THE
CYCLOPAEDIA;
on,
UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY
OF
anb
>titntf0,
i^itcrature,
BY
ABRAHAM
REES, D.D. F.R.S.
F.L.S. S.Amer.Soc.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
EMINENT PROFESSIONAL GENTLEMEN.
ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS,
SY THE MOST DISTINGUISHED
IN THIRTY-NINE
ARTISTS.
VOLUMES.
VOL. XXXV.
LONDON:
Printed for LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, & BROWN, Paternoster-Row,
AND J. RIVINGTON, A. STRAHAN, PAYNE AND FOSS, SCATCHERD AND LETTERMAN, J. CUTHELL,
CLARKE AND SONS, LACKINGTON HUGHES HARDING MAYOR AND JONES, J. AND A. ARCH,
CADELL AND DAVIES, S. BAGSTER, J. MAWMAN, JAMES BLACK AND SON, BLACK KINGSBURY
PARBURY AND ALLEN, R. SCHOLEY, J. BOOTH, J. BOOKER, SUTTABY EVANCE AND FOX, BALDWIN
CRADOCK AND JOY, SHERWOOD NEELY AND JONES, R. SAUNDERS, HURST ROBINSON AND CO.,
J. DICKINSON, J. PATERSON, E. WHITESIDE, WILSON AND SONS, AND BRODIE AND DOWDING.
F.C.
1819.
T
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the river the corn and alfo tlie trees which grew in this field.
materials, united with the mud brouglit down by the
river, formed an ifland, on which were built feveral temples
Thefe
r.nd porticoes.
TiBERiNA Regio, a country of Afia, in Cappadocia, where
a place named Ariarzus.
TIBERIOPOLIS, atownofAfia, in Phrygia Major.
was
Pto!.
—Alfo,
Euxine
a
town of Bulgaria, upon the
coaft of the
TIBERIS,
or Tiber, a river of Italy, which had its
fource in llie Apennines, towards a place called Tifcrnum
Its courfe was firft towards the S. pafling by
Tibai'inum.
Perufia, as far as Tuder, where it turned towards the S.W.
as far as the Volfinii. Having received the Clanis, it turned
towards the S.E., received the Nar at Hortanum, and continued in this diredlion as far as a point that lies between
Capena and Cures. AiTuming a direftion towards the S.,
it pafied to Rome, and then proceeded towards the S.W.
». e.
the mouths, of which it has
This river was inconfiderable till it reached Horbut afterwards it was augmented by the Nar, the
;
Valinus, and the Anio, fo that at Rome it was large and
The ancients, by way of enhancing its celebrity, redeep.
but under this
prefent it as receiving twenty other rivers
g-eneral denomination they mud comprehend feveral finall
ftreams.
It was called by various names.
to the fea before Oflia,
many.
tanum
;
TIBERIUS
Claudius Nero,
in
Biography, a
Roman
emperor, fo called after his father, his mother's name being
He was at
Livia DrufiUa, was born in the year B.C. 42.
E.n early age fo well inftrufted in Greek and Roman literature, as to be able, when nine years old, to pronounce a funeral oration for his father, which gained great applaufe.
His temper was naturally referved and gloomy, and yet,
with the advice of his mother Livia, who was married to
Auguftus, he conduced the ufual fpeftacles with a magniHis
ficence which gave fatisfaftion to the Roman people.
firft appearance in a military charafter was as a tribune in
the Cantabrian war ; he next fuftained the office of commander-in-chief in placing Tigranes on the Armenian throne,
and on his return was made praetor. He was afterwards
fent to join his brother Drufus, and gained a decifive viftory
He became conful in
over the Rhetians and Vindelicians.
the twenty-eighth year of his age, and thus rapidly advanced to the rank which, as the emperor's ftep-fon, he was
likely to obtain, and his elevation was accelerated by the
death of Agrippa, B.C. 22. Previoufly to his being admitted into a partnerihip of the empire, Auguftus obliged
him to divorce his wife Vifpania, the daughter of Agrippa,
and the objeft of his choice and afFeftion, and to marry his
own daughter Julia, of doubtful reputation.
The next objeft of his military career was the reduftion of
the Pannonians, in confequence of which he \\'as honoured
with triumphal ornaments. From his fuccefsful profecution
of the war in this part of the empire he was fuddenly called to
attend his brother Drufus in his laft moments and he afterwards accompanied his remains on foot in a funeral proceflion to Italy. After his viftories had been celebrated by
an ovat on, lie was deputed to make peace in Germany, and
being a fecond time made conful, B.C. 7, he triumphed
on the day when he took polTeflion of his dignity. At the
expiration of the year, Auguftus conferred upon him the
tribunitial power for five years.
At this time Caius, one
of the emperor's adoptive fons, though under age, was
raifed to the pontificate, and introduced into the fenate.
Jealous of Caius as a rival, and difgufted by the open gallantries of his wife Julia, he refolvcd to aflc permiflion to withdraw from public bufinefs, and to live in retirement at the
:
Vol.
XXXV.
B
Accordingly he failed for Rliodef. His
became fo notorious, that fl»e was baniOied
by her father to the ifle of Pandataria, and divorced from
her huft)and. Having obtained leave of tiie emperor, though
reluftantly granted, to return from Rhodes to Rome, he
hvcd privately till the death of the two Cacfars, Caius and
Lucius, opened to him new profpefts.
The emperor,
whofe declining age needed an aflbciate, adopted Tiberius
idand of Rhodes.
wife's conduft
A.D.
fea.
I
4, renewing his tribunitian power, and then
placing
him next to himfclf in the empire. Having brought the
war againft the Pannonians and Dalmatians, as much by
policy as by force, to an honourable termination, he obtained
a triumph,
A.D.
9
;
and
his tribunitian authority
as a rccompence of other fervices,
was prolonged but the emperor
:
terminating his life at Nola, Tiberius, without oppotition,
fucceeded to the empire, in the fifty-fifth year of his age.
Paft experience had taught liim the art of diffimulation,
and this art he praftifed during the progrefs of his
reign.
Although he was very jcalouj of his authority, he
was moderate in the exercife of it, and always paid great
deference to the fenate, and refpeft to the confuls. He was
zealous in the adminiftration of juftice, and avoided oppreffive impofts even in the moft diftant provinces, for which
he had the lefs occafion, as he was not avaricious of money ;
a virtue which, as Tacitus fays, he retained, when he had
renounced all others. To which we may add, that he was
munificent in his relief of pubhc calamity and private difThefe qualities, combined with his found fenfe, rendered the earlier part of his reign as profperous as perhaps
any in the annals of the empire.
The popularity of Germanicus rendered Tiberius jealous,
and vigilant of his conduft ; and in order to reftrain his authority, he employed Pifo, a man of ancient family and imperious fpirit, as his fubordinate agent for this purpofe.
Germanicus, however, died of a lingering difeafe, and Pifo
trefs.
was fufpefted, if not aecufed, of having given him poifon.
Pifo was impeached in the fenate for his conduft towards
Germanicus.
In the courfe of his trial, Tiberius afted
with apparent impartiality ; but the aecufed, defpairing of
Tiberius, in the
an acquittal, put an end to his own life.
feventh year of his reign, withdrew from Rome to Campania, in order to accuftom Drufus, who was then conful,
Notwithftanding
to the exercife of the fupreme power.
feveral inftances, in which he manifefted a moderate exercife
of power, a ftern unfeeling tyranny was becoming the
fettled charafter of his reign, to which his growing conthe deteftable Sejanus very much contributed.
death of Drufus, A.D. 23, occafioned by poifon, adminiftered in confequence of the feduftion of his wife, was
borne by his father Tiberius with a degree of felf-pofteflion,
which was imputed to want of natural affeftion. After this
event he appeared in the fenate
and the two elder fons of
Germanicus were prefented to him. Taking them by the
fidence in
The
:
hand, and delivering a fpeech which melted the whole affembly into tears, he recommended thefe orphans, vi'ho had
loft both their uncle and father, to the guardianihip of the
fenate.
Two years after the death of Drufus, Tiberius
took an opportunity, which a propofal for erefting a temple
him and his mother afforded him, of giving his fentimenls
on that deification which difgraced the reigns of the Roman
emperors.
Recognizing himfelf as a mere mortal, fubjeft
to all the infirmities of the human condition, and fufficiently
honoured in holding the firft place among men, he was dcfirous that pofterity fliould know his fentimcnts on the fubjpft, and that he wiflicd for no other honours paid to his
memory than to be thought to have worthily performed the
The whole fpeech, replete with xvifduties of hisftation.
to
4
I
dom