the application
is refined to develop a final effective tool which includes all the information for a complete
understanding about the Indian independence movement. The final application is shown in
the later chapters. Figure 5.3 shows the first screen after successful login by user and
Figure 5.4 shows implementation of one of the feature i.e. Hotlink selection.
23
Figure 5.1. Login screen; gateway to application.
Figure 5.2. Security alert incorrect login
credentials.
24
Figure 5.3. First screen after login.
Figure 5.4. Hotlink feature.
25
CHAPTER 6
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
This chapter will give us the architecture details of this application to know about the
East India Company from 1600 to 1873. The architecture will show the software components
involved in this application, and the interaction between the different components.
Architecture refers to the fundamental organization of a system as embodied in its
components, their relationships to each other, and to the environment, and the principles
guiding its design and evolution [36]. It serves as a blue print indicating what tasks and
development have to be done. In other words it is an early analysis of the end product and
designing structural models to it. Figure 6.1 shows the architecture diagram for the GIS based
tool implemented as part of this thesis project.
Figure 6.1. High level software architecture diagram.
26
CHAPTER 7
SETUP DEVELOPER’S ENVIRONMENT
As we discussed earlier the Eclipse IDE is a robust development environment. We
will see how to set up Eclipse IDE and integrate MOJO to it. Install Eclipse IDE from the
Eclipse website [7]. Install the Map Objects Java Edition. Then we integrate the MOJO to
Java by importing the ESRI Map Objects Library. We need to import only two library jar
files which are sufficient enough for the development of this application. The jar files
required are shown in Figure 7.1 and 7.2.
Figure 7.1. Adding ESRI library .
Figure 7.2. Importing MOJO jar files to Eclipse.
27
CHAPTER 8
SHAPE FILES
This chapter explains in brief how a user can create and modify shape files using the
Quantum GIS (QGIS) tool. Once the Shape files are created they can be easily imported into
the application. MOJO Map Objects provides a set of predefined methods to import these
map layers.
8.1 HOW TO CREATE SHAPE FILES
Quantum GIS (QGIS) is an open source tool available which helps in creating shape
files. All shape files in this application were designed using QGIS. We have already
discussed on how to set up the QGIS tool. Below is a brief introduction to how the shape
files were created using this tool [10].
8.2 CREATING SHAPE FILES

Open QGIS Desktop version 1.8

Create a new Project (File -> New Project)

Click on the new shape file icon as shown in Figure 8.1, and name the layer.

It opens a dialog which allows the user to add attributes into the attribute field for the
shape file being created.

As shown in Figure 8.2, we add a new attribute called name of type Text Data.

As shown in Figure 8.3, we can edit the attributes of the shape file [10].
Figure 8.1. Adding a new layer to create ShapeFile.
28
Figure 8.2. Adding a new attribute.
Figure 8.3. Toggle editing (edit mode).
29
CHAPTER 9
TOOLBARS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
Toolbars are key components in any application designed for user interaction.
Including tool bars and making them self-explanatory in any application is absolute, since
these provide a higher interaction level with the application. MOJO provides toolbars and the
ones which are used in this application are „ZoomPan toolbar‟, and „Selection toolbar‟. We
will have a detailed description about these tools and their significance in this application.
The toolbars are described as follows [3].
9.1 ZOOMPAN TOOLBAR
ZoomPanToolBar provides basic functionality required in this application. The
important tools here are „Zoom in‟, „Zoom out‟ and „identify‟. See the Figure 9.1 for details
of the each tool in ZoomPanToolBar.
Figure 9.1. ZoomPan toolbar.
9.2 SELECTION TOOLBAR
Selection Toolbar is another ESRI tool bar which is enabled only when a layer is
selected or active. This tool bar is mainly used for selecting required features from the map.
We will look at the details of tools in the selection toolbar. The tool is as shown in
Figure 9.2.
Figure 9.2. Selection toolbar.
This tool bar is used when we want to create a new shape file, query the attributes or
view the attributes table for a map layer [4].
30
CHAPTER 10
SUMMARY AND OBSTACLES
In summary, the East India Company, however was not just a business concern, it
was the curtain raiser for Britain‟s Indian Empire. Within two centuries the Company, with
its own army and navy, ruled India from its London base. The Company established its
premises in Leadenhall Street London in a rather imposing building which in later years was
rebuilt to accommodate the expanding business of the Company.
Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey and lasted
until 1858 when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858
led to the British Crown to assume direct control of India in the new British Raj.
The company was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend
Redemption Act passed one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then
rendered it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The official government machinery of British
India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its presidency armies.
The biggest obstacle was to simulate all the gathered data, there were so many events
parallel to each other it was hard to put them together in a single timeline. Another obstacle
was to get exact details of good that were traded by the East India Company like price,
quantities and their policies for the sale.
31
CHAPTER 11
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
This GIS tool provides ample amount of information about the East India Company
and their business. Although there is scope for the enhancement in this and some
enhancements that can be taken into interest are as follows:

All the detailed timeline information of Britain‟s rule in India can be included in a
single GIS tool which may include East India Company, Company rule in India and
British Raj in India.

Also the timeline of Britain‟s rule all over the world can be merged into single GIS
application for better understanding of British rule.

This application is limited as Windows desktop application; the existing tool can be
developed into Android app, iOS app, Windows app to reach wide range of end-users.
32
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