TheIndustrialRevolutionSpreads
Chapter 6, Section 1 New Industrial Powers Emerge •
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Britain tried to limit the export of inventions to protect its head start. Belgium – next European country to industrialize Germany, France, and the United States have more natural resources than Britain Other nation’s follow Britain’s lead After unification in 1871, Germany becomes Europe’s leading industrial power Southern and eastern Europe were slower – less natural resources and capital or difficult political/social conditions Japan makes modernization a priority Effects – rapid urbanization, difficult living and working conditions, mass production at lower prices, demand created jobs, new political leadership, fierce competition Technology Sparks Industrial Growth •
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Steel production soars – Bessemer •
process makes steel from iron; •
lighter, harder, and more durable •
Chemists create new products – fertilizers increase food production Alfred Nobel invents dynamite – safer explosive; Nobel prizes named after him and the $ he •
provided for them Electricity replaces steam as power source – dynamo (a machine that generates •
electricity) by M. Faraday; Edison’s light makes cities safer New methods of production develop – interchangeable parts simplified assembly and repair; assembly line leads to division of labor = faster/cheaper production Transportation and Communication Advances Steamships replaced sailing ships Railroad networks The automobile age begins – in Germany, K. Benz first 3‐wheel automobile and G. Daimler first 4‐
wheeled automobile; Henry Ford makes the U.S. the leader in production Airplanes take flight – Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1903 but commercial travel not until the 1920s Telegraph (S. Morse and trans‐
Atlantic cable), telephone (A. G. Bell), and radio (G. Marconi) make communication faster Business Takes a New Direction •
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Big Business = an establishment run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods New technologies required $ = stock sales (investment in a company) which led to large corporations (many stockholders) Leaders include A. Frupp (steel) and J.D. Rockefeller (oil) Ruthless business leaders destroyed competition Cartels (when companies joined forces to fix prices and control markets) Rise of big business and monopolies creates move toward regulation “Captains of Industry” or “Robber Barons” Most government supported big business Focus Question – How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth? (answered in complete sentences)