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E N G L I S H I N C O N T E X T CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION
Capitalization and Punctuation
Capitalization and
Topics Include:
EIC_Cap&Punct_Cover.indd 1
N
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Names of Places, Names of Things, End Punctuation,
Apostrophes and Quotation Marks, Special Punctuation
I
E
SA D D LEBACK ED U C AT I O N AL PU BLI S H I N G
ISBN-13: 978-1-61651-391-7
ISBN-10: 1-61651-391-8
Capitalization Overview, Names of People,
10/22/10 8:57 AM
CONTENTS
Introduction ..................................... 5
UNIT 1 Capitalization Overview ........ 6
UNIT 4 Names of Things ................. 42
1 First Word in a Sentence .................. 6
16 Brand Names ............................... 42
LESSON
2 First Word in a Direct Quotation ......... 8
3 Greetings and Closings in Letters ..... 10
17 Organizations and Religions ............ 44
18 Titles of Works ............................. 46
4 The Personal Pronoun I and
Interjection O ........................... 12
19 Days, Months, and Holidays ........... 48
5 Outlines ...................................... 14
Unit 1–4 Review: Capitalization
in Context .............................. 52
6 Proper Nouns .............................. 16
Unit 1 Review ............................ 18
UNIT 2 Names of People ................. 20
7 Names and Initials ........................ 20
8 Personal and Professional Titles ....... 22
Unit 4 Review ............................ 50
UNIT 5 End Punctuation ................. 58
20 Periods ....................................... 58
21 Question Marks ............................ 60
22 Exclamation Points ....................... 62
9 Titles of Relationship ..................... 24
23 Periods with Abbreviations
and Initials ............................... 64
10 Nationalities and Languages ............ 26
Unit 2 Review ............................ 28
UNIT 3 Names of Places ................. 30
11 Names of Cities and Towns ............. 30
12 Names of States, Countries,
and Continents ......................... 32
13 Geographic Names ....................... 34
14 Words Formed from Place Names .... 36
15 Direction Words ........................... 38
Unit 3 Review ............................ 40
capPunc 001-025.indd 3
Unit 5 Review ............................ 66
UNIT 6 Commas ............................. 68
24 Separating Items in a Series ............ 68
25 Separating Parts of Addresses
and Dates ................................ 70
26 Connecting Parts of Compound
Sentences ................................ 72
27 Setting Off Introductory Words ........ 74
28 Setting Off Separate Thoughts
or Explanations ......................... 76
Unit 6 Review ............................ 78
10/27/10 9:42 AM
UNIT
CAPITALIZATION OVERVIEW
FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, see the Reference Guide, RULES 1–6.
1
FIRST WORD IN A SENTENCE
1
Each letter in the alphabet has two forms, capital and lowercase.
capital letters:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
lowercase letters:
abcde f ghi jklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Begin the first word in every sentence with a capital letter.
A
If the sentence is capitalized correctly, write correct on the line.
If you find an error, rewrite the sentence correctly.
1. the appearance of the sky can change very quickly.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Storm clouds can rapidly turn the sky dark.
____________________________________________________________________
3. big f luffy clouds remind me of pillows.
____________________________________________________________________
4. once I saw a cloud that looked like a waterfall.
____________________________________________________________________
5. Yesterday the sunset was especially beautiful.
____________________________________________________________________
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© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
10/27/10 9:42 AM
!
TROUBLESHOOTER
How do you show that a lowercase letter
should be capitalized? A proofreader draws
three lines under it, like this:
1
there are about ten different kinds of clouds.
B
Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence. Write it on the line.
1. ( Clouds / clouds ) __________________ that are wispy, curly, or stringy are called cirrus clouds.
2. ( If / if ) __________________ a cloud is layered and flat on the bottom, it is called a stratus cloud.
3. ( Cumulus / cumulus ) __________________ clouds look
lumpy, puffy, or heaped.
4. ( Usually / usually ) __________________, cirrus clouds mean
that fair weather is ahead.
5. ( Gray / gray ) __________________ layers of stratus clouds
can stretch across the entire sky.
C
First mark the errors. Then rewrite the paragraph correctly.
we usually think of rainwater as clear and pure. the truth is that
each raindrop forms around a tiny impurity. it might be a speck of salt
from the ocean or a tiny grain of sand. other possibilities include meteor
dust or bits of air pollution. raindrops form around each speck.
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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FIRST WORD IN A DIRECT QUOTATION
2
Begin the first word in a direct quotation with a capital letter. If the quotation is divided, do not begin the second part with a capital letter unless
the second part is a new sentence.
examples:
A
Kalika said, “Let’s take a nature hike today.”
“The skyline trail,” said Pancho, “is very scenic.”
“Let’s go,” Kalika said. “The weather’s perfect!”
Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line.
1. “Did you know,” asked Jerome, (“ That / “that ) __________________ Thomas Edison is sometimes called the world’s greatest inventor?”
2. Ellen answered, (“ Yes / “yes ) __________________, I did.”
3. “In fact,” Ellen continued, (“He / “he ) __________________ patented 1,093 inventions in 60 years.”
4. Jerome said, (“No / “no ) __________________ other person ever invented so many things.”
5. “I read,” Jerome went on, (“About / “about ) __________________ his work habits.”
6. Ellen commented, (“When / “when ) __________________ he was working, he would take only short naps.”
7. Jerome asked, (“Wouldn’t / “ wouldn’t ) __________________ you think
he’d rather have a good night’s sleep?”
B
Find the word in the box that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line.
Is / is There / there What / what
1. “Genius,” said Edison, “____________ one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.”
2. He also said, “____________ is no substitute for hard work.”
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E N G L I S H I N C O N T E X T GR AMMAR AND USAGE
Capitalization and Punctuation
Grammar and
Topics Include:
EIC_Grammar&Usage_Cover.indd 1
N
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Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Interjections,
Subjects and Predicates, Phrases and Clauses
I
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SA D D LEBACK ED U C AT I O N AL PU BLI S H I N G
ISBN-13: 978-1-61651-393-1
ISBN-10: 1-61651-393-4
Sentences, Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives and
10/22/10 9:47 AM
CONTENTS
Introduction .................................. 5
UNIT 1 Sentences ......................... 6
LESSON
1 The Sentence: A Complete
Thought ................................. 6
2 Subjects and Predicates ................ 8
3 Four Kinds of Sentences:
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory .......... 10
Unit 1 Review ......................... 12
UNIT 2 Nouns .............................. 14
4 Recognizing Nouns .................... 14
5 Abstract and Concrete Nouns ....... 16
6 Common and Proper Nouns ........ 17
Usage Notes 1: Capitalizing
Proper Nouns ........................ 18
Usage Notes 2: Capitalization
Demons ............................... 19
7 Singular and Plural Nouns ........... 20
8 Plurals: Nouns That End in y ..... 21
9 Plurals: Nouns That End
in f, fe, ff, or o ....................... 22
10 Plurals: Unusual Nouns ............... 23
11 Possessive Nouns ...................... 24
12 Plural Possessives ...................... 25
13 Collective Nouns ....................... 26
14 Compound Nouns ...................... 27
15 Suffixes That Form Nouns ........... 28
Usage Notes 3: Commonly
Confused Nouns .................... 29
Unit 2 Review ......................... 30
UNIT 3 Pronouns ......................... 32
16 Recognizing Pronouns ................ 32
17 Pronouns as Subjects ................. 34
EIc Grammar 001-025.indd 3
18
19
20
21
Pronouns After Linking Verbs ....... 35
Pronouns as Objects .................. 36
Reflexive Pronouns .................... 37
Possessive Pronouns .................. 38
Usage Notes 4: Commonly
Confused Pronouns ................ 39
22 Demonstrative Pronouns ............. 40
23 Relative Pronouns ..................... 41
24 Interrogative Pronouns ............... 42
25 Indefinite Pronouns .................... 43
Usage Notes 5: Using
Pronouns Correctly ................. 44
Unit 3 Review ......................... 46
UNIT 4 Verbs .............................. 48
26 Recognizing Verbs ..................... 48
27 Action Verbs ............................. 50
28 Linking Verbs ........................... 51
29 Subject-Verb Agreement ............. 52
Usage Notes 6: Subject-Verb
Agreement Demons ................ 54
30 Verb Tense ............................... 56
31 Irregular Past Tense Verbs ........... 57
32 Verb Phrases: Action in the
Present and Past .................... 58
33 More Verb Phrases .................... 60
Usage Notes 7: Passive
Verb Phrases ......................... 62
Usage Notes 8: Shifts in
Verb Tense ............................ 63
Usage Notes 9: Troublesome
Verbs: lie and lay, sit and set,
bring and take, leave and let,
borrow and lend .................... 64
Unit 4 Review ......................... 66
10/27/10 9:42 AM
UNIT
SENTENCES
FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, see the Reference Guide, RULES 1–3.
1
THE SENTENCE: A COMPLETE THOUGHT
1
A sentence is a complete written or spoken thought. To express a
complete thought, a sentence must have two parts. One part is the
subject. It tells who or what the sentence is about. The other part
is the predicate. it says something about the subject.
The pirates opened the treasure chest.
A
6
EIc Grammar 001-025.indd 6
subject
(Who?)
predicate
(What did they do?)
Read the groups of words listed below. If the word group
is a sentence, write S. If it is not a sentence, decide what
part of the complete thought is missing. Write NS for no
subject or NP for no predicate.
1. _____ Blackbeard the pirate sailed the seas.
2. _____ His band of wild and dangerous men.
3. _____ Roamed the coastline on their sailing ship.
4. _____ His beard was as black as midnight.
5. _____ It reached to his waist.
6. _____ Boarded the boat.
7. _____ Blackbeard died in battle.
© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
10/27/10 9:42 AM
1
B
Add words to make complete sentences. Be sure your sentences
begin with a capital letter and end with a period.
1. The stormy sea _______________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________ swam for shore
3. The storm ___________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________ disappeared forever
5. Today, ships in the area ________________________________________
(What did it do?)
(Who or what did it?)
(What did it do?)
(Who or what did it?)
(What do they do?)
C
Notice that the word groups below already
have a subject and verb. Add more words to
make a complete thought.
1. Sam likes _______________________________
DON’T FORGET!
A sentence must
contain a subject
and a predicate.
__________________________________________.
2. The night sky looks ________________________________________________.
3. Becky only wears __________________________________________________.
4. Most people fear ___________________________________________________.
5. This party seems __________________________________________________.
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SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES
2
The subject of a sentence tells who or what the sentence is
about. The predicate tells what the subject does or is.
Advertisements sell products.
subject
(What?)
predicate
(What does it do?)
A
Underline the subject in each sentence.
1. The basketball star sells shoes.
4. The shoes are red and gold.
2. I see him on television.
5. He can jump very high.
3. He wears Marvelo Star-Jumpers.
6. Maybe I should buy the shoes.
B
Add a subject or a predicate to complete each sentence. Start the
sentence with a capital letter and end it with a period.
1. ______________________________ jumps high without fancy shoes.
2. ______________________________ hurt my feet.
3. My favorite shoe store _____________________________________________
4. No one on my team ________________________________________________
C
Underline the predicate in each sentence.
1. I love the commercial with the talking dog.
2. He tells about Crispo Chips.
3. Real dogs can’t talk.
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EIc Grammar 001-025.indd 8
4. Crispo Chips taste terrible.
5. Most people won’t like the chips.
6. They will like the ad much
better.
© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
10/27/10 9:42 AM
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E N G L I S H I N C O N T E X T READING COMPREHENSION
Capitalization and Punctuation
Reading
Topics Include:
EIC_Reading_Cover.indd 1
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Reading at School II, Reading in the Community,
Reading in the Marketplace, Reading in the Workplace
I
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SA D D LEBACK ED U C AT I O N AL PU BLI S H I N G
ISBN-13: 978-1-61651-395-5
ISBN-10: 1-61651-395-0
Reading at Home, Reading at School I,
10/22/10 9:04 AM
CONTENTS
Introduction .................................. 5
13 Historical Timelines .................... 30
14 Two Plans for Government .......... 31
UNIT 1 Reading at Home ............... 6
15 Latitude and Longitude ............... 32
1 Unit Preview .............................. 6
16 Using a Map ............................. 34
Comprehension Skills Focus:
Synonyms and Antonyms ............ 7
17 The Electoral College .................. 36
LESSON
2 Telephone Books ......................... 8
18 Following Directions .................. 38
3 Medicine Labels ........................ 10
Completing Analogies:
Objects and Actions ................. 40
4 Pet Care .................................. 12
5 The Supermarket ....................... 14
6 Kitchen and Cooking .................. 16
7 Home Entertainment .................. 18
Unit 2 Review ......................... 41
UNIT 3 Reading at School II ......... 42
19 Unit Preview ............................ 42
8 Laundry ................................... 20
Comprehension Skills Focus:
Sequence .............................. 43
Completing Analogies:
20 Calendar .................................. 44
Unit 1 Review ......................... 23
Synonyms and Antonyms .......... 22
21 Detective Stories ....................... 46
22 Syllogisms ............................... 48
UNIT 2 Reading at School I .......... 24
23 The Vocabulary of Literature ........ 50
9 Unit Preview ............................ 24
24 Famous Lines in Literature ........... 52
Comprehension Skills Focus:
Classification ......................... 25
25 Explorers of the New World ......... 54
10 Science ................................... 26
26 Inventions ................................ 56
11 Measures of Temperature ............ 27
Completing Analogies:
Sequence and Degree .............. 58
12 A Historical Document ................ 28
Unit 3 Review ......................... 59
EIC Reading 001-025.indd 3
10/27/10 9:43 AM
UNIT
READING AT HOME
1
FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS, see the GLOSSARY OF TERMS, PAGES 110–112.
UNIT PREVIEW
1
A
Where would you be likely to see each instruction?
Next to each instruction in the list, write a location from the box. Then circle a letter to show the meaning of the instruction.
clothing care label
hand cream label
game instructions
construction site sign
rental application
credit card statement
“no littering” sign
medicine label
tomato can label
1. Apply sparingly._____________________________________________________
a. Wrap tightly. b. Use a little bit. c. Soak thoroughly.
2. Remit in 30 days. ____________________________________________________
a. Wait for a month. b. Answer immediately. c. Pay in 30 days.
3. Consult your physician. ______________________________________________
a. Ask your doctor. b. Tell about physics. c. Get a physical.
4. Violators may be prosecuted. _________________________________________
a. Violet rays may
b. Violence is not
c. Lawbreakers will
harm you.
allowed.
be punished.
5. Enter at your own risk. _______________________________________________
a. Leave by the
b. Risk-takers need
c. Any consequences will
rear exit.
not apply.
be your own fault.
B
Write a letter to match each important “warning word” with its synonym.
1.____ combustible
3.____ perishable
a. spoilable
2.____ prohibited
4.____ hazardous
b. dangerous d. forbidden
C
c. burnable
Circle a word or words to correctly complete each sentence.
1. You can figure out how to operate an appliance by reading the ( classified ads / owner’s manual ).
2. You need ( assembly instructions / game rules ) to put together a
bookcase that comes in parts.
3. Understanding the terms of a product’s ( ingredients / warranty ) can help you get a refund or a replacement.
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© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
10/27/10 9:43 AM
USING SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
COMPREHENSION
SKILLS FOCUS
Words with the same or nearly the same meaning are called synonyms. Words
that have opposite meanings are called antonyms. Familiarity with synonyms
and antonyms will make it easier to understand everything you read.
A
Write a synonym from the box for each boldfaced word.
You will not use all the words in the box.
refrain
respond
denotes
requires
ounces
portions
remove
retain
claim
revolves
1. This bag of frozen peas contains four servings ____________________.
2. You must reply ____________________ to the landlord’s letter within
24 hours.
3. That fabric won’t hold ____________________ its color if you wash it in
hot water.
4. The asterisk (*) next to that sentence indicates ____________________
an exception to the rule.
5. That little machine part turns ____________________ in a clockwise
direction.
B
Circle the antonym of each boldfaced word.
1. Her medical insurance is covered on a group policy.
HMO workers individual public
2. Thorough cleaning retards the growth of bacteria.
limits eliminates prevents encourages
3. Guests must park only in designated spaces.
unmarked designed distant disintegrated
4. You might retain water if you use too much salt.
exclude lack reject release
5. Carelessness can result in a critical injury.
embarrassing insulting trivial painful
© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
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10/27/10 9:43 AM
TELEPHONE BOOKS
2
The white pages of most telephone books begin with a listing of emergency numbers
such as these.
FIRE: 911
POISON CONTROL: 555-1290
POLICE: 911
DRUG, ALCOHOL: 555-9812
HIGHWAY PATROL: 911
MISSING CHILD HOTLINE: 1-800-222-5678
AMBULANCE: 911
SUICIDE PREVENTION: 555-6666
COAST GUARD: 555-9182
FAMILY STRESS SERVICE: 555-4276
CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES: 555-3210
A
Use information from the chart to complete the sentences or to answer the questions.
1. You see smoke coming from the window of an abandoned house. You should call ____________________________________________.
2. Someone walking by your house falls to the ground and seems to be
having a heart attack. Who would you call? _______________________ __________________________ At what number? ____________________
3. You witness a four-car collision on the freeway. You immediately use your cellular phone to contact the ____________________________________
. What number do you call? ____________________
4. You overhear the unmistakable sounds of a neighbor beating his children.
You call to speak to someone at ______________________________________.
5. A sudden storm is about to sink your f ishing boat. You should notify the __________________________________________ at once. That number is ____________________.
6. Your uncle is depressed about your aunt’s recent death. He tells you he’s thinking of killing himself. What emergency service should help him? _______________________________________
7. Your baby sister appears to have been drinking paint thinner. You should
call ________________________________________ at ____________________.
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Spelling
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Reading Comprehension
Spelling
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Grammar and Usage
E N G L I S H I N C O N T E X T SPELLING
Capitalization and Punctuation
Topics Include:
EIC_Spelling_Cover.indd 1
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Spellings, Spelling and Punctuation, Everyday Spelling
Words, Spelling Demons, My Personal Spelling Demons
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SA D D LEBACK ED U C AT I O N AL PU BLI S H I N G
ISBN-13: 978-1-61651-397-9
ISBN-10: 1-61651-397-7
Foundations of Spelling, Spelling Patterns, Irregular
10/22/10 9:17 AM
CONTENTS
Introduction .................................... 5
UNIT 1 Foundations of Spelling ..... 6
LESSON
1 Legible Handwriting ..................... 6
2 Alphabetical Order ....................... 8
3 Using a Dictionary ....................... 9
4 Pronouncing Consonants
and Vowels ............................. 10
18 Suffixes: ise, ize ........................ 32
19 Suffixes: ant, ance, ancy,
ent, ence, ency ...................... 33
20
21
22
23
Suffixes: ed, t, ing ..................... 34
Suffix: ous ............................... 36
Suffixes: er, est ......................... 37
Suffixes: tion, sion ..................... 38
24 Suffixes: ary, ery ....................... 39
5 Consonants .............................. 12
25 Suffixes: able, ible ..................... 40
6 Consonant Clusters .................... 13
26
7 Short and Long Vowel
Sounds .................................. 14
27 Words with ie /ei ....................... 42
8 Mispronounced Words ................ 16
Suffixes: er, or, ian .................... 41
28 Regular and Irregular Plurals ........ 44
9 More Mispronounced Words ........ 18
29 Words with Double
Consonants ............................ 46
10 Transposed Letters ..................... 19
Unit 2 Review ........................ 48
11 Homophones ............................ 20
12 Words Often Confused ................ 23
UNIT 3 Irregular Spellings ........... 50
Unit 1 Review ........................ 24
30 The aw Sound .......................... 50
31 The air Sound ........................... 52
UNIT 2 Spelling Patterns ............. 26
32 The uh Sound ........................... 53
13 Prefixes: un, in, il, im, ir ............. 26
33 The uhl Sound .......................... 54
14 Prefixes: re, de, dis, mis,
inter, sub .............................. 27
34 The ur Sound ............................ 56
15 Prefixes: per, pre, pro ................. 28
16 Suffix: ly .................................. 29
17 Suffixes: ful, less ....................... 30
36 The ow Sound .......................... 59
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35 The oi Sound ............................ 58
37 The oo Sound ........................... 60
38 Words with ough ....................... 61
10/27/10 9:45 AM
UNIT
FOUNDATIONS OF SPELLING
1
FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, see the SPELLING Reference Guide, RULES 1–10.
1
LEGIBLE HANDWRITING
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. Every English
word is made up of one or more of these letters. It is
important to form each letter correctly. Why? Sloppy
handwriting often looks like careless spelling.
A
Write each capital and lowercase letter as perfectly as you can.
Aa ___________ Hh ___________ Oo ___________
Bb ___________ Ii ___________ Pp ___________
Cc ___________ J j ___________ Qq ___________
Dd ___________ Kk ___________ Rr ___________
Ee ___________ Ll ___________ Ss ___________
Ff ___________ Mm ___________ Tt ___________
Gg ___________ Nn___________
B
Uu ___________
Vv___________
Ww___________
Xx___________
Yy___________
Zz ___________
Can you form all the letters clearly and connect them correctly? Is your usual handwriting too big or too small? Practice writing the
words below in your best cursive handwriting.
youth________________________________
flatter _____________________________
mountain ____________________________
bread______________________________
friendly______________________________
kindness___________________________
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© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
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1
C
Practice writing the names of these interesting people and places.
Be sure to space your letters evenly.
1. Michael Jordan
6. Ernest Hemingway
______________________________
2. Walla Walla, Washington
______________________________
7. Pike’s Peak
______________________________
3. Barbra Streisand
______________________________
8. Abigail Adams
______________________________
4. Albuquerque, New Mexico
______________________________
9. Niagara Falls
______________________________
5. Yosemite National Park
______________________________
10. Tara Lipinsky
______________________________
______________________________
D
Read the tongue twister silently. Then write it out neatly on the lines below.
Betty bought a bit of butter.
But, she said, this butter’s bitter.
If I’d bought a bit of better butter
it would have made my batter better.
TRY IT OUT!
Read the tongue twister aloud as fast as you can.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
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2
ALPHABETICAL ORDER
The customary order of letters in any language is alphabetical.
Alphabetical order in English begins with A and ends with Z.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Words in the dictionary are arranged alphabetically. To quickly
find the word you want, you must be thoroughly familiar with
alphabetical order.
A
Write the letter of the alphabet that comes just before and just after
each letter below.
1. ____ P ____
4. ____ G ____
7. ____ Y ____
2. ____ O ____
5. ____ N ____
8. ____ E ____
3. ____ I ____
6. ____ D ____
9. ____ K ____
B
Number the words in each list to show alphabetical order.
1. ____ crowd
2. ____ idle
3. ____ success
____ friend
____ false
____ vicious
____ neighbor
____ jolly
____ permanent
C
First letters do not always show alphabetical order. Read the word lists below. Use the second or third letter in each
word to decide which word comes first. Then write numbers to alphabetize the words in each list.
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EIc Spelling 001-025.indd 8
1. ____ useful
2. ____ plentiful
3. ____ tremendous
____ unhappy
____ plight
____ translation
____ usually
____ plum
____ tournament
© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
10/27/10 9:45 AM
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Writing
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Vocabulary
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Spelling
Vocabulary
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Reading Comprehension
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Grammar and Usage
E N G L I S H I N C O N T E X T VOCABUL ARY
Capitalization and Punctuation
Topics Include:
EIC_Vocabulary_Cover.indd 1
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N
Commonly Confused Words, Word Origins, Reference
Books, Topical Vocabulary, Synonyms and Antonyms
I
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SA D D LEBACK ED U C AT I O N AL PU BLI S H I N G
ISBN-13: 978-1-61651-399-3
ISBN-10: 1-16151-399-3
Overview of Language, Analyzing Word Parts,
10/22/10 9:15 AM
CONTENTS
Introduction .................................. 5
UNIT 1 Overview of Language ....... 6
LESSON
16 Trite Language .......................... 30
17 Idioms ..................................... 32
18 Idioms: Make and Take ............... 34
1 Varieties of English ...................... 6
19 Idioms: Go and Get .................... 36
2 Matching Words to the Occasion .... 8
20 Jargon .................................... 38
3 Parts of Speech ........................... 9
21 Slang ...................................... 39
4 Using Parts of Speech ................ 10
Unit 1 Review ......................... 12
Unit 4 Review ......................... 40
UNIT 5 Word Origins .................... 41
UNIT 2 Analyzing Word Parts ....... 13
22 Borrowed Words ....................... 41
5 Word Roots .............................. 13
23 Word Histories .......................... 43
6 Prefixes and Suffixes .................. 14
24 Compound Words ..................... 44
7 More Prefixes and Suffixes .......... 16
8 Medical Prefixes and Suffixes ....... 17
25 Blended, Clipped, and
Coined Words ........................ 46
9 More Prefixes and Suffixes .......... 18
26 Foreign Words and Phrases ......... 48
Unit 2 Review ......................... 20
Unit 5 Review ......................... 49
UNIT 3 Commonly Confused
Words ............................ 21
UNIT 6 Reference Books .............. 50
27 The Dictionary .......................... 50
10 Multiple Meaning Words ............. 21
28 Dictionary Pronunciation Key ....... 52
11 Homophones ............................ 23
29 The Thesaurus .......................... 53
12 Near Misses .............................. 24
Unit 3 Review ......................... 25
Unit 6 Review ......................... 55
UNIT 7 Topical Vocabulary ........... 56
UNIT 4 Shades of Meaning .......... 26
30 Art and Music ........................... 56
13 Denotation and Connotation ........ 26
31 Employment ............................. 58
14 Connotations ............................ 28
32 Advertising ............................... 60
15 Euphemisms ............................ 29
33 Science ................................... 62
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UNIT
OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGE
FOR HELP WITH THE LESSONS IN THIS BOOK, see the Reference Guide, PAGES 107–112.
1
1
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
Vocabulary skill is based on a clear understanding of language itself. The language you use must be appropriate to the situation. Think about it. Would you
dress for a job interview in the clothes you wore to clean the garage? Would you
polish your shoes before going to the beach, or wear your favorite torn sweatshirt
to a formal reception? Appropriate language is like appropriate clothing. It shows
that you understand the requirements of different occasions and circumstances.
Two major categories of English are called standard and substandard. Standard
English is the language of educated people—those who know and follow the
conventional rules of grammar and usage.
Substandard English, which usually breaks accepted rules in the use of pronouns
and certain verb forms, is associated with the uneducated.
examples:
Standard: I saw that movie.
Substandard: I seen that movie.
He and I are friends.
Him and me are friends.
A
Write S or SS to show whether each sentence below is written in
standard English or substandard English.
1. _____ Dizzy Dean, once a great pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, was famous for using substandard speech.
2. _____ Dizzy’s brother Paul was also a pitcher for the Cards.
3. _____ “A teacher wrote to say that she don’t like the way I talk,” said Dizzy.
4. _____ “She don’t want me to say that a runner slud into
second base.”
5. _____ “What does she want me to say—slided?”
6. _____ “Me and Paul don’t like to worry about that sort of stuff,” said Dizzy.
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B
Rewrite the sentences in standard English.
1. I noticed you was late getting home last night.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Haven’t you got no respect for the house rules? ___________________________________________________________________
3. Dad don’t like you staying out after midnight. ___________________________________________________________________
4. If Dad catches you hisself, you’ll be grounded! ___________________________________________________________________
There are different forms of standard English. The two most important varieties are
formal and informal. Formal English is used for serious purposes: research papers,
literary essays, important speeches, and essay questions on exams. Characteristics
of formal English include the following:
•Sentences are very carefully
constructed.
•rarely contains slang
•uses words not common in
everyday speech and writing
•avoids the use of contractions
Most of the time, educated people use informal language. Whether written or
spoken, their sentences sound more like conversation than like lines from a formal
speech. Newspapers, magazines, novels, and business letters are written in informal
English. Characteristics of informal English include the following:
•includes both long and short
sentences
•uses contractions
C
•uses vocabulary that is clear
and simple rather than elegant
•uses limited slang
Read each pair of words. Circle the formal word and underline
the informal word.
1. kids children
5. rich prosperous
2. colleagues coworkers
6. aspirations goals
3. started originated
7. balance moderation
4. propose suggest
8. assert say
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MATCHING WORDS TO THE OCCASION
2
Long, difficult words are not necessarily the best words for all occasions. Effective
communicators understand the difference between simple, everyday speech and
what is called the “King’s English.”
A
Which kind of English is appropriate in each situation below? Write formal or informal on the lines.
1. a thank you note for a gift:
______________________________
2. a letter to the PTA:
______________________________
3. a legal document:
______________________________
B
4. a classroom discussion:
______________________________
5. an academic journal article:
______________________________
6. a newspaper article:
______________________________
Practice writing sentences in both formal and informal English. If the
sentence is written in formal English, rewrite it in informal English. If
the language is informal, rewrite it in formal language. As an example, the first sentence has been done for you.
1. Van’s lame suggestion was probably a put-on.
Van’s
___________________________________________________________________
unworkable suggestion was likely meant as a joke.
2. An overly intensive study schedule may adversely affect your social aspirations.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Great Britain’s royals packed the room at the uppercrust charity bash.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Persistent procrastination before studying is a self-indulgence students can ill afford.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Spelling
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Reading Comprehension
Writing
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Grammar and Usage
E N G L I S H I N C O N T E X T WRITING
Capitalization and Punctuation
Topics Include:
EIC_Writing_Cover.indd 1
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Paragraphs, Rewriting: Proofreading and Revising, Writing
to Explain or Inform, Writing at School, Business Writing
I
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SA D D LEBACK ED U C AT I O N AL PU BLI S H I N G
ISBN-13: 978-1-61651-401-3
ISBN-10: 1-61651-401-9
Effective Writing: Content and Form, Sentences,
10/22/10 9:21 AM
CONTENTS
Introduction ..................................... 5
UNIT 1 Effective Writing: Content
and Form .......................... 6
LESSON
1 Form: Content in the
Proper Package .......................... 6
2 Form Counts! ................................. 8
3 Check Your Form ........................... 9
4 Brainstorming for Content .............. 10
Unit 1 Review ............................. 11
UNIT 2 Sentences ........................... 12
5 Complete Sentences: Avoiding
Sentence Fragments .................. 12
6 Complete Sentences: Separating
Run-on Sentences ..................... 14
7 Compound Subjects
and Predicates .......................... 15
8 Compound Sentences .................... 16
9 Improving Sentences with
Modifiers ................................. 17
10 Writing Complex Sentences ............ 18
11 Combining and Repairing
Sentences ................................ 20
12 Tightening Overwritten
Sentences ................................ 22
13 Using Precise and
Descriptive Words ..................... 24
Unit 2 Review ............................ 25
UNIT 3 Paragraphs ......................... 26
14 Stating the Paragraph Topic ............ 26
15 Supporting Sentences .................... 28
16 Concluding Sentence ..................... 29
17 Transitional Words ........................ 30
18 Factual Paragraphs ....................... 31
EIC Writing 001-025.indd 3
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20
21
22
23
Summary Paragraphs .................... 32
Time-Order Paragraphs .................. 33
Descriptive Paragraphs .................. 34
Persuasive Paragraphs ................... 36
Paragraphs of Comparison ............. 38
Unit 3 Review ............................ 39
UNIT 4 Rewriting: Proofreading
and Revising ................... 40
24 Using Standard Proofreader’s
Marks ..................................... 40
25 Proofreading and Revising Copy ...... 42
26 Proofreading for Spelling ............... 43
27 Proofreading for Organization
and Content ............................. 44
28 Proofreading for Mechanics ............ 45
29 Proofreading for Consistency .......... 46
30 Proofreading for Redundancy ......... 47
31 The Final Copy ............................. 48
Unit 4 Review ............................ 49
UNIT 5 Writing to Explain
or Inform .......................... 50
32 Writing for a Purpose .................... 50
33 Explaining How to Get There .......... 52
34 Explaining How to Use It ............... 53
35 Explaining How to Make It ............. 54
36 Writing Notes .............................. 55
37 Writing an Announcement .............. 56
38 Writing a Classified Ad ................... 57
39 Writing a News Article ................... 58
40 Writing Titles and Headlines ............ 60
41 Writing a Book or Movie Review ..... 62
Unit 5 Review ............................ 63
10/27/10 10:10 AM
UNIT
EFFECTIVE WRITING: CONTENT AND FORM
FOR HELP WITH GRAMMAR, CAPITALIZATION, PUNCTUATION, OR SPELLING, see the Reference Guide ON PAGES 112–128.
1
1
FORM: CONTENT IN THE PROPER PACKAGE
There are two basic elements to any piece of writing. One is content—what
the writer has to say. The other is form —the way the content, or message, is
presented. The form of a written piece includes its organization and layout. Form gives a reader an immediate idea of what to expect. Without reading a word you could probably recognize a written piece by its form. A letter looks
like a letter, an ad like an ad, an essay like an essay, a novel like a novel.
A
The items on the right are made up of nonsense letter groups. Using form as a
clue, write a letter to match each item on the right with a type of communication
named on the left.
1. _____ poem
2. _____ friendly letter
3. _____ conversation
4. _____ paragraph
a. Xmxm Zxyxwvs,
X vzwhk xm nvtrtzng. Wijwrm nrvink
vr sklmplk xzyurst. Brggg flmzrx zsixxt stt.
Trrrl frngzr clmp! Glrzzz frrr gbmlpzqr.
Szzbmlp,
Zrrrtship
b. Lgfr rjjklpt fdhbm fg zppprt vrfj zzwwqrt
splt. Sqwww zzgrh brft ff, clp spbmklzzz
vvbnm lpwqg. Zsdddvg hb ghfddd rwfr zzzvw
qwwwt blppp nmgg. Crz bmpldffg zpp wwq
vrghj klpqww.
c. “Splggfr wf grhqtt nwwz?” klggwd Brggz.
“Nz Slllkkzt frxxv dip?”
“Gzzzlwrk skl tdddwq,” trddid Mrgqk. “Jlkz!”
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EIC Writing 001-025.indd 6
d. Trug fligget mrik splinger con splan,
Wrik dugget mon brinker lon flan.
Pog wigget on plug,
Wrip stimet von slug,
Splig micket don wichet son blan.
© Saddleback Educational Publishing • www.sdlback.com
10/27/10 10:10 AM
1
B
The activity on page 6 showed you form without content. This activity shows
you content without form. Rewrite each item in its proper form.
1. Dear Joel, I can’t believe it’s your fifteenth birthday! Are you excited to get your learner’s permit and begin driving? I’m sorry I can’t visit, but you know it is harvest time on our farm. Hope you have a great birthday! Love, Aunt Amanda
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Harvest Moon The first full moon of autumn is known as the Harvest Moon. It usually occurs around September 23 and rises at about the same time for several nights. The bright moonlight allows northern farmers to work in the fields late at night. They say the Harvest Moon is nature’s gift.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
C
Write T or F to tell whether each statement is true or false.
1. _____ Proper form helps a reader separate main ideas.
2. _____ Form helps a reader recognize the writer’s purpose.
3. _____ The proper form of a poem and a letter is the same.
4. _____ Form separates main parts of a written work.
5. _____ Form shows which person is speaking in a conversation.
6. _____ Proper form is only important in business writing and formal documents.
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2
FORM COUNTS!
Proper form makes your message clearer. Good form is the mark of a good writer.
Whenever you write, pay close attention to even margins, even spacing between
words, and clearly indented paragraphs.
A
As you read this article, look for errors in form such as uneven margins, uneven spacing between words, and incorrectly indented paragraphs. Mark each error with a check (✓). The first error has been marked for you.
The Know-Nothings
✓Between 1852 and 1860 a group of Americans turned a secret society
into its own political party. The party slogan was “Americans must rule
America,” and the members had some unfair ideas. They wanted to pass
laws against electing foreign-born citizens or Catholics to public offices. They called themselves the American Party, but others called them the
Know-Nothings.
The Know-Nothings held secret meetings. They never told anyone what
they discussed. Whenever an outsider asked a question, a Know-Nothing
would reply, “I don’t know.” This phrase gave the party its nickname.
B
The Know-Nothings had foolish ideas. Write a paragraph about a good
idea for America. Make sure to do the following: write the title correctly;
clearly indent the first line; keep even margins on both sides of the paper;
and maintain even spacing between words and sentences.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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