Russia: Reform and Reaction
Chapter 7, Section 5
Essential Question
Why did industrialization and
reform come more slowly to
Russia than to Western Europe?
Today’s Objectives
Students will be able to….
1. Discuss the pre-revolution conditions in
Russia and explain how they lead to the
Russian Revolution by participating in
class discussion and completing notes.
2. Identify and define key vocabulary words
for this section.
Ch. 7 Sec 5 Vocabulary
colossus
Alexander II
Crimean War
emancipation
zemstvo
pogram
refuges
Duma
Peter Stolypin
Russia in 1815
Largest most populous nation in world
Rigid social structure
– Majority of Russians were Serfs
– Very small middle class
– Landowning Nobles dominated society
Ceriman War (1855) revealed Russia’s lack
of industrialization
Czars & the Russian People
Tsar Alexander II
Autocracy – czars had
absolute power
People angry b/c
social inequality &
ruthless treatment
from czars
Censorship, secret
police, oppression of
minorities
Tsar Nicholas
Russian Reforms
1861 – Emancipation (freeing) of Serfs
– Serfs have to buy land – but have no money
– Leads to more frustration
– Did lead to urbanization in some areas
Zemstovs – local gov’t responsible for roads,
schools, etc..
– Gave Russians experience in self-government
Other reforms:
– Trial by jury
– Military service terms were reduced
– Brutal discipline was limited
Tsar Alexander III
Tsar Alexander II – Assassinated March 3, 1881
Tsar Alexander III response; wipe out all
resistance
– Increased power of secret police
– Imposed strict Censorship
– Exiled critics to Siberia
–Pogrom
Persecution
of Jews
Jews,
Armenians,
Poles,
in Russia.
being
beaten while
policeFinns,
look etc…
on, 1880's at Kiev.
Pogroms – organized and sanctioned mob attacks
on Jewish people.
Industrialization & Revolution
Russia begins
industrialization late
Sergey Witte (TransSiberian Railway)
Unrest b/c of awful
conditions, low wages,
child labor
- widening gap b/w RICH
and POOR
Unrest leads to formation
of revolutionary groups
Poor
Rich
Crisis leads to Revolution
Russo-Japanese War: 1904
– Russians suffered one defeat after another
– Lead to more discontent and riots
Bloody Sunday:
– St. Petersburg January 22, 1905
– Peaceful protestors assembled
– Tsar fled, soldiers fired into the crowd
line of Russian
prisoners
of war,
at
–A Killed
the peoples
faith
andprobably
trust incaptured
the Tsar
Hamatan during the Russo-Japanese War.
Results of Bloody Sunday
The creation of the Duma (elected national
legislature)
Duma was dissolved by the Tsar for
criticizing the gov’t
Arrests, pogroms, and executions continued
By 1914 Russia was still an autocracy
PLEASE COPY THE FOLLOWING
INTO YOUR NOTES!!!
The Russian Revolution is actually two
revolutions and a civil war all rolled into
one! In 1917 the March Revolution knocks
the czar out of power. Later in 1917, the
Bolshevik Revolution put Lenin and the
communists in power. Finally, an all out
civil war breaks out between the
Bolsheviks, now called the Red Army and
old supporters of the Czar, now the white
army.
Crises Leading to Revolution
Russo-Japanese War
(1904) - unrest & riots
Protesters fleeing from tsarist soldiers
on Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22,
1905) – over 500 killed;
creation of Duma
WWI – millions of
Russians slaughtered
March Revolution
(1917) - Czar Nicholas
II abdicates throne
Duma provisional govt
takes over
Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks = small group
of radical revolutionaries
Lenin returns to lead
Bolsheviks
Lenin & Bolsheviks gain
support of soviets in major
cities
Lenin’s slogan: “Peace,
Land, Bread”
Bolsheviks seize power
from Duma in Nov. 1917
- Lenin is new leader
Lenin:
Important
Bolshevik
Leader
Lenin
&
Stalin,
about
1920
Bolsheviks in Power
Lenin orders farmland
redistributed among peasants
– Communism: everyone
equal
Control of factories to
workers
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germany (March 1918)
Russian Civil War
Civil War from 1918 to 1921:
Two Sides
– Reds - Communist Bolsheviks
– Whites – everyone else
Allies help the Whites – hope they will win
and help the war effort
Reds appealed to Russian nationalism for
support.
– Used cheka (secret police) to execute anyone
Original
caption:
in Petrograd street showing the death toll of a
against
theScene
revolution
morning's work by the Cheka or the extraordinary commission. A
–dozen
Wardead
communism
– took over banks, mines,
bloodied bodies lie on the ground while several people
factories and railroads.
including police look on.
15 million die
Lenin Restores Order
Russia divided into communist
republics controlled by Moscow
USSR (1922) = Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics
Dictatorship of Communist Party,
not of the “Proletariat” (Marx)
Flag of the USSR