entomological ant ics - Connecticut Archaeology Center

News from the
C O N N E C T I C U T S TAT E M U S E U M O F N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y
&CONNECTICUT ARCHAEOLOGY CENTER
University of Connecticut • Fall 2009
“
entomological “ant ics
Carl Rettenmeyer, the Museum’s Founding Director,
passed away this past April. We are honored
by Carol Brévart-Demm
to offer this look back at his life in an
article originally published before his
death in the January 2009 edition
of the Swarthmore College
Bulletin, The Magazine of
Swarthmore College.
D
Photo by Charlene Fuller
IN THIS ISSUE
From the Director
The Legacy of a Lifetime of Collecting
Campus Profile: Marian Rettenmeyer
News from the State Archaeologist
uring his
life, Carl Rettenmeyer
has made the acquaintance
of various large and dangerous beasts.
He’s faced off with a fer-de-lance pit
viper and stared down a puma in
Panama, gone toe-to-toe with a tapir
and nose-to-nose with an ocelot in
Ecuador. Yet, although he shivers with
a certain exquisite terror mingled
with delighted awe in the presence of
large animals or deadly reptiles, these
encounters were never planned. All
occurred in the rain forests of Central
and South America during his fivedecade–long pursuit of a creature
actually no more than a half-inch
long—the army ant.
Despite their reputation as
ferocious killers—largely the result of
science-fiction, says Rettenmeyer—
army ants are beneficial to the
environment and to human beings.
“Well, they do bite but cause no serious
damage,” he adds.
f r o m
There are about 155 species of
army ants in the Western Hemisphere
and a possible 100 more in Asia and
Africa. Rettenmeyer is particularly
well-informed about the species Eciton
burchellii, found in Central and Southern America.
Rettenmeyer’s office contains
thousands of glass vials and jars filled
with ant specimens. Their labels
indicate that many have been hand
counted and contain hundreds of
thousands of specimens. As he
looks around his own, very real
“Empire of the Ants,” a mischievous smile breaks through his
thick, white beard, and he says:
“I love army ants. I could talk
about them for days.”
Rettenmeyer explains
that the army-ant caste system
consists of one queen, winged
males, and workers. The ants,
which are blind and depend
on chemical trails for direction, are migratory, moving
in columns—about 100 feet
long—of up to one million ants.
He’s calculated the size of migrating colonies by carefully timing and
filming their movement between
two points, then watching the film in
slow motion and counting the ants. As
they migrate, the ants transport larvae,
cocoons, and food for the colony. The
queen remains in the middle of the
column, protected by workers swarming
on top of and around her. The colony
moves by night from one nest—or
bivouac—to the next, distances of up to
100 yards at a speed of about 20 yards
per hour.
Army ant migrations occur every
night over two-week periods, according to a schedule that is related to the
queen’s reproductive cycle. After a
queen lays eggs—sometimes more
than 200,000 in 10 days—the colony
stays put until larvae emerge, followed by a further series of migrations until the larvae mature and
spin cocoons. A typical colony
travels about nine miles annually,
building its bivouacs among tree
roots or inside hollow trunks.
With the ability to support 100
times their own weight,
the ants often form
living bridges from nest
to ground, linking their
bodies by means of hooks
on their legs.
The workers hunt for
food in swarms, usually starting at dawn, Rettenmeyer says.
“A swarm raid can be about 50
yards wide. It’s quite an intimidating sight. Once you see it, you
never forget it.” Ant prey includes
cockroaches, wasps, katydids,
crickets, scorpions, other ant species, and, on rare occasions, a small
vertebrate such as a lizard. The ants
dismember larger prey and transport
it back to the bivouac. Their mandibles are so strong, he says, that native
peoples have been known to use them
as natural sutures, pinching off the
ant’s thorax and abdomen, leaving the
head and jaws to hold a wound closed.
Swarm raids are accompanied
by flocks of ant birds that hover near
the swarm not to attack the ants
but rather to devour the arthropods they flush out during their
marauding. “Forty-six species
of ant birds depend on Eciton
burchellii alone for food,”
Rettenmeyer says.
“Army ants are the most
important predators in a
tropical forest,” he adds,
“because a single colony
can consume half a million
animals a week. They’re a
kind of biological pest control.” He knows of army
ant raids that have passed
through houses without
stopping, and when they
leave, the building is emptied of household pests.
Now 77 years old,
Rettenmeyer says he has had a
serious interest in “bugs” since
childhood, but his fascination
with army ants really began when
he was at Swarthmore. During
his junior year, he found himself
in a biology course with a group of
students who were all premed except
for him. “I was the weirdo from day
2
one. The other biology majors joked
about me wanting to study bugs,” he
says.
Later that year, Rettenmeyer was
contacted by the late Theodore Schneirla, an animal psychologist in the
Department of Animal Behavior at New
York’s American Museum of Natural
History, who studied the behavior of
army ants. Schneirla, an acquaintance
of Rettenmeyer’s biology professor
Robert Enders, needed a field assistant
to accompany him to Barro Colorado
Island in Panama. “It took Bob Enders
about half a second to think of me,”
Rettenmeyer says. “Nobody else wanted
to study insects.”
Soon, Rettenmeyer was off to
Panama for six months. “I think Schneirla picked me because I was a member
of the varsity cross-country team and he
thought if I could run six miles, I’d be
able to do the work in Panama,” Rettenmeyer jokes.
Graduating with a B.A. in biology
in 1953, Rettenmeyer embarked on a
Ph.D. in entomology at the University
of Kansas. However, when he received
a call from Life magazine, inviting him
to return to Panama for nine weeks
with a photographer who was shooting
a feature on army ants, Rettenmeyer
couldn’t refuse. Life paid for the trip and
provided a small stipend.
“That was my lucky break,” Rettenmeyer says. “We collected thousands
of specimens,” including 147 species of
mites that live on various parts of the
ants’ bodies. He explains that hundreds
of thousands of insects—including
species of microscopic flies, beetles, and
silverfish—live among the army ant
colonies. Hidden in the swarm, they
enjoy a degree of protection because
their natural predators are themselves
likely to fall prey to the aggressive ants.
When Rettenmeyer returned
to Kansas, faculty members were
impressed. They urged him to apply for
a grant to return to the rain forest and
continue his research.
“The problem was,” he says, “there
was no funding for graduate students
back then. The National Science Foundation (NSF) had barely started and
was only giving grant money to faculty
members, so they said, ‘Write up the
proposal, and we’ll sign it.’”
Rettenmeyer received grants for
three further trips to Panama—now
with his new bride of a few months,
Marian Wolf Rettenmeyer, an Ohio
Wesleyan graduate he’d met while
taking summer courses at the
University of New Hampshire in
1951. “Marian had liked insects
as a little girl and was actually
interested in ants, so I knew
she was a woman I had to
keep track of,” he laughs. She
became his lifelong partner
and assistant.
“You can’t imagine how
wonderful it is,” Rettenmeyer
says. “She’s been so helpful,
and she’s discovered a number
of new species.”
It’s also comforting to have
a partner close by when you’re
being jostled by a 200-pound tapir
that—lured by your lunch bag—is
going berserk because the ants
you’re following are biting the soft
skin between its toes.
With grants from the NSF and,
later, the University of Connecticut
Research Foundation, he and Marian
made more than 20 expeditions to
Panama, Costa Rica, and Ecuador as
well as field trips to Kansas and Texas,
collecting specimens and studying
the behavior of army ants. His early
research is carefully recorded, neatly
handwritten, on 3- by 5-inch index
cards, which he keeps in his university
laboratory along with the 600-page dissertation that resulted in his receiving a
Ph.D. 1962.
Rettenmeyer’s research led him to
an assistant professorship at Kansas
State University, visiting associate
professorships at the Organization
for Tropical Studies in Costa Rica,
and, in 1971, a professorship in
the Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut–Storrs.
He retired in 1996 and now
holds emeritus status. Founding director of the Connecticut
State Museum of Natural History, he is the author of many
scholarly articles,
monologues, and
book chapters. His
photographs have
appeared in publications of wildlife
organizations including
National Geographic, the
Audubon Encyclopedia of
Wildlife, National Wildlife Federation, and Smithsonian magazine.
In 1996, Rettenmeyer was
diagnosed with Waldenstrom’s
macroglobulinemia, a form of
lymphoma. “I was supposed to die
in 1997 or 1998,” he says, but a new
drug developed around the time of
his diagnosis has kept his disease
in remission and allowed him to
continue to work. “It was really a
miracle.” He often uses a wheelchair to get around these days, yet,
despite his frailty, he still visits
his office several days each week
to continue identifying the tens
of thousands of insects he has
stored in bottles and jars in
a temperature-controlled
section of the university’s
Biology Department. Also
housed there is the Rettenmeyer Collection, which
contains hundreds of thousands of already identified
specimens, preserved in
layer upon layer of neatly
ordered trays.
In 2006, Rettenmeyer
published a DVD titled
Astonishing Army Ants, a
spectacular testament to
the breadth of his research
and the fascinating behavior
of his subjects. He is currently working on a second
film called The World’s Largest
Animal Association, highlighting the 300-plus species that are
completely dependent on army
ant colonies for survival. And
for those who watch them, those
corny science-fiction movies will
pale by comparison.
Reprinted with permission from the
Swarthmore College Bulletin.
3
o u r
director(s)
Dear Friends,
In the Museum’s very first
newsletter, Founding Director and
Faculty member Carl Rettenmeyer
wrote to supporters about “The New
Connecticut State Museum of Natural History”:
June 1983, Number 1
Connecticut has had a State Museum of
Natural History for many years, but it has
been hidden in attics, basements and other
rooms at The University of Connecticut
in Storrs. The collections have grown
steadily over the years... These collections
are continuously in use for teaching and
research at the University, but there has
never been an adequate place to display
specimens where they can be enjoyed and
appreciated by the general public.
Carl wanted to give the broader community
opportunities to experience the wonder
and curiosity he felt for collections and the
natural world—and today, more than 25
years later, Carl’s vision has become a reality.
We provide wonderful, thought-provoking
programs and exhibits for people of all ages,
and have a permanent home in our own
building on campus. None of this would be
possible without the success of Carl’s tireless
campaign for membership and donations, or
the continued public support we have worked
hard to maintain through the years.
We are ever grateful to the many members and
friends whose generosity and shared vision
helped establish and grow our Museum since
Carl first gave it life. And as we look to the
next 25 years, and the challenges of facility
completion, his legacy of persistence and
determination will serve us well.
Thank you Carl, from all of us.
Leanne Harty, Director
Carl Rettenmeyer conducting fieldwork in Costa Rica.
Photo by Carolanne Markowitz.
for
QUESTIONS
yET UNASKeD
THE LEGACY OF A LIFETIME OF COLLECTING
C
arl and Marian Rettenmeyer spent more than 50 years as a team
researching social insects, in particular army ants and the multitude of
creatures that live among their colonies. These cohabitants, known as
myrmecophiles or ant guests, are species that live in mutualistic association
with ants, whether in a commensal or parasitic relationship. While studying, photographing, and filming these organisms, they amassed an extensive
collection of specimens, the largest collection of its kind, making it a highly
valuable research collection for scientists worldwide. The University of
Connecticut is fortunate to be home to The Carl and Marian Rettenmeyer
Ant-Guest Collection, one of the Systematic Research Collections in the
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
The collections are primarily from Kansas, Costa Rica, Panama and
Ecuador. The pinned army ant collection includes about 120 species and
subspecies. The ant-guests include 294 species of millipedes and insects
totaling 3,254 pinned specimens, 6,296 vials, and 255 microscope slides.
There are over 20,000 specimens and 878 paratypes. The final group is the
mites comprising 3,573 microscope slides and 76,606 specimens including
over 1,000 paratypes.
In addition to the multitude of specimens, the Rettenmeyer Ant-Guest
Collection also includes several thousand color and black and white photographs and about 30 hours of digital videotape. Marian Rettenmeyer, aided
by Julia Joseph (Carl’s assistant of many years), is continuing to work on
this collection: inventorying, identifying, and describing species that may
be previously unknown to science.
Natural history research collections are libraries of physical and biological
data scientists use to better understand our natural and cultural world. They
are painstakingly preserved because they most certainly contain the answers
to questions we have not yet learned to ask. The importance of arthropod
collections, specifically, lies in the importance of the organism itself. Insects,
arachnids, and other arthropods have been described as comprising as much
as 75 percent of all known species. Because of their prevalence throughout
our ecosystem, studying these creatures can provide valuable information
about how diverse habitats are changing and what effects these changes may
have on our world. Collections are important to this process because they also
present a historical marker against which new discoveries and information
can be compared. Collections maintained by colleges and universities have
additional value because of their potential to educate both undergraduate and
graduate students, often providing their first exposure to an in-depth analysis
of the vast diversity of species on our planet. Only through this hands-on
exposure can future biologists obtain an appreciation for the breadth and
depth of the incredible diversity found in the natural world. At the Connecticut State Museum of Natural History and Connecticut Archaeology
Center, collections are also educational tools that help us to share ongoing
research with audiences well outside the University community.
4
Just a tiny sample of the specimens in the Carl and Marian Rettenmeyer Ant-Guest Collection.
Special thanks to Jane O’Donnell, Manager of Scientific Collections,
for her cooperation in obtaining these images.
5
C a m p u s
P r o f i l e
Marian Rettenmeyer
A TA S T E O F C T
Carl Rettenmeyer’s
ground-breaking
research is well known
in the academic community. Less well-known,
but equally instrumental
to these accomplishments, is his research
associate, devoted wife,
mother to his children,
and a scientist in her
own right, Marian
Rettenmeyer.
Marian worked
as a medical research
assistant at the University of Michigan
Biological Station at Douglas Lake after
earning her M.S. from the University of
Michigan in 1953. She had met Carl in
1952 during summer classes at Douglas Lake. They were married in 1954,
while Carl was a PhD candidate at the
University of Kansas.
In 1956, Carl was invited to the
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
on Barro Colorado Island in Panama.
There, Carl and Marian lived in primitive conditions and spent nights tracking down army ants. Marian recorded
notes and labeled specimens while Carl
photographed and observed ant behavior. During this time, Marian discovered
and described a mite that mimics ant
larvae; this species was named Larvamina marianae and is one of four
species of invertebrates described by and
named for her. The number of species
named for both Rettenmeyers is a staggering 36! The results of the research
in Panama became Carl’s dissertation,
which Marian typed and edited.
Carl began his
teaching career at
Kansas State University in 1960, and then
accepted a position at
UConn in 1971. While
at UConn, they traveled to Limon Cocha
Biological Reserve in
Ecuador several times
and stayed at the
Summer Institute of
Linguistics. Marian
cared for the Institute
families’ preschoolers in
the mornings and continued to help Carl
with his research.
In Connecticut, she volunteered
as an assistant in Carl’s lab. In the early
1980s, Carl began to advocate for a
State Museum of Natural History.
Once the Museum became a reality,
Marian had an active role organizing
the Museum volunteers, staffing Family
Days events, and in recent years, helping Carl during BioBlitz.
On one memorable Museum-sponsored trip to Africa, everyone stayed in a
tent camp in the Maasi Mara in Kenya.
Marian slipped and fell into some rocks
one rainy evening. The next morning,
she could not walk on her right leg.
The group was scheduled to visit a
Maasi village, and in typical Marian
fashion, she procured two canes and
accompanied everyone to the village
anyway. They finally arrived home three
days later, where she was diagnosed
with a broken hip!
Marian says, “Being married to Carl
was an adventure, one after the other!”
Noank Aquaculture Cooperative, Noank, CT, (860) 536-0609
The Noank Aquaculture Cooperative, located in one of Connecticut’s picturesque
coastal villages, is the site of a promising new aquaculture
(shell fish farming) operation. Maritime research
has been conducted at this facility, once part
of the University of Connecticut, for over a
century. Connecticut’s shell fishing roots
are deep, going back into prehistory. The
waters of Long Island Sound provide
ideal conditions for the growth of tasty
oysters, clams, and scallops, which
are prized throughout the United States.
6
N e w s
A TA S T E O F C T
Lamothe’s Sugarhouse
Burlington, CT, www.lamothesugarhouse.com
Years ago, Leonard Lamothe and his brother Rob
began making maple syrup for their own use with
a modest seven taps. In short order, they were
inundated with requests for their outstanding
syrup. They soon found demand was greater
than their supply and expanded the number of
taps and the size of the operation several times.
Today they have come a long way since the first
7 taps, and have expanded to more than 4500
taps. What started as a hobby has become a
full time family business for Rob and Leonard
Lamothe, who now produce maple syrup, several
varieties of maple candies, and granulated maple
sugar, which can be found in many Connecticut
grocery stores as well as at the sugarhouse.
A TA S T E O F C T
Priam Vineyards
Colchester, CT, www.priamvineyards.com
Connecticut has several wineries that have won
international awards, including Priam Vineyards
in Colchester. Priam’s 40-acre farm is a unique
viticulture district in Connecticut, and has 22
acres of grapes in production. They produce
thirteen different wines, including some classic
European varietals. This family-owned example
of sustainable vineyard agriculture has
also been certified by both the National
Wildlife Federation and the Connecticut
DEP as wildlife habitat,
signifying its function
as a wildlife sanctuary
as well as a production
vineyard. The vineyards are beautiful
throughout the
year for picnicking and
touring.
As part of our series The Natural
History of Food, A Taste of CT
showcases a variety of locally
grown foods found in our State. For
more information on the programs,
lectures and workshops featured in
this series go to: www.cac.uconn.
edu/mnhcurrentcalendar.html.
A TA S T E O F C T
Lyman Orchards
Middlefield, CT, www.lymanorchards.com
Lyman Orchards is a 1,100-acre farm in central
Connecticut, located in the northwest corner
of Middlesex County. Established in 1741,
Lyman Orchards is the ninth oldest familyowned business in the United States. Now
in its eighth generation, the family business
continues to grow and evolve while maintaining
a steadfast commitment to preserving the land
for future generations. Lyman Orchards feature
a variety of apples, peaches, pears, berries,
and pumpkins. Enjoy a delicious snack in
their market, get lost in the summer Sunflower
Maze and fall Corn Maze, take a horse-drawn
wagon ride on weekends in the fall, and from
June through October, pick your own fresh fruit
in the orchards!
A TA S T E O F C T
Cato Corner Farm
Colchester, CT, www.catocornerfarm.com
Cato Corner Farm is a small family dairy farm in
Colchester that has been a working farm since the
mid-eighteenth century. Elizabeth MacAlister has
owned the farm for more than 25 years, and she
and her son maintain their herd of 40 free-range
Jersey cows that have a rich diet of fresh pasture
grasses without hormones, animal based feeds, or
gratuitous antibiotics. She began making cheese in
1997 as a way to keep her farm sustainable. Today,
they hand make a dozen styles of aged farmhouse
cheese sold in many Farmer’s Markets and retail
stores throughout New York City and Connecticut.
Visit Cato Corner Farm and experience a wonderful
example of successful sustainable agriculture
right here in Connecticut, and taste their delicious
award-winning cheeses!
f r o m
t h e
S tat e A r c h a e o l o g i s t
Carl Rettenmeyer
had a vision. Not an
apparition, but a concept
that extended his teaching beyond the halls of
the university and into
the realm of the general
public. The vision was
simple and he probably
was not the first to think
of it at UConn, but he
was the first to implement
it. The concept he developed was to utilize various
departmental research
collections on campus and make them
available to the public through exhibits
and programs within a state museum of
natural history. UConn research collections had been an important source of faculty and graduate student studies. Carl’s
vision found a new use for the collections,
to educate school teachers, students and
their parents literally all the people of
Connecticut, to better understand the
natural and cultural world around them.
Many people have ideas and visions
of what the future might be, but few have
the ability to make others see their vision
and have the work ethic necessary to actually fulfill those ambitions. Carl had it and
he did it. He presented cogent arguments
to state legislators, UConn administrators,
and fellow faculty for the development of
a natural history museum on campus. He
solicited support from the general public
to become members and donors. He did
this through the power of his personality,
the soundness of his argument, and hard
work, so others could see and embrace the
potential of his vision.
At UConn, Carl already had plenty
of work to do within the Department of
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, from
teaching graduates and undergraduates
to conducting research. He didn’t need
another job—that of founding director of a museum. However, his vision
would not dissipate. Actually, he would
have it no other way. The Connecticut
State Museum of Natural History would
bring thousands of people to UConn
for events, exhibits, and programs—pro-
7
viding many young
people their first view
and impression of the
university. How many
would enroll at UConn
due to their experience
with the Museum?
And, it was never easy,
even after the museum
developed—small staff,
budget crises that came
and went. They still
come. I well remember
how every year Carl
and I would go to the
Capitol Building in Hartford and testify
before the Appropriations Committee
on the work and budget needs of the
museum. We didn’t always get what we
wanted, but whatever we received we
used to the best advantage—in reality,
because of such great public support, the
museum was and remains a great buy for
the university and the state.
In 1987, when the state legislature
was considering the passage of a new bill
to create an Office of State Archaeology, Carl lobbied hard to get the State
Archaeologist placed administratively
within the museum. Along with his
own field of natural resources, his vision
expanded to include cultural resources.
I have always appreciated that Carl gave
me the independence to mold the Office
of State Archaeology in the manner I
thought appropriate. He never made
demands of my time more than necessary and he provided me with a free rein
to do the job I felt I needed to do. I don’t
know if I lived up to his faith in me, but
without his support and confidence, it
would have been hard to achieve any of
the success we have had.
You know, they tell me that heaven
has been around for a very long time and,
if so, I suspect things there are evolving.
And, if so, Carl is still researching and
teaching!
Nick Bellantoni, State Archaeologist
Board of Directors
William Morlock, Chairman
David Bingham, M.D.
Liz Buttner, CT Department of Education
Carmen Cid, Biology, ECSU
Jean Crespi, Geosciences and Biology, UConn
Steve Fish, CT Department of Environmental Protection
Carl Lindquist, M.D.
Natalie Munro, Anthropology, UConn
Dennison Nash, Anthropology, UConn, Emeritus
Morty Ortega, Natural Resources, UConn
Karin Peterson, CT Comm. on Culture & Tourism
David Wagner, Biology, UConn
Walter Woodward, State Historian, UConn
Coming NEXT YEAR
Volunteers
Volunteers are a vital part of the Museum’s effort
to provide innovative programming and enrich the
museum experience. We wish to thank the following
individuals for joining the new volunteer program:
Melissa Collins, Dr. Cynthia Jones, Rich Morrow.
Clint Morse, Dr. Matt Opel, Amanda Sullivan.
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S ta f f
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Cheri Collins, Program Coordinator &
Collection Manager
David Colberg, Public Information &
Marketing Coordinator
Collin Harty, Exhibit and Communication Design
Leanne Kennedy Harty, Director
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Robert Thorson, Stone Wall Initiative
Interns: Paige Classey, Christina Griffin, Kelly Lindine
Undergraduate Students: Geoffrey Batista, Alex Brittingham, Joseph Carrano, Jade Daniels, Alessandra
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Following the success of 2009’s Natural History
of Food Series, we are excited to unveil 2010’s
focus: The Natural History of Health. Through
lectures, programs, and workshops, we will bring
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and beyond who will help us understand how
the physical and biological processes occurring
around us influence our physical well being and
shape our perceptions of what it means to be
healthy. Our goal is to take a closer look at the
intimate connection between our natural history
and our cultural history, and get healthier doing it!
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