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Structure and Bonding
Question Paper
Level
Subject
Exam Board
Unit
Topic
Difficulty Level
Booklet
Time Allowed:
GCSE
Chemistry
AQA
C2
Structure and Bonding
Bronze Level
Question Paper
309 minutes
Score:
/309
Percentage:
/100
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Q1.This question is about salts.
(a)
Salt (sodium chloride) is added to many types of food.
Sodium chloride is produced by reacting sodium with chlorine.
sodium + chlorine
sodium chloride
The diagram shows what happens to atoms of sodium and chlorine in this reaction.
The dots (•) and crosses (×) represent electrons.
Only the outer electrons are shown.
Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when a sodium atom reacts with a
chlorine atom to produce sodium chloride.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Lack of iodine can affect the learning ability of children.
One idea is that salt (sodium chloride) should have iodine added.
(i)
Iodine consists of simple molecules.
What is a property of substances that have simple molecules?
Tick ( ) one box.
Have no overall electric
charge
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Have high boiling points
Have giant covalent
structures
(1)
(ii)
Which one of the following questions cannot be answered by science
alone?
Tick ( ) one box.
How much sodium chloride is in
food?
What harm does a lack of iodine do?
Should iodine be added to salt in
food?
Give one reason why this question cannot be answered by science alone.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A student produced the salt ammonium nitrate by adding an acid to ammonia
solution.
(i)
Name the acid used.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
an acid
an alkali
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Ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) is ..................................... .
(1)
(iii)
The student added a few drops of a solution which changed colour when the
reaction was complete.
Complete the sentence.
The solution added is an ............................................................. .
(1)
(d)
Farmers buy solid ammonium nitrate in poly(ethene) sacks.
(i)
How is solid ammonium nitrate made from a solution of ammonium nitrate?
Tick ( ) one box.
Crystallisation
Decomposition
Electrolysis
(1)
(ii)
Why do farmers use ammonium nitrate on their fields?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The properties of poly(ethene) depend on the reaction conditions when it is
made.
State one reaction condition that can be changed when making poly(ethene).
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
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Q2.Lead iodide is an insoluble salt.
(a)
What type of substance is lead iodide?
Tick ( ) one box.
An element
A mixture
A compound
(1)
(b)
A student produced lead iodide by a precipitation reaction.
Use the correct answers from the box to complete the word equation.
lead bromide
lead nitrate
potassium bromide
.................................. + ..................................
nitrate
potassium iodide
lead iodide + potassium
(2)
(c)
The student wanted to separate the precipitate of lead iodide from the solution
by using filtration.
The student used the apparatus shown below.
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Explain why the apparatus would not separate the lead iodide from the mixture.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The student expected to get 5 g of lead iodide but only got 3 g.
(i)
The student did this calculation.
× 100
Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
mass of one mole
percentage yield
relative formula mass
The student calculated the ............................................................. .
(1)
(ii)
Give one reason why the mass the student got was less than expected.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q3.This question is about electrolysis.
(a)
Metal spoons can be coated with silver.
This is called electroplating.
Suggest one reason why spoons are electroplated.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(b)
When sodium chloride solution is electrolysed the products are hydrogen and
chlorine.
(i)
What is made from chlorine?
Tick ( ) one box.
Bleach
Fertiliser
Soap
(1)
(ii)
Sodium chloride solution contains two types of positive ions, hydrogen ions
(H+) and sodium ions (Na+).
Why is hydrogen produced at the negative electrode and not sodium?
Tick ( ) one box.
Hydrogen is a gas.
Hydrogen is less reactive than sodium.
Hydrogen ions move faster than sodium
ions.
(1)
(iii)
Hydrogen and chlorine can be used to produce hydrogen chloride.
The diagrams in Figure 1 show how the outer electrons are arranged in an
atom of hydrogen and an atom of chlorine.
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Complete Figure 2 to show how the outer electrons are arranged in a
molecule of hydrogen chloride (HCl).
(1)
(iv)
What is the type of bond in a molecule of hydrogen chloride?
Tick ( ) one box.
Covalent
Ionic
Metallic
(1)
(v)
Why is hydrogen chloride a gas at room temperature (20 °C)?
Tick ( ) two boxes.
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Hydrogen chloride has a low boiling point.
Hydrogen chloride has a high melting point.
Hydrogen chloride is made of simple
molecules.
Hydrogen chloride does not conduct electricity.
Hydrogen chloride has a giant structure.
(2)
(c)
Aluminium is produced by electrolysis of a molten mixture of aluminium oxide and
cryolite.
This is shown in Figure 3.
(i)
Name a gas produced at the positive electrode.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Aluminium ions move to the negative electrode.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
At the negative electrode, the aluminium ions gain electrons to produce
aluminium.
What is this type of reaction called?
Tick ( ) one box.
Combustion
Oxidation
Reduction
(1)
(iv)
Aluminium has layers of atoms, as shown in Figure 4.
Complete the sentence.
Metals can be bent and shaped because the layers of atoms can ......
(1)
(d)
Electrodes used in the production of aluminium are made from graphite.
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(i)
Which diagram, A, B or C, shows the structure of graphite?
The structure of graphite is shown in diagram
(1)
(ii)
The temperature for the electrolysis is 950 °C.
Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
cross links
a giant ionic lattice
strong covalent bonds
The graphite does not melt at 950 °C because
graphite has ......................................................... .
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
Q4.Fertilisers contain elements that plants need.
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(a)
Figure 1 represents a nitrogen atom.
Figure 1
Complete each sentence.
(i)
The mass number of this nitrogen atom is ......................... .
(1)
(ii)
Atoms of nitrogen with different numbers of neutrons are called
......................... .
(1)
(iii)
Compared with a proton, the mass of an electron is
............................................ .
(1)
(b)
Fertilisers can be made from ammonia.
(i)
Which diagram, A, B, or C, represents the electronic structure of an ammonia
molecule?
A
B
C
(1)
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The electronic structure of an ammonia molecule is shown in diagram
(ii)
What is the correct formula of ammonia?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
N3H
NH3
NH3
(1)
(c)
A student made ammonium nitrate by reacting ammonia solution with an acid.
(i)
Name the acid used to make ammonium nitrate.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Complete the sentence.
The student added a few drops of ............................................, which changed
colour
when the ammonia solution had neutralised the acid.
(1)
(iii)
The student added charcoal and filtered the mixture.
This produced a colourless solution of ammonium nitrate.
How is solid ammonium nitrate obtained from the solution?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
A farmer put ammonium nitrate fertiliser onto a field of grass.
Suggest what would happen to the grass.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
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(d)
Some fertilisers contain potassium chloride.
Potassium reacts with chlorine to produce potassium chloride.
Figure 2 shows how this happens.
The dots (•) and crosses (x) represent electrons.
Only the outer shell is shown.
Figure 2
Use Figure 2 to help you answer this question.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when potassium reacts with chlorine to
produce potassium chloride.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)
Q5.This question is about atoms and molecules.
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(a)
Complete the table to show the relative masses of the particles in atoms.
Name of particle
Relative mass
Proton
...........................
Neutron
1
Electron
...........................
(2)
(b)
The diagram shows an oxygen atom.
Use the correct number to complete each sentence.
8
16
18
24
The atomic (proton) number of the oxygen atom shown above is ............................. .
The mass number of the oxygen atom shown above is ............................................. .
(2)
(c)
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
isotopes.
Oxygen atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called molecules.
polymers.
(1)
(ii)
An oxygen atom with a different number of neutrons has 10 neutrons.
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Draw a ring around the symbol which represents this atom.
(1)
(d)
A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
(i)
Use the correct answer to complete the sentence.
a compound
an element
a mixture
Water is ..................................................................... .
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct structure of a water molecule.
H–O–H
O–H–H
O–H–O
(1)
(iii)
Draw a ring around the type of bonding in a water molecule.
covalent
ionic
metallic
(1)
(iv)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
gaining
The bonds in a water molecule are formed by losing
electrons.
sharing
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q6.Kelp is a seaweed.
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Kelp can be burned to give out energy.
© Ethan Daniels/Shutterstock
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
endothermic
.
Reactions which give out energy are
exothermic.
reversible.
(1)
(b)
Which two of the following questions cannot be answered by scientific experiments
alone?
Tick (
) two boxes.
Question
Tick (
)
How much carbon dioxide is produced when 100 g of kelp is burned?
Does kelp give out more heat energy than coal when burned?
Should people use kelp instead of oil as an energy source?
Will kelp be more popular than coal in the next 10 years?
(2)
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(c)
Potassium iodide can be produced from kelp.
(i)
Potassium can be reacted with iodine to produce potassium iodide.
potassium
+
iodine
→
potassium iodide
The diagram shows how this happens.
Only the outer electrons are shown.
The dots (●) and crosses (×) are used to represent electrons
Use the diagram to help you answer this question.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when potassium reacts with
iodine to produce potassium iodide.
To get full marks you should use the words atom, electron and ion in your
answer.
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate.
2 KI(aq)
+
Pb(NO3)2(aq)
Why is this reaction a precipitation?
Page 19
→
2 KNO3(aq)
+
PbI2(s)
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
How can the precipitate be removed from the reaction mixture?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q7.The diagram represents a magnesium atom.
(a)
Use words from the box to answer these questions.
electron
(i)
neutron
nucleus
proton
What is the name of the central part of the atom? ............................................
(1)
(ii)
What is the name of the particle with no charge? ..............................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the name of the particle with a negative charge? ..................................
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(1)
(b)
Use the diagram above to help you answer these questions.
(i)
Draw a ring around the atomic (proton) number of this magnesium atom.
12
24
36
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the mass number of this magnesium atom.
12
24
36
(1)
(c)
The diagram shows how magnesium and iodine atoms form magnesium iodide.
Only the outer electrons are shown.
The dots (●) and crosses (×) are used to represent electrons.
Use the diagram to help you to answer this question.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine to
make magnesium iodide.
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To gain full marks you should use the words atom, electron and ion in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q8.This question is about lithium and sodium.
(a)
Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.
In which group of the periodic table are lithium and sodium?
Group
(1)
(b)
A lithium atom can be represented as
The diagram represents the lithium atom.
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(i)
Some particles in the nucleus have a positive charge.
What is the name of these particles?
......................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Some particles in the nucleus have no charge.
What is the name of these particles?
........................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
3
4
7
The mass number of this atom of lithium is
(1)
(c)
Sodium reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride.
sodium
+
chlorine
sodium chloride
The diagram shows how the reaction happens.
Only the outer electrons are shown.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
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(i)
gaining
A sodium atom changes into a sodium ion
by
losing
an electron.
sharing
(1)
(ii)
a negative
A sodium ion has
no
charge.
a positive
(1)
(iii)
covalent
The ions in sodium chloride are held together by
strong
electrostatic
forces.
magnetic
(1)
(d)
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
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Tick ( ) two properties of ionic compounds.
Property
Tick ( )
Do not dissolve in water
High melting points
Low boiling points
Strong bonds
(2)
(e)
(i)
The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl
Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium chloride.
Relative atomic masses: Na = 23; Cl = 35.5
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
Relative formula mass = .............................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
ion
The relative formula mass of a substance, in grams, is one
isotop
of the substance.
e
mole
(1)
(f)
Nanoparticles of sodium chloride (salt) are used to flavour crisps.
What are nanoparticles?
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
Q9.
The diagrams represent the structures of five substances, A, B, C, D and E.
(a)
Give one substance, A, B, C, D or E, that:
(i) has a very low boiling point
(1)
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(ii) is a compound
(1)
(iii) is a metal.
(1)
(b)
Draw a ring around the type of bonding holding the atoms together in substance C.
covalent
ionic
metallic
(1)
(c)
Explain why substance E is soft and slippery.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
(a)
The symbol equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is:
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2H2O2
→
2H2O + O2
Complete the word equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide
→ ....................................
+ ....................................
(1)
(b)
A student did an experiment to see how quickly hydrogen peroxide decomposes.
The student used the apparatus shown below to measure the volume of oxygen.
(i)
Draw a straight line of best fit to complete the graph.
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(1)
(ii)
Draw a circle around the anomalous point on the graph.
(1)
(iii)
What is the volume of oxygen given off after 15 seconds?
......................... cm3
(1)
(iv)
How did the volume of oxygen change between 0 and 25 seconds?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The student wanted to make the reaction faster.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
higher.
(i) To make the reaction faster, the temperature should be
lower.
the same.
(1)
more dilute.
(ii)
To make the reaction faster, the hydrogen peroxide should be
more
concentrated.
the same.
(1)
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(d)
The diagram represents the bonding in oxygen.
O=O
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
share
(i) When two oxygen atoms bond, the atoms
transfer
electrons.
delocalise
(1)
ionic
(ii)
The oxygen atoms are joined by
metallic bonds.
covalent
(1)
simple molecules.
(iii)
Oxygen is made of
a giant lattice.
macromolecules.
(1)
(e)
When hydrogen peroxide decomposes water is produced.
Which two statements in the table explain why water is a liquid at room
temperature?
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Tick (
) the two statements.
Statement
Tick (
)
Water has a boiling point of 100 °C.
Water is made of ions.
Water has a melting point lower than room
temperature.
Water has a giant covalent structure.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q11.
Gold and gold ions are used as catalysts.
(a)
An atom of gold is represented as:
Au
197
79
Complete the sentences.
The atomic number of gold is ...................................................
The number of electrons in an atom of gold is ...............................
(2)
(b)
Scientists have found that gold nanoparticles are very good catalysts.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
hundred
A gold nanoparticle contains a few thousand atoms.
million
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(1)
(c)
The formation of a gold ion (Au3+) from a gold atom (Au) is shown in the symbol
equation.
Au
(i)
→
Au3+ + 3e–
Complete the sentence.
The particles lost when a gold atom becomes a gold ion
are called .....................................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
one.
The number of these particles lost when a gold atom becomes a gold ion two.
is
three.
(1)
(d)
Gold ions are used as a catalyst in the reaction to make chloroethene.
How does a catalyst help a reaction?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Chloroethene can react to make a thermosoftening polymer.
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
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dissolve.
When heated, a thermosoftening polymer will
melt.
solidify.
(1)
(ii)
Polymer B is a different type of polymer.
The diagram shows the structure of polymer B.
How can you tell from the diagram that polymer B is not thermosoftening?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q12.
The diagram represents an electrolysis cell for extracting aluminium.
The current will only flow when the electrolyte is molten.
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(a)
The electrolyte is aluminium oxide mixed with another substance.
(i)
What is the name of the other substance in the electrolyte?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
cryolite
rock salt
limestone
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
condense the aluminium oxide.
This other substance is added to
lower the melting point of the aluminium oxide.
raise the boiling point of the aluminium oxide.
(1)
(b)
(i)
Oxide ions (O2−) move to the positive electrode.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
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(ii)
Oxygen is formed at the positive electrode. The oxygen then forms carbon
dioxide.
The equation for the reaction is shown below.
C
+
O2
→
CO2
Complete the sentence.
The name of the element which reacts with oxygen is .................................
(1)
(iii)
The positive electrode gets smaller.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Aluminium is used in an alloy with magnesium to make drinks cans.
The diagrams show the arrangement of atoms in pure aluminium and in the alloy.
The alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
Explain why. Use the diagrams to help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q13.
Liquids containing nanoparticles of diamond are used as abrasives.Nanoparticles of
diamond can be used to grind down surfaces to give them a very smooth polished finish.
Abrasive liquid containing
nanoparticles of diamond
(a)
Model of part of the diamond structure
Diamond is made of one element.
Draw a ring around the name of this element.
calcium
carbon
chromium
cobalt
(1)
(b)
Tick (
) two statements in the table which explain why diamond is hard.
Statement
Tick (
It is made of layers.
It has weak covalent bonds.
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Each atom is joined to four other atoms.
It has a giant structure.
It has strong ionic bonds.
(2)
(c)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
very small.
Nanoparticles of diamond are
large.
very large.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q14.
(a)
Calcium chloride is made from limestone. Limestone contains mainly
calcium carbonate and a small amount of magnesium carbonate.
(i)
In stage 1 calcium carbonate reacts with acid X to form calcium chloride.
Draw a ring around the name of acid X.
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hydrochloric
nitric
sulfuric
(1)
(ii)
Stage 1 produces a concentrated solution of calcium chloride.
The solution also contains magnesium chloride.
Calcium hydroxide solution is added in stage 2 to remove the magnesium
chloride.
The equation for this reaction is:
MgCl2(aq)
+
Ca(OH)2(aq)
→ Mg(OH)2(s)
+
CaCl2(aq)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
dissolved
In stage 2 a precipitate is made because magnesium hydroxide is
insoluble in water.
soluble
In stage 3 the solid magnesium hydroxide can be separated from the calcium
chloride
chromatograph
y.
solution using
electrolysis.
filtration.
(2)
(iii)
What method can be used to change the calcium chloride solution into solid
calcium chloride?Draw a ring around your answer.
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crystallisation
electrolysis
reduction
(1)
(b)
calcium +
Calcium chloride can also be made by reacting calcium with chlorine:
chlorine
→
calcium chloride
The diagram shows what happens to atoms of calcium and chlorine in this reaction.
The dots (●) and crosses (x) are used to represent electrons.
Only the outer electrons are shown.
Use the diagram to help you to answer this question.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when calcium reacts with chlorine to
make calcium chloride.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q15.
The picture shows a wooden bowl.
The pieces of wood used for this bowl were dyed different colours.
By Bertramz (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
The artist who made the bowl explained why he dissolved the coloured dyes in methanol.
I use different coloured dyes dissolved in methanol.
I use methanol because with dyes dissolved in water the wood needs to be soaked for
a longer time.
The bowl dries more quickly if I use methanol instead of water.
(a)
The artist uses methanol instead of water.
Give two reasons why.
1 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
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(b)
The diagram shows how the atoms are bonded in methanol.
Draw a ring around:
(i)
CH4O
the formula of methanol
CH4O
CHO4
(1)
(ii)
covalent
the type of bonding in methanol.
ionic
metallic
(1)
(c)
Methanol has a low boiling point.
Tick (
) the reason why.
Reason why
Tick (
It has a giant covalent structure.
It is made of small molecules.
It has a giant metallic structure.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q16.
(a)
(x).
A magnesium atom contains 12 protons (●),12 neutrons (o) and 12 electrons
Which diagram, A, B or C, represents this magnesium atom?
This magnesium atom is Diagram
(1)
(b)
Magnesium metal is shaped to make magnesium ribbon.
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Tick (
) two reasons which explain why metals can be shaped.
Reason why
Tick (
)
The atoms are all joined by covalent bonds.
The atoms can slide over each other.
The atoms are large.
The atoms are in layers.
(2)
(c)
Magnesium sulfate is a salt of magnesium.
It can be prepared by the reaction of magnesium metal with an acid. The equation
for the reaction of magnesium with this acid is:
Mg(s)
magnesium
(i)
+
H2SO4(aq)
acid
→
MgSO4(aq)
magnesium sulfate
solution
+
H2(g)
hydrogen
Draw a ring around the name of the acid used in this reaction.
hydrochloric
nitric
sulfuric
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(1)
(ii)
Use the equation to help you to answer this question.
Tick (
) two things that happen when this reaction takes place.
Tick (
)
Bubbles are produced.
The magnesium disappears.
A solid is formed.
Water is formed.
(2)
(iii)
Draw a ring around a method to get solid magnesium sulfate from magnesium
sulfate solution.
crystallisation
electrolysis
oxidation
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q17.
Welding blankets are placed under metals being welded. They protect the area
under the welding from hot sparks or molten metal.
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Some welding blankets are made from silicon dioxide.
(a)
The table lists some properties of materials.
Two of these are properties of materials used to make welding blankets.
Tick (
) the two correct properties.
Property
Tick (
)
High melting point
Reacts with sparks
Not flammable
Low boiling point
(2)
(b)
Silicon dioxide has a giant structure. The diagram shows a small part of this
structure.
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Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
a few
(i) Silicon dioxide has a high melting point because
some of the atoms are joined
all
to other atoms.
(1)
two
(ii)
Each oxygen atom is joined to
three silicon atoms.
four
(1)
covalent.
(iii)
The bonds between the atoms are
ionic.
metallic.
(1)
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easily broken.
(iv) These bonds are
very strong.
weak.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q18.
The picture shows a student using a pencil to complete a multiple choice answer
sheet.
By albertogp123 [CC BY 2.0] , via Flickr
The pencil contains graphite. Graphite rubs off the pencil onto the paper.
Diagrams 1 and 2 show how the atoms are arranged in graphite.
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(a)
Use Diagram 2 and your Data Sheet to help you to name the element from which
graphite is made.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Use Diagram 1 to help you explain why graphite can rub off the pencil onto the
paper.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Draw a ring around the type of bond which holds the atoms together in each layer.
covalent
ionic
metallic
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
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Q19.
Read the information in the box.
Flash powder is used to produce special effects at pop concerts.
Flash powder contains aluminium. The powder burns with a bright white flame
and gives out lots of heat and light. It also produces white smoke.
The flash powder is placed on stage in a special container. At the bottom of
the container there is a thin piece of wire. When the flash is needed, electricity
is passed through the wire. The wire gets hot and starts the aluminium
burning.
By russelljsmith [CC BY 2.0], via Flickr
(a)
When aluminium burns the reaction is exothermic.
Give one piece of information from the box which shows that the reaction is
exothermic.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The hot wire provides energy to start the aluminium burning.
Draw a ring around the name given to the energy needed to start a chemical
reaction.
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activation energy
potential energy
solar energy
(1)
(c)
When aluminium burns it reacts with oxygen to make aluminium oxide.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
alumini +
um
....................................... →
.
.......................................
.
(1)
(d)
An aluminium atom has 13 electrons.
Which diagram, A, B or C, represents the electronic structure of an aluminium
atom?
The electronic structure of an aluminium atom is diagram
(1)
(e)
The white smoke produced is aluminium oxide.
Aluminium oxide contains aluminium ions (Al3+) and oxide ions (O2–).
Draw a ring around the correct word in each box to complete each sentence.
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a negative
(i) Electrons have
no
charge.
a positive
(1)
(ii)
When an aluminium atom (Al) turns into an aluminium ion (Al3+)
gains
it loses
three electrons.
shares
(1)
(iii)
When an oxygen atom (O) turns into an oxide ion (O2–)
gains
one
it loses
two
shares
electrons.
three
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q20.
Metal is bent and shaped to make a car body.
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The diagram below represents how atoms are arranged in a metal.
Which two statements in the table best explain why the metal can be bent and shaped?
Tick (
) the two statements.
Statement
Tick
( )
The atoms are in layers.
The metal is shiny.
The atoms can slide over each other.
All the atoms are linked by strong
covalent bonds.
(2)
(Total 2 marks)
Q21.
Lightweight handlebars for bicycles are made from materials containing carbon
nanotubes.
Carbon nanotubes are lightweight but very strong.
The diagram shows the structure of a carbon nanotube.
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(a)
What does the term ‘nano’ tell you about the diameter of carbon nanotubes?
Tick (
) the correct answer in the table.
Answer
Tick
( )
The diameter of the tube is very small.
The diameter of the tube is large.
The diameter of the tube is very large
(1)
(b)
Look at the diagram and then draw a ring around the correct word to complete each
sentence.
(i)
Carbon nanotubes are similar to graphite because each carbon atom is joined
to
two
three
other carbon atoms.
four
(1)
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covalent
(ii)
The carbon atoms are joined by
ionic
bonds.
metallic
(1)
atoms
(iii)
Carbon nanotubes are very strong because the
bonds
are hard to break.
electrons
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q22.
Firework rockets contain fuel and potassium nitrate.
The potassium nitrate provides oxygen for the fuel to react.
(a)
The table shows how a student worked out the relative formula mass (Mr) of
potassium nitrate.
Some of the numbers are missing.
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Relative atomic masses (Ar): N = 14; O = 16; K = 39.
Name of atom
(symbol)
Number
of atoms
Ar
Mass
potassium (K)
1
39
39
nitrogen
(N)
1
14
14
oxygen
(O)
16
The Mr of potassium nitrate =
(i)
101
The mass of oxygen is not shown in the table.
Draw a ring around the correct mass of oxygen.
16
32
48
(1)
(ii)
1
Draw a ring around the number of oxygen atoms in the formula of potassium
nitrate.
2
3
(1)
(b)
When the fuel reacts with the oxygen an exothermic reaction takes place.
What does exothermic mean?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The fuel contains carbon. Carbon reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide.
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Which two statements in the table explain why carbon dioxide is a gas at room
temperature?
Tick (
) the two statements.
Statement
Tick
( )
It has a giant structure
It has a low boiling point.
It is made of small molecules.
It is made of ions.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q23.
Hydrogen fluoride is used to make hydrofluoric acid.
(a)
A company makes hydrogen fluoride by reacting solid calcium fluoride with sulfuric
acid. The reaction takes place in a rotating kiln.
calcium fluoride
+
sulfuric acid
→
calcium sulfate
+
hydrogen fluoride
The company want this reaction to take place quickly.
(i)
Rotating the kiln makes the reaction take place faster.
Suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct word in each box.
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To make the reaction take place faster:
higher
the temperature should be
less
so that the particles have
energy
lower
more
powder
the solid calcium fluoride should be
small
to give a
lumps
big
dilute
the sulfuric acid solution should be
surface area
less
to give
concentrated
collisions
more
between the particles each second.
(3)
(b)
The diagram represents a molecule of hydrogen fluoride.
The hydrogen and fluorine atoms are joined by a covalent bond.
Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence.
electrons
neutrons
protons
In a covalent bond the atoms share
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.................................................................................. .
(1)
(c)
Hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in water to make an acidic solution of hydrofluoric
acid.
Draw a ring around the symbol of the ion that makes the solution acidic.
H+
OH–
F–
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q24.
The diagram represents a carbon atom.
(a)
Use words from the box to answer the questions.
electron
(i)
neutron
nucleus
proton
What is the name of the central part of the atom?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
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(ii)
What is the name of the particle with no charge?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the name of the particle with a negative charge?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Use the diagram above to help you to answer these questions.
(i)
6
Draw a ring around the atomic (proton) number of this carbon atom.
12
18
(1)
(ii)
6
Draw a ring around the mass number of this carbon atom.
12
18
(1)
(c)
A different carbon atom has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
Draw a ring around the symbol that represents this atom.
(1)
(d)
The diagram shows the bonding in a methane molecule.
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(i)
Draw a ring around the chemical formula of a methane molecule.
CH4
CH4
C4H
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the word that describes methane.
compound
element
mixture
(1)
(iii)
covalent
Draw a ring around the type of bonding in a methane molecule.
ionic
metallic
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q25.
A drill bit is used to cut holes through materials. The cutting end of this drill bit is
covered with very small diamonds.
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By Wanderlinse [CC By
2.0], via Flickr
Draw a ring around the correct word in each box.
carbon
(a)
Diamond is made from
nitrogen
atoms.
oxygen
(1)
none
(b) Diamond has a giant structure in which
some
of the atoms are joined together.
all
(1)
covalent
(c) The atoms in diamond are joined together by
ionic
bonds.
metallic
(1)
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two
(d) In diamond each atom is joined to
three
other atoms.
four
(1)
hard.
(e) Diamond is suitable for the cutting end of a drill bit because it is
shiny.
soft
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q26.
This question is about lead iodide and magnesium iodide.
(a)
Lead iodide can be made by mixing a solution containing lead ions with a solution
containing iodide ions.
Lead iodide is formed as a solid.
lead ions
in solution
+
(i)
iodide ions
in solution
→
lead iodide
solid
Draw a ring around the name given to this type of reaction.
electrolysis
neutralisation
precipitation
(1)
(ii)
Tick (
) the method used to separate solid lead iodide from the solution.
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Method
Tick
( )
distillation
evaporation
filtration
(1)
(iii)
The table below gives information about the solubility of some compounds.
Soluble compounds
Insoluble compounds
all sodium and potassium salts
all nitrates
most chlorides, bromides and iodides
silver and lead chlorides, bromides and
iodides
Use the table to help you to:
draw a ring around a soluble compound which contains lead ions
lead bromide
lead chloride
lead nitrate
draw a ring around a soluble compound which contains iodide ions.
lead iodide
silver iodide
sodium iodide
(2)
(b)
magnesi
um
Magnesium iodide can be made by reacting magnesium with iodine.
+
iodine →
magnesium iodide
The diagram shows how this takes place.
Only the outer electrons are shown.
The dots (●) and crosses(×) are used to represent electrons.
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Use the diagram to help you to answer this question.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine to
make magnesium iodide.
To gain full marks you should use the words atom, electron and ion in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q27.
This picture shows a sword. The sword is about 3400 years old. It is made of an
alloy called bronze.
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Photograph © O.Louis Mazzatenta / Getty Images
Bronze is made from copper and tin.
Bronze made better swords than pure copper. This is because bronze is harder than pure
copper.
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
metals.
An alloy is a mixture of
molecules.
non-metals.
(1)
(b)
Pure copper can be quite easily bent out of shape.
Which two statements in the table explain why copper can be bent?
Tick ( ) two boxes.
Statements
Tick ( )
Copper atoms are arranged in layers.
Copper atoms are joined by strong covalent bonds.
Copper atoms can slide over each other.
Copper is made of small molecules.
(2)
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(c)
Which one statement in the table explains why bronze is harder than pure copper?
Tick ( ) one box.
Statements
Tick ( )
Copper and tin atoms are the same size.
The layers of atoms are distorted in bronze.
The copper and tin atoms are joined by strong
covalent bonds in bronze.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q28.
The diagram shows how the atoms are joined in part of a diamond.
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
(i)
some
Diamond has a high melting point because
a few
all
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joined by strong bonds.
(1)
(ii)
one
Each atom is joined to
two
other atoms.
four
(1)
(iii)
covalent.
The bonds are
ionic.
metallic.
(1)
(iv)
hard.
Diamond is used in cutting tools because it is
soft.
shiny.
(1)
(b)
Diamond is made of carbon.
Name a gas produced when carbon reacts with oxygen.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(Total 5 marks)
Q29.
(a)
Ammonia has the formula NH3. It is made from nitrogen and hydrogen.
How many atoms are in an ammonia molecule? ..........................................
(1)
(b)
The diagrams show the electron arrangement in nitrogen and hydrogen.
Which diagram below, A, B, C or D, represents an ammonia molecule?
Write your answer in the box.
Diagram
(1)
(c)
Ammonia dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH of 10.
What does this pH value tell you about ammonia solution?
........................................................................................................................
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(1)
(d)
In industry a large amount of ammonia is neutralised by an acid to make ammonium
nitrate.
(i)
What type of substance is ammonium nitrate?
Tick ( ) one box.
acid
alkali
base
salt
(1)
(ii)
Which acid is added to ammonia to make ammonium nitrate?
Tick ( ) one box.
hydrochloric
citric
nitric
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sulfuric
(1)
(iii)
Draw a ring around the main use of ammonium nitrate.
fertiliser
lubricating oil
medicine
plastic
(1)
(e)
Instant cold packs are used to treat sports injuries.
One type of cold pack has a plastic bag containing water. Inside the bag is a smaller
bag containing ammonium nitrate.
The outer bag is squeezed so that the inner bag bursts. The ammonium nitrate
dissolves in the water. This process is endothermic.
Explain why the bag becomes cold.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q30.
Read the information in the box and then answer the questions.
Sun Creams
Sun creams contain titanium oxide. This compound absorbs harmful
radiation.
Traditional sun creams contain normal-sized particles of titanium oxide.
Normal-sized particles of titanium oxide are known to be safe to put on the
skin.
Many new sun creams contain nano-sized particles of titanium oxide.
Experiments suggest that nano-sized particles might pass through the pores
of the skin more easily than normal-sized particles.
(a)
Explain why nano-sized particles might pass more easily through the pores of the
skin than normal sized particles.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Using these sun creams is beneficial because they absorb harmful radiation.
Suggest one possible risk of using these sun creams.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
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Q31.
The picture shows sodium reacting with chlorine. The reaction forms sodium
chloride.
(a)
Use words from the box to answer the questions.
compound
element
hydrocarbon
mixture
Which word best describes:
(i)
sodium .......................................................................
(1)
(ii)
sodium chloride? ........................................................
(1)
(b)
When sodium reacts with chlorine the sodium atoms change into sodium ions.
The diagrams below represent a sodium atom and a sodium ion.
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Use the diagrams to help you explain how a sodium atom turns into a sodium ion.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
The diagram below represents a chlorine atom.
When chlorine reacts with sodium the chlorine forms negative chloride ions.
Complete the diagram below to show the outer electrons in a chloride ion (Cl–).
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(1)
(ii)
Chloride ions are strongly attracted to sodium ions in sodium chloride.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q32.
This barbecue burns propane gas.
The diagram represents a propane molecule.
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(a)
What is the formula of propane?
........................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Draw a ring around the name of the particle represented by the symbols ○
and × in the diagram.
electron
neutron
proton
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the type of bonding that holds the atoms together in a
propane molecule.
covalent
ionic
metallic
(1)
(c)
Under high pressure in the cylinder propane is a liquid.
Liquid propane evaporates easily to form a gas when the tap on the cylinder is
opened.
Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to explain why propane
evaporates easily.
high
Propane has a
large
boiling point because it consists of
low
molecules.
small
(1)
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(Total 4 marks)
Q33.
This label was on a container of graphite lubricant.
Super G
Graphite Lubricant
Super G forms a thin anti-friction film on metal
surfaces. It provides good lubrication when metal parts
rub against each other.
(a)
Give one reason why a lubricant is used when metal parts rub against each other.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in graphite.
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(i)
Draw a ring around the type of atoms in graphite.
aluminium
carbon
silicon
(1)
(ii)
Graphite is a good lubricant because it is slippery. Use the diagram to explain
why graphite is slippery.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q34.
The following steps show how to use a type of glue.
Step 1 Measure out equal amounts of the liquids from tubes A and B.
Step 2 Mix the liquids to make the glue.
Put a thin layer of the glue onto each of the surfaces to be joined.
Step 3 Assemble the pieces to be joined and then hold them together with tape.
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Step 4 Leave the glue to set.
(a)
When liquids A and B are mixed a chemical reaction takes place.
(i)
This reaction is exothermic.
Complete the sentence below using a word or phrase from the box.
decrease
increase
stay the same
During the reaction the temperature of the mixture will ......................................
.
(1)
(ii)
When the glue sets it forms a giant covalent structure.
Draw a ring around one property that you would expect the set glue to have.
good conductor of electricity
point
low melting point
high melting
(1)
(b)
The time taken for the glue to set at different temperatures is given in the table
below.
Temperature in °C
Time taken for the glue to set
20
3 days
60
6 hours
90
1 hour
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(i)
decrease
Complete the sentences below using words or phrases from the box.
increase
stay the same
When the temperature is increased the time taken for the glue to set
......................................................................................................................... .
When the temperature is increased the rate of the setting reaction
......................................................................................................................... .
(2)
(ii)
Put a tick ( ) next to the two reasons why an increase in temperature affects
the rate of reaction.
Reason
( )
It gives the particles more energy.
It increases the concentration of the particles.
It increases the surface area of the particles.
It makes the particles move faster.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q35.
This question is about fluorine and some of its compounds.
(a)
The diagram represents a molecule of hydrogen fluoride.
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Draw a ring around the type of bonding that holds the hydrogen and fluorine atoms
together in this molecule.
covalent
ionic
metallic
(1)
(b)
Fluorine is made in industry by the electrolysis of a mixture of potassium fluoride
and hydrogen fluoride.
(i)
gas
Use one word from the box to complete the sentence.
liquid
solid
To allow electrolysis to take place the mixture of potassium fluoride and
hydrogen fluoride must be .................................................. .
(1)
(ii)
The mixture of potassium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride contains fluoride ions
(F–), hydrogen ions (H+) and potassium ions (K+).
Use one word from the box to complete the sentence.
fluorine
hydrogen
potassium
During electrolysis the element formed at the positive electrode is
............................................................ .
(1)
(c)
Fluoride ions are sometimes added to drinking water. It is thought that these ions
help to reduce tooth decay.
(i)
Tick ( ) one question that cannot be answered by scientific investigation
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alone.
Question
Tick ( )
Do fluoride ions in drinking water reduce tooth decay?
Are fluoride ions in drinking water harmful to health?
Should fluoride ions be added to drinking water?
(1)
(ii)
Explain why you have chosen this question.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q36.
This drill contains an electric motor.
The diagram below shows the main parts of an electric motor.
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The carbon contacts are made of graphite. Springs push the contacts against the copper
ring.
The carbon contacts conduct electricity to the copper ring. The copper ring rotates rapidly
but does not stick or become worn because the graphite is soft and slippery.
(a)
Using this information give two properties that make graphite suitable for making
the carbon contacts.
1 ...................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct word in each box to complete the sentence.
Each carbon atom in graphite is joined to
two
three
covalent
other carbon atoms by ionic
four
bonds.
metallic
(2)
(ii)
Tick ( ) the statement which explains why graphite is soft and slippery.
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Statement
Tick ( )
It is made of layers of atoms.
It is made of small molecules.
It is an ionic compound.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q37.
Read the article and then answer the questions that follow.
Hydrogen fuel for cars?
Hydrogen is an excellent fuel. On combustion it reacts with oxygen from the air to
release a large amount of energy. The only product of combustion is water which
does not cause pollution. Hydrogen gas can be stored under pressure in a
cylinder but a leak of the gas could cause an explosion.
It has been found that lithium nitride can absorb and then release large volumes
of hydrogen. Hydrogen stored in lithium nitride will not explode.
The problem is that the rate at which hydrogen is absorbed and then released
from normal sized particles of lithium nitride is slow.
Recently scientists have made ‘nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride. The
‘nanosized’ particles have the advantage that they absorb and release the
hydrogen much faster when needed in the fuel cell.
(a)
Use information from the article to help you to answer these questions.
(i)
Give two reasons why hydrogen is an excellent fuel.
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1 .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Hydrogen stored in lithium nitride is safer in an accident than a cylinder full of
hydrogen gas.
State why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the advantage of using ‘nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride instead
of normal sized particles for storing hydrogen?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Lithium nitride is an ionic compound that contains lithium ions (Li+) and nitride ions
(N3–).
(i)
The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you to answer this question.
Which diagram, A, B or C, represents the electronic structure of a lithium
atom?
Write your answer in the box.
Diagram
(1)
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(ii)
Tick ( ) the statement which describes how a lithium atom (Li) changes into a
lithium ion (Li+).
Statement
Tick ( )
A lithium atom loses a neutron.
A lithium atom loses an electron.
A lithium atom loses a proton.
(1)
(iii)
The diagram shows the electronic structure of a nitrogen atom.
Which diagram, A, B or C, represents the electronic structure of a nitride ion
(N3–)?
Write your answer in the box.
Diagram
(1)
(c)
The equation for the reaction of lithium nitride with hydrogen is:
Li3N + 2H2
What does the symbol
LiNH2 + 2LiH
mean?
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Draw a ring around your answer.
reversible reaction
endothermic reaction
neutralisation
(1)
(d)
Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to complete the sentences.
much larger
(i)
‘Nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride will be
a little larger
much smaller
than normal sized particles of lithium nitride.
(1)
(ii)
One of the reasons why ‘nanosized’ particles have different properties
density
from normal sized particles is that they have a greater
mass
surface area
than normal sized particles of lithium nitride.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q38.
The diagram represents a particle of methane.
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(a)
What is the formula of methane? ...............................................................................
(1)
(b)
Choose a word from the box to answer the question.
atom
ion
molecule
Which of the words best describes the methane particle shown in the diagram?
.................................................
(1)
(c)
Choose a word from the box to answer the question.
covalent
ionic
metallic
What is the type of bonding shown in the diagram?
..................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
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Q39.
This question is about giant structures. Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide all
have giant structures.
(a)
The diagrams show the structures of these three substances.
Draw a line from each structure to its name.
(2)
(b)
Complete the sentences using words from the box.
covalent
four
hard
ionic
shiny
soft
three
two
(i)
Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide have high melting points because all
the
atoms in their structures are joined by strong ...............................................
bonds.
(1)
(ii)
In diamond each atom is joined to ............................................... other atoms.
(1)
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(iii)
Diamond can be used to make cutting tools because it has a rigid structure
which
makes it very ................................................
(1)
(iv)
In graphite each atom is joined to ............................................... other atoms.
(1)
(v)
Graphite can be used to make pencils because it has a structure which makes
it
................................................
(1)
(c)
When a diamond is heated to a high temperature and then placed in pure oxygen it
burns. Carbon dioxide is the only product.
Name the element in diamond. ...................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q40.
Distress flares are used to attract attention in an emergency.
Flares often contain magnesium. Magnesium burns to form magnesium oxide.
(a)
The distress flare burns with a bright flame because the reaction is very exothermic.
Complete the following sentence using the correct words from the box.
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gives out heat
stores heat
takes in heat
An exothermic reaction is one which ..........................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows the electronic structure of a magnesium atom.
The atomic (proton) number of magnesium is 12.
Magnesium atom
The atomic (proton) number of oxygen is 8.
Which diagram, A, B, C or D, shows the electronic structure of an oxygen atom?
Diagram ..............................
(1)
(c)
Magnesium ions and oxide ions are formed when magnesium reacts with oxygen.
The diagram shows the electronic structure of an oxide ion.
Oxide ion
Which diagram, J, K, L or M, shows the electronic structure of a magnesium ion?
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Diagram ..............................
(1)
(d)
Indigestion tablets can be made from magnesium oxide. The magnesium oxide
neutralises some of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Draw a ring around the name of the salt formed when magnesium oxide reacts with
hydrochloric acid.
magnesium chloride
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium sulfate
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q41.
Bricks made from silica (silicon dioxide) are used to line furnaces that operate at
high temperatures.
Part of the structure of silica is shown in the diagram.
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Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
covalent
l
four
giant
high
low
six
smal
we
ak
One reason for using silica to make bricks for high-temperature furnaces is that silica has
a
.......................................... melting point.
Silica has this property because it is a .......................................... structure in which each
silicon
atom is joined to .......................................... oxygen atoms by ..........................................
bonds.
(Total 4 marks)
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Q42.
(a)
The diagram represents an atom of nitrogen.
(i)
Use words from the box to label the diagram.
el e c tr o n
cl e u s
n e u tr o n
pro t o n
n u
(2)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the mass number of this atom.
5
7
14
21
(1)
(b)
Nitrogen can react with hydrogen to make ammonia, NH3 .
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Which diagram, A, B, C or D, best represents an ammonia molecule?
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q43.
(a)
Read the article about the use of nanoparticles in sun creams.
Sun creams
Many sun creams use nanoparticles. These sun creams are very good at
absorbing radiation, especially ultraviolet radiation. Owing to the particle size, the
sun creams spread more easily, cover better and save money because you use
less. The new sun creams are also transparent, unlike traditional sun creams
which are white. The use of nanoparticles is so successful that they are now used
in more than 300 sun cream products.
Some sun creams contain nanoparticles of titanium oxide. Normal-sized particles
of titanium oxide are safe to put on the skin.
It is thought that nanoparticles can pass through the skin and travel around the
body more easily than normal-sized particles. It is also thought that nanoparticles
might be toxic to some types of cell, such as skin, bone, brain and liver cells.
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(i)
How is the size of nanoparticles different from normal-sized particles of
titanium oxide?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest how the size of nanoparticles might help them to enter the body more
easily.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Give two advantages of using nanoparticles in sun creams.
1 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Why might nanoparticles be dangerous inside the body?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q44.
(a)
Every chemical element has a chemical symbol. Choose the correct chemical
symbols from the box and complete the three spaces in the table.
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C
Co
Cu
Fe
I
Ir
Zn
Name of element
Chemical symbol
Copper
....................................
Iron
....................................
Zinc
....................................
Zr
(3)
(b)
Give one use for each of the following metals. You should give a different use for
each metal.
Copper ......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Iron ...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Zinc ...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Give four physical properties which metals usually have.
1. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
4. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
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(4)
(d)
Metals usually form ionic compounds. Give one property of an ionic compound.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
The diagrams show two different atoms, atom A and atom B.
Atom A
(i)
Atom B
Complete the following sentence.
For these two atoms to become ions one ............................................ would
be transferred from atom ........... to atom ........... .
(1)
(ii)
Atom A and atom B are from different elements. How can you tell this from
their nuclei?
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q45.
The drawing shows a container of a compound called magnesium chloride.
(i)
How many elements are joined together to form magnesium chloride?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound. What are the names of its ions?
................................................. ions and ................................................. ions
(1)
(iii)
How many negative ions are there in the formula for magnesium chloride?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
Complete the sentence.
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Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms, which have lost or gained
......................................... .
(1)
(v)
Suggest three properties which magnesium chloride has because it is an ionic
compound.
Property 1 ...................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Property 2 ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Property 3 ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
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