Semak L.
SEMIOTIC APROACHTOTHE STUDY OF THE LEXICAL SYNONYMY IN THE
CONTEMPORARY WOMEN’S PROSE
There is a very active discussion about lexical synonymy in modern linguistic literature.
In numerous scientific quests is a series of theoretical definitions synonyms seemingly
contradictory. These definitions define two main areas: 1 ) the definitions are based on the
meaning of (L. Bulakhovsky, E. Krotevych, A. Akhmanova), 2) determining based on a
phenomena or concept that refers to the word (A. Evgenyeva, R. Budagov, J. Apresian). The
boundary between these two approaches (1) synonyms - words of similar meaning, 2) synonyms
- words that referred to one concept, but different shades of meaning) is performed not by
definition, synonym, and for understanding the meaning of a word, such a concept as a
component value.
So in linguistics appear synonyms emanating from understanding the semantics of words
like multistructure (V. Vinogradov, L. Lysychenko, D. Shmelov) and stress when considering
synonymy differentiate the meaning and importance of lexical and semantic variant of the word,
according understand synonymous number as a sequence of lexical and semantic variants, that
the meanings of words, not the words themselves (M. Muravytska, D. Shmelev). This definition
has launched a semiotic approach to the study of the lexical synonymy. Research on such terms
and within such an approach must be relevant and productive in the analysis of lexical synonymy
on the material of the art.
With this in mind, the purpose of this article is to examine the lexical synonymy as
lexical and semantic variant of the word, values of individual ambiguous word, the material of
contemporary women's fiction. In this regard, there is a need for considering the effects of lexical
synonymy, classification of lexical and semantic variants of these units and their research in
terms of component analysis.
As you know, words are not locked linguistic units. Each lexical unit enters the
vocabulary of the system in a variety of links to other lexical units, which in some way affect its
semantics. Is not a new position and that the semantic peculiarity of speech most clearly revealed
by comparing it with other words, synonymous with them that the word is not isolated from
other lexical items. In linguistics has long emphasized the need to examine each separately taken
no word, and groups of words are semantically related to each other. Synonymy is usually seen
as a system of relations between words based on semantic communities, which manifests itself in
the language for a long period of historical development. Interaction of lexical items in terms of
synonymy is objective and is a concrete expression of the common semantic patterns in a
particular language . In the analysis of synonymy many scientists stresses necessary to have
distinctive features synonymous in a row. By itself, the process of generalization contains
properties and distinguishing certain similarities, so the word can set synonymous with several
tokens as in the language and in speech.
Understanding synonymic series as a sequence of lexical and semantic variants, that the
meanings of words, not the words themselves called semiotic approach to the relationship
between meaning and its formal characteristics. "This understanding not only denies the relative
autonomy of formal and semantic integrity of the words in lexical synonyms system artistic work
(as no objection to consideration of words as semantic unity of its different versions), but rather
out of this independence and integrity" [6, p. 29]. Analysis synonymic set in the context of
literature as a sequence of word meanings rather than the words themselves take into account the
laws of social semiotic function and the historical exploration words, namely the use of the
meanings of words by the author during the writing of the work.
Extralinguistic situation and speech context, contribute to, firstly, the implementation of a
meaning, and on this basis nears meanings of words, and secondly the emergence within the new
values capable of synonimization. Polysemic in the process of implementing synchronous and
diachronic result of enriching opportunities synonyms language system. Synonymous each row
in a literary work is a series of values of different words polisemic word comes in different
synonyms series precisely because of its ambiguity, the presence of his lexical and semantic
variants. Semantic differences between these options related differences in terms of their
syntactic realization of speech.
Considering the structure of the lexical and semantic variant words, we take into account
the following components are defined in linguistic meaning as conceptual object and relatedness
words , his socially conscious emotional , words belonging to a particular lexical and
grammatical category ( part of speech ) , place in the stylistic system language.
So, synonyms arise from the need to capture in words the new shades events, ideas or
concepts cannot describe the phenomenon, and its particular vision for its society, appear as a
result of differentiation of values or synonymic convergence, developing language system. To
determine the types of synonyms are important components of the lexical and semantic meaning
variant words that are difficult to verbal description, but include such important elements of a
purely linguistic meaning as lexical, semantic and syntactic compatibility of the word and its
belonging to a particular word-formation paradigm" [4, p. 41]. Depending on which component
(or components ) to two different synonymous lexical-semantic variants synonymous divided
into several groups. The most common is the separation of synonyms for logical, emotional and
stylistic according to three aspects of the characteristics of speech. However, this is only a
general classification, in each of the units of which may have its own differentiation.
Logical or ideographic, the terminology V. Vinogradov, synonyms arising from fixing
the word differential features of concept. They differ in that the alias is recorded some new
feature of the phenomenon, a trait that the value of synonymous words that existed before, not
included. The main function of this type synonyms clarify the description of the concept.
Depending on the component, which is different of the two words, you can define the following
subgroups of synonyms in the prose works of modern Ukrainian writers.
Synonyms, serving to underline and highlight certain features of the concept, which in
terms of the speaker, is essential. Thus, the words melt unwind (1. розтавати – gradually
disappear, to become invisible, or become liquid; 2. розвіюватися – spread, disperse in the air,
the wind or move) show varying degrees of commitment actions against ' are united by means of
the component to "disappear" and differentiated semantic option "mode of action". Synonymous
гарячий-розчервонілий (1. гарячий – hot, scorching or move. Having a high temperature ,
strongly heated [2 , c. 213] 2. розчервонілий - red-hot [2 , c. 716 ]) nears by seven "
temperature" , "color" , because he is very hot, hot , has a shade of red , “Випалило б Майку до
кісток, не померла – розтанула б, розвіялася на попіл” [3, р. 43]. “Та пізно увечері, коли
надзвичайно ласкава Тома – гаряча-розчервоніла після ванни – ніби ненавмисно забула
застібнути халат і так пройшлася повз чоловіка лебідкою, Реп’ях раптом засумував, очі
долу” [3, р. 56].
2. Aliases that are used to identify the degree or extent attributes, quality or condition.
This includes a significant number of adjectives (young, strong, quiet, peaceful) correlated the
words of other parts of speech: nouns (youth, strength, peace, peace), adverbs (young, strong,
quiet, peaceful): “Тоді й сама рука, відчуваючи себе молодою і сильною, не надто багато
часу присвячувала вихованню своїх дітей-пальців…” [1, р. 19]. “…Я була б несказанно рада
закінчити розповідь про солодку Дарусю та Івана Цвичка на оптимістичній ноті, мовляв,
нарешті з'явився у бідної сироти захисник, який не дав пальцем зачепити її нікому, і
зажили вони тихо-мирно, і біль покинув Дарусю, лиш хіба що не вернувся голос…” [5, р.
12]. So молодий-сильний (1. молодий – regarding youth, appropriate , its characteristic [2, р.
502 ] 2. сильний – having great power or evidence of it [2, р. 891 ]) combined with some
synonym for due to the seven "power" because it means a healthy young, so strong. Synonyms
тихий-мирний (1. тихий – which hardly forms a sound , does not make noise [2 , р. 1003 ]. 2.
мирний – that is no broken, no stops, calm, quiet [2 , р. 602 ]) combined seventh "peace".
3. Synonyms, describing the intensity of an action or state. In pairs verbs припастипричаїтися (1. припадати – to something, someone nestle [2, р. 802 ] 2. причаїтися – hiding
from someone, trying to be inconspicuous [2, р. 808 ]) The second word expresses the same act
or state as the first, but more rapidly detected, for example: “Поштарка біля лави до землі
припала, причаїлася, очі заплющила, Бога на поміч: хай би повиздихали…” [3 , р. 26].
4. Synonyms differing nature of the action: битися ( strike [2 , c. 114 ]) - калатати (to
strike with more force [2, р. 401] ), ворожити (be busy at someone, something [2 , р. 217 ]) зцілювати (deprived of disease, illness, make someone healthy, cure ) for example: “Після
примхливої близькості минула година, та Майчине серце й досі б’ється-калатає” [3, c.
34]. “Бо з ним болю не стало, ніби брав її і ворожив-зцілював” [3, c. 32].
5. Class logical synonyms are also those shades of meaning that are related to the nature
of compatibility, inherent in every member of the group of synonyms. So, розхристанийрозкиданий (1. розхристаний - wherein there is no order, disorderly [2 , c. 813 ] 2.
розкиданий - which is in disorder; uncleared [2 , c. 801 ]) nears by seven randomness, "but out
of context have different compatibility, as can be except for scattered object is also an action, for
example: “Оминула облуплений капулетцівський клуб, пішла засніженою вулицею: а немале
село ці Капулетці — хат тридцять назбирається, тільки розхристане якесь, розкидане”
[3, c. 68]".
The second class of synonyms to the value associated with the style differentiation of
vocabulary words in place of the stylistic system. For stylistic synonyms main opposition is not
the differences in concept, but mainly by the use of words in a given functional style. Therefore,
among the stylistic synonyms lot of that over the subject conceptual meaning is the same. As
opposed to stylistic synonyms words (stylistically neutral) and more or less fixed on a certain
style. So, synonymous ranks напружитися-знітитися, безсиле-зів’яле-змаліле first word is
between stylistic and all these belong to the art style. As synonyms in lexical system is not
combined in pairs, and nests, consisting of a few words, it may be synonymous nest complex
system of stylistic contrasts. In some cases, stylistically neutral word can have two or more
synonyms in a particular style, for example: “Реп’ях напружився, знітився чогось, запитав
ніби байдуже” [3, р. 35]. “Дaруся, зів'ялa, геть зовсім безсилa, змaлілa, як дитинкa,
мовчки дaвaлa себе обертaти, a потім сідaлa, тримaючи голову в колінaх, поки Мaрія
холодними рукaми мaстилa їй тім'я” [5, р. 19]. Thus, напружитися (nervously excited, very
excited [2 , р. 509 ]) - знітитися (feel embarrassed, feel embarrassed by something [2 , р. 342 ])
converge seventh "excitement" only within the context where efface oneself used in a figurative
sense, that is stylistically - colored . Aliases are безсиле-зів’яле-змаліле (1. безсилий - which is
not physical strength, weak, exhausted [2 , р. 198] 2. зів’ялий - who lost vitality, motility,
vitality, sluggish [2, р. 331] 3. змалілий - one that decreased in size [2, р. 358 ]) joined by sem
"weakness", moreover, stylistically neutral безсилий stylistically refined colored зів’ялий and
occasional змалілий, as one that is reduced in size must have the strength , become weak.
The third class of so-called synonyms are emotionally colored (or expressive)
interchangeably. Meaning of words different from the other synonymic nest emotional coloring
that identifies individual attitude to this phenomenon. This is not words that evaluative element
is a conceptual basis for subject- value, and only those that are emotional are not associated with
the same object or phenomenon, and reveals our attitude toward him ошелешений-пригнічений,
довбаний-клятий: “Майка ще тупцювала на порозі — ошелешена, пригнічена, а
поштарка вже до справи взялася” [3, p. 54]. “Клята, довбана піч!” [3, p. 53]. So,
ошелешений-пригнічений (1. ошелешений - very surprised , shocked , shocked [2 , р. 641 ] 2.
пригнічений - covered depressing , difficult, painful feelings [2 , р. 702]) nears synonymous
with some of these things through "depression" and клятий-довбаний (1. клятий - heavy on
the degree of its expression , long-term ( a natural phenomenon ) [2 , р. 412 ] 2. довбаний make a metal single piece of wood chipping, gouge or posted, strong in the degree of their
expression [2 , р. 213]) combine semantic factor "the power of expression of negative emotions".
In such synonymic pairs ошелешина-пригнічена, клята-довбана first component devoid of
expressive evaluation, and some expressed a negative attitude. Emotional synonyms as stylistic
may be synonymous in the nest linked in a complex system that are differentiated by the
expression.
“Synonymous convergence of different words is a common part of the communicative
updating values belonging to different discrete units. A number of synonymous meanings of
words against the backdrop of differences between the values reinforced by formal differences of
discrete units demonstrated varying degrees of semantic community values” [4 , p. 40].
Synonymy highlights the lack of clear boundaries between the selected semantic continuum of
values, even if they are implemented in different discrete forms - different words. The words
whose meaning nears not only have excellent sound systems and are characterized primarily by
differences in historical semantic structures. Synonymous value keeps these differences. That is
why the number of synonymous meanings as polisemic word is a unity of semantic do with
semantically different. Thus polisemic word identifies semantically semantically different in
common, a number of synonymous meanings, by contrast, emphasizes the semantic sharing of
semantically excellent .
Thus, the modern Ukrainian prose demonstrates the using of lexical synonymous series,
lexical and semantic variants contain components values that are difficult to verbal description,
but are characterized by lexical, semantic and syntactic compatibility of the word. Depending on
the component to which different lexical and semantic variants in several synonymous,
synonymous divided into logical, emotional and stylistic according to three aspects of the
characteristics of words that clearly represented in contemporary Ukrainian prose writer.
Semiotic approach to the study of lexical synonymy helps identify stylistic features as synonyms
in the book, that is what the purpose by providing lexical- semantic variant of the same hue
value, which brings it into context with other lexical- semantic variants. Therefore, the study of
lexical- synonymic level work in terms of this approach is important, primarily because of ever
newness and freshness of lexical items within a particular context. Important and urgent is the
study of linguistic features of texts of contemporary women's fiction with a different perspective
of linguistic knowledge.