Computing the Mean of Geometric Features Application to the

Computing the Mean of Geometric Features Application
to the Mean Rotation
Xavier Pennec
To cite this version:
Xavier Pennec. Computing the Mean of Geometric Features Application to the Mean Rotation.
RR-3371, INRIA. 1998. <inria-00073318>
HAL Id: inria-00073318
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073318
Submitted on 24 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Computing the mean of geometric features
Application to the mean rotation
Xavier Pennec
N˚ 3371
March 1998
THÈME 3
ISSN 0249-6399
apport
de recherche
!"#
$%&
"
' ( ""
'
)+*-,.0/-1324/-5656/-798
:;=<>@?AB CEDGFH?IHJLK'FHMONPDQ;=NP>@>R?TSE>RJLKU;VMODV?XW
MY>RJLZP?[W]\VNLDVDV^?[W_KNLDVD]JLMO[`[`JLDVK?[
abI`NXcd?'Ffehg=MY\]JXiVI`?
j4JLgVgkNPIlF\=?Il?KU;V?I`KU;V?mD]noAPAGprqB sQJLI`KU;tqvuPuLwB qyx@gVJLZP?[
3z {6|'}v~€]L}G‚ :;=?„ƒ-iV?[lFHMONPD†…‡?RMYDGˆP?[lF`MYZGJ!FH?‰MODŠFH;VMO[JXIlFHMOK‹O?@MY[Œ…;VJXFMY["FH;V?@>@?yJXDˆXJL‹OiV?@NLŽJ[`?'FNLŽ
ZP?NL>R?'FHIlMYK"Ž?yJXF`iVI`?[JXDV\+;=N€…‘KyJLD…’?KNL>Rg=i=FH?MOFU“Q”†?iV[`?JL[4J@ZPiVMO\VMYD=Z„?T•VJX>Rg=‹Y?NPDV?NLŽFH;V?>@NP[lF
[lF`iV\VMO?\+FE–9gk?NXŽŽ?JXFHiVIl?[MOD+KNP>@gVi=FH?IˆrMO[`MONPDQJLDV\I`NP—kNLF`MYK[Œ˜AP™šI`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[›
:;=?iV[li]JL‹œF`?KU;VD=MYƒ-iV?[NPD3gkNPMYDGF`[’KNLDV[`MO[lFNXŽ>@MYDVMO>@MYžMYD=ZŸFH;V? ‹O?yJX[lFlS¡[`ƒ-i]JLIl?KI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD£Wr…;VMOKU;ZPM¢ˆP?[
FH;V?Š—]JXIl–9K?D-F`?IW FH;V?¤…‡?MOZP;GFH?\¥‹O?yJL[dFlSE[lƒ-i]JLI`?[+NLI3FH;V?¦[liV> NLŽ3§¨[lƒ9iVJLI`?\_©sQJL;]JL‹YJLDVNL—VMY[\VMO[lFHJLDVK?[›
ªfD=ŽNLIlFHi=D]JXFH?‹O–LWF`;V?[l?„FH?KU;VDVMOƒ-iV?[ŸIl?‹¢–tNPDtF`;V?@ˆP?K'FHNPI[`g]JXK?R[lFHIliVKF`iVI`?„NLŽgkNPMODGFH[ŸJXDV\ZL?DV?IHJL‹OMYžMYD=Z
FH;V?>«\VMOI`?K'FH‹¢–"FHN4NLFH;V?IFE–rgk?[NLŽrŽ?yJXF`iVI`?[KNPiV‹O\‹O?yJL\"FHN4g]JLI`JL\VNy•r?[‡¬­ak® uGp!¯0›o°]NPIMODV[dFUJLDVK?LWXKNP>@gVi=F`MYD=Z
FH;V?—]JLIl–9K?DGFH?I NLŽhI`NXFUJXF`MYNPD=[iV[lMYDVZ‰I`NLFHJXFHMONPD¤>RJXF`I`MOK?[W£iVDVM¢F ƒ-i]J!FH?IlDVMONPDV[ NPIfI`NLFHJXFHMONPDˆP?K'FHNPIl[±ZPM¢ˆP?[
FH;VIl??\VM¢²³?I`?DGF4I`?[`iV‹¢FH[›
”?gVI`?[`?D-F‰MYD´FH;VMO[„JLIlF`MYK‹Y?+JŠF`;VNPIlNPiVZP;´ZP?D=?IHJX‹YMOžyJXF`MYNLDµNLŽ4FH;V?FH;=I`??+JL—kNvˆP?KI`M¢FH?I`MONPDV[RFHNt;VNXS
>@NPZP?D=?NPiV[@jMO?>RJLDVDVMYJLD¶>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\V[FH;VJXF·I`?‹O–†NPDV‹¢–†NLD¸MYDGFHIlMYD=[`MOKKU;]JLIHJXKFH?I`MO[lF`MYK[RNXŽ4F`;V?3>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\£›
:;V?·DV?K?[l[HJLId–¦KNLDV\VM¢FHMONPD¦ŽNPIfF`;V?Ÿ>@?yJLDŠIlNLFUJXF`MYNLD£W³MODV\V?gœ?DV\V?DGF`‹O–¦\=?I`M¢ˆP?\MOD¶¬¹™?D]uLxX¯ºW³MY[±NP—rFUJLMODV?\
;V?Il?‰JX[Jg]JLIdFHMOKiV‹YJLI"KyJX[`?RNLŽJZP?DV?I`JL‹bŽNPI`>iV‹»Jr›@”?„JL‹Y[lN+g=I`NPgkNP[`?RJLDtMOD-F`I`MODV[`MOK‰ZLIHJL\VMO?DGF\V?[`K?DGF
JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>¼F`NNP—=FHJLMYD+FH;V?Ÿ>@MODVMO>iV>½NLŽbFH;V?KIlMOF`?I`MONPDV["JXDV\¤[`;=N€…¾;VNv…šFHN3?[lF`MY>RJXF`?FH;V?iVDVK?IlFHJLMYDGFE–
NLŽoF`;V?ŸI`?[`iV‹¢FHMODVZ3?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNPD³›:;V?[`?·JL‹OZPNPIlMOF`;V>@[gVIlNvˆP?F`N‰—k?DVNLFfNPDV‹¢–+JLKKiVIHJ!FH?Ÿ—VirF±JL‹O[`N„?¿RKMO?DGFyŒ
KNP>@gVirFUJXF`MYNPD=[bJLI`?’NPDV‹¢–A4FHN ÀF`MY>@?[b‹YNPD=ZP?IŽNPI6IlNLFUJXF`MYNLDV[F`;]JLDŽNPIgœNLMYDGFH[›6:;V?JXKKi=IHJLK'–gVIl?\VMOKF`MYNLD
NLŽFH;V?"I`?[`iV‹¢FH[4MO[…M¢FH;=MYDq€Á3W=…;VMOKU;QMO[fƒ-iVM¢FH?"I`?>RJLI`Â!JL—V‹O?L›
:;=?’[lF`I`MOÂ-MYDVZ[`MO>RMO‹YJLI`M¢FE–NXŽVFH;V?‡JL‹OZPNPIlMOF`;V>@[Ã!—œ?;]JyˆrMONPIŽNPIZL?DV?IHJL‹-Ž?yJXF`iVI`?[oJLD=\ŽNPIgœNLMYDGFH[[lF`I`?[l[`?[
FH;V?¦ˆXJL‹OMY\=MOFE–ÄNXŽNPi=IJLgVgVIlNGJLKU;ÅiV[`MODVZÆj4MO?>RJLD=DVM»JXDÇZP?NP>@?F`Il–ÅJLD=\ȋO?F`[iV[JLDGFHMOKMOg]JXFH?¦F`;]JXFNLF`;V?I
[lFHJXFHMO[lF`MYKJL‹I`?[liV‹¢FH[fJLDV\JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>R[KNPiV‹O\+—k?"ZP?DV?IHJL‹OMOž?\FHN@>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\V[MYDFH;VMO[ŽIHJL>@?'…’NPIlÂ_›
É+ÊG˳Ìl͟Π~!Ï|X‚ >R?JLDŽ?yJXF`iVI`?XW]>R?JLDI`NLFHJXFHMONPD£W=Ži=[`MONPD£W_jMY?>„JXDVDVMYJLD+ZL?NP>@?F`Il–
ÐяÒӝяԘÕ!ր׺ØTُÚd۝ÜkÝ]яÞԝßÓܝÕXà'á!â±ã яäoՀÔ×0Û0å­æXçèåéàTê9ÑëáÛºÚdêìê­åìí'Úlá!çèÚbîràTï
Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis
2004, route des Lucioles, B.P. 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)
Téléphone : 04 92 38 77 77 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 77 — Fax : 04 92 38 77 65 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 65
¾&& & 6
'
Ÿ# R#
$%&
±
#
# ""
'#
>@N€ –L|?DV D=?3 \£‚ ùiVD ?NLDViV[`[?>D=NP—ViV‹O?3[\VMODG?RFH^gVI`Il?MY[l>@[`NPM¢FHD=M¢ˆP[·?\][JLZPDV^[NL>RK?'^'F·FHIlJLMYIdƒ-FHiVMOK?‹O[??+F‹YKJ+NL>Rƒ-iV>@??[lF`D-MYFNPD†‹YJ[`KiVJLM¢ˆX‹YKJLiVDG‹OFH??¤I·Œ“ ƒ9 i³Ã­NP?iV[lFl[S¡KgV?3I`?ƒ-DViVDV?„NPDV‹»J [
KNP>@>@?3MO‹Y‹OiV[dFHIHJ!FHMONPD¸‹0ùiVD \=?[FE–9gk?[Ÿ\V?‰gVI`MO>@MOF`MOˆL?[·‹O?‰gV‹OiV[Ÿi=F`MY‹OMO[`^3?D†ˆ9MY[lMYNPD¸gVJLINPIl\VMOD]JXFH?iVI?'F·?D
I`NP—kNLF`MYƒ-iV?XŒ˜‹O?[4I`NXFUJXF`MYNPD=[AP™›
?[F`?KU;VD=MYƒ-iV?[6iV[liV?‹O‹Y?[gkNPiVI‹O?[gkNPMOD-F`[KNPDV[lMOF`?DGF >@MODVMO>RMO[`?I‹O?bKIlMOF`<Il?‡\V?[>RNLMYDV\=I`?[KJLI`Il^[W!K?
ƒ-iVM-\VNPDVDV?‡‹Y?h—]JXIl–9K?D-F`I`?XWP‹Y?[6>@NPMODV\VIl?[KyJLIlI`^[gkNPDV\V^I`^[NPi‹»J[`NP>@>@?’\=?[\VMY[dFUJLD=K?[6\V?‡sQJL;]JL‹YJLDVNL—VMY[
§0JLiKyJLIlI`^y©'›+sQJL‹O;V?i=I`?i=[`?>@?D-FWhK?[FH?KU;=DVMYƒ-iV?[·I`?gœNP[l?DGFŸ[liVI‹YJ+[dFHIliVKF`iVI`?„\£Ã­?[`g]JXK?‰ˆL?KF`NPI`MO?‹‡\V?[
gœNLMYDGFH[f?FfDVNPiV[fJyˆPNPD=[\V^èc R>@NPDGFHIl^ƒ-iV?‹Y?iVIZL^DV^IHJL‹OMY[`JXFHMONPD+;]JXFHM¢ˆP? R\³ÃìJLirFHI`?[fFE–9gk?[\=?gVIlMY>@M¢FHM¢ˆP?[
KNPD=\ViVM¢F ¦\V?[„g]JXIHJL\VNy•r?[›aJLI@?'•r?>@gV‹O?LW‹O?KyJL‹OKiV‹\=iµ—]JLId–9K?DGF`I`?\V?I`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[@?D´i=F`MY‹OMY[`JLDGF‰‹O?[
>RJXFHIlMYK?[Q\=?IlNLFUJXF`MYNLD£W ‹O?[ƒ9iVJXFH?I`DVMONPDV[+iVDVM¢FUJLMOI`?[+NPiȋO?tˆL?KF`?iVIQI`NLFHJXFHMONPDÅ\VNPDVD=?tF`I`NPMO[+Il^[liV‹OFHJXFH[
\VM¢²³^I`?DGF`[›
NPiV[gVI`^[`?D-F`NPDV[·\]JXDV[K?FŸJLIlF`MYK‹Y?„iVDV?‰ZL^DV^IHJL‹OMY[`JXFHMONPD IlMYZLNPiVI`?iV[`?‰JLi†KJL[\=?„ˆXJLI`MO^F`^[I`MO?>RJLDrS
DVMO?DVDV?[;VNP>@NPZP<DV?[\=?[‰F`I`NPMO[‰KI`M¢FH<Il?[^'ˆPN9ƒ9i=^[KM SE\=?[`[liV[
› ’?'F`FH?QZP?DV?IHJL‹OMO[HJXF`MYNPDÄIl?gkNP[`?Q[`iVI„KyJ!S
IHJLK'FH^I`MO[lFHMOƒ-iV?["MODGFHI`MODV[l<ƒ-iV?["\V?‹»J„ˆXJLIlMY^'FH^ŸKNPDV[lMY\V^I`^?L› ?[ KNPDV\VM¢FHMONPDV[±DV^K^[`[HJXMYIl?["KyJLI`JLKF`^IlMY[`JLDGF±‹»J
I`NLFHJXFHMONPD´>@N€–L?DVD=?LW\V^IlMOˆL^?[3MYD=\V^gk?DV\=?>@>@?DGF\]JLD=[Q¬¹™?DVuPxL¯ºW’[`NPDGF„MYKM4NL—=FH?D9i=?[‰KNP>@>@?QiVDÆKyJL[
g]JLIdFHMOKiV‹OMY?I@\V?‹»J¤ŽNPIl>iV‹O?ZP^DV^I`JL‹Y?X› NLiV[·gVI`NLgœNP[lNPDV[·^ZGJL‹O?>@?DGFRiVD´JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>R?\=?\V?[lK?DGF`?Q\V?
ZPIHJX\VMY?DGF±MYDGF`I`MODV[`<ƒ9i=? ‰‹»JRˆLJXI`MO^FH^gœNLiVINP—rFH?D=MYIf‹Y?>RMODVMO>iV>½\V?[KI`M¢FH<I`?[ ?FDVNPiV[ >@NPDGF`I`NPDV[fKNP>ŸS
>@?DGF?[lF`MY>@?I‹¨Ã­MODVK?IlF`MOF`iV\V?‰[liVI"DVNLF`I`?R?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLDIl^[`i=‹OFHJLDGFH?L› ’?[JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>R?[JXgVg]JLI`JLMY[l[`?D-FDVNPD
[`?iV‹Y?>@?DGF±gVIl^KMO[4>„JXMY[fJLiV[l[`M?¿RKyJXK?[fgViV[lMY[lƒ9i³Ã­MO‹Y[DV?g=I`?D=DV?DGF ƒ-iV?A RÀ@ŽNPMO[4g=‹YiV[4\V?"FH?>Rg=[fgkNPiVI
‹Y?[IlNLFUJXF`MYNLDV[fƒ-iV?gœNLiVI‹Y?[gkNPMYDGF`[› J„gVIl^\VMOKF`MYNLD¤\£Ã¹MYDVK?IdFHM¢FHiV\V??[dF KNLI`I`?KF`? @>RNLMYDV[f\V?Rq€Á gVI`<[W
K?ƒ-iVM?[dFf^ZGJL‹O?>@?DGFfI`?>„JXI`ƒ-i]JL—V‹O?L›
J[lMY>@MO‹»JXI`M¢FH^ŽI`JLgVg]JLDGF`? ?DGFHIl?±‹Y?fKNP>@gkNPIlF`?>@?DGF\V?K?[JX‹YZPNLI`M¢FH;V>@?[’gœNPi=I’\V?[gVI`MO>@MOF`MOˆL?[ZP^DV^'S
IHJL‹O?[±?'F±gkNPiVI ‹O?[ gkNPMODGFH[±[`NLiV‹YMOZPDV?·‹YJ„ˆXJL‹OMY\=MOF`^·\V?ŸDVNLF`I`?·JXgVgVI`N9KU;V?ŸF`;V^NPIlMYƒ-iV?·irFHMO‹YMO[HJLDGF"‹YJ‰ZP^NP>@^FHIlMY?
I`MO?>RJLDVD=MY?DVDV?t?FDVNPiV[gk?Il>R?'F\£ÃìJXD-F`MYKMYgk?I‹YJ¸ZP^DV^IHJL‹OMO[HJXF`MYNPDÈ\£Ã­JLi=F`I`?[Il^[`i=‹OFHJXFH[?FJX‹YZPNLI`M¢FH;V>@?[
[lFHJXFHMO[lF`MYƒ-iV?[ JLir•3ˆLJXI`MO^FH^[?Di=FHMO‹YMO[HJXD-Ff‹O?> >R?KyJX\VI`?
«Î }v| Ì " ! |‚ gVI`MO>@MOF`MOˆL?>@Nv–P?DVDV?LWkI`NXFUJXF`MYNPD>@Nv–P?DVDV?XWkŽiV[lMYNLD£W]ZP?NL>R?'FHIlMY?I`MO?>RJLDVD=MY?DVDV?
@ ˜
®[l[`iV>@?·FH;]J!F…‡?·;]JyˆP?·J3[l?F±NLŽh>@?JL[`iVIl?[+*-,.0/@NXŽbFH;V?Ÿ[`JL>@?ŸgkNPMYDGF1,JLD=\¤FH;]JXFf…’?Ÿ…’JLDGF F`N3NP—=FHJLMYD
J—œ?'F`FH?I ?[dFHMO>RJXFH?X›Ÿ:;V?·iV[li]JL‹6…’Jy–¦MY[ F`NKU;VN9NP[`?·FH;=?Ÿ—]JLId–rK?DGFH?3I ,52 4 796 8 . ,.b…;VMYKU;tMO[ FH;V?·‹O?yJL[dFlS
[`ƒ-i]JLIl?[f?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLDQNLŽFH;V?>@?yJLDˆLJX‹YiV?X› N€…"W_M¢Ž6…‡?;VJvˆL?ŸJ@KNP
D :]\V?D=K?ˆXJL‹OiV<? ;=.NPDQ?JLKU;Q>@?JL[`iVIl?LW
…’?tKNL>Rg=i=FH?¦FH;=?Š…‡?MOZP;GFH?\‘—]JLId–9K?DGF`?IW …;=MYKU;È>@MYDVMO>@MYž?[FH;V?¦…‡?MOZP;GFH?\NjY?JL[lFdSE[lƒ9iVJLI`?[+KI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD
>? ,A@+4
;=.0BDC,.FEG,HCIy›QC¡Ž’…’?3;VJvˆL?J+KN€ˆXJLIlM»JXDVK?3>RJXF`I`M K
• JMLNDLON±\V?[`KIlMY—=MYDVZ¤F`;V?3iVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE– NLŽ
?yJLKU;†>R?JL8 [`i=. I`?LWFH;V?D…‡?„;VJvˆL?RF`N+>@MODVMO>RMOž?RFH;V?R[`i=> NLŽ[lƒ9iVJLI`?[·sQJL;VJL‹»JXDVNP—VMO[\=MY[dFUJLDVK?[Œ >? ,A@P4
? ,.QEK,A@RSBTJMLONLON ? ,.QEK,A@'›
8 . ®f‹Y‹VF`;V?[l?fF`?KU;VDVMOƒ-iV?[JLI`?…’?‹Y‹_Â-DVNv…DJLD=\‰JLIl?f?JL[l–·F`NMO>@gV‹O?>@?DGFy
› UfNv…‡?ˆL?IWrZP?NL>R?'FHIlMYK4>@Nr\V?‹Y[
NLŽ_FH;V?Il?yJL‹r…’NPIl‹Y\@NLŽëF`?D·‹O?yJL\·F`N±KNPDV[lMY\=?Ih>@NPI`?KNP>@gV‹Y?T•·Ž?yJ!FHiVIl?[b‹OMYÂX?4‹OMODV?[W¬ V"IlM»u X!¯0WGgV‹»JXDV?[W9NLI`MO?DGFH?\
gœNLMYDGFH[¬¹°r® uLxX¯NPIŽIHJX>R?[¬¹ab:uGp!¯0›’:;V?gVIlNP—V‹O?> …‡?FHJLKUÂ-‹Y?MYDFH;=MY[fJLIlF`MYK‹Y?"MO[f;=N€…¥FHN@ZP?D=?IHJX‹YMOž?FH;V?
gVI`?'ˆ9MYNPi=[ >@?FH;=Nr\V[4ŽNPI4ZP?DV?I`MOKZP?NP>@?F`I`MOKŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?[›:;VMO[ gVIlNP—V‹O?>¼MO[fDVNXF [`N„?yJL[d–kŒ…’?;]JyˆP?Ÿ[l;VNv…D
MYDȬ¹aœ®uGp!¯’F`;]JXF·ZL?NP>@?F`I`MOK‰Ž?yJ!FHiVIl?[·ZP?DV?I`JL‹Y‹¢– \=N¦DVNLF·—k?‹ONPDVZ¤F`NŠJQˆP?K'FHNPI·[lg]JLK?—Vi=F·I`JXFH;V?IŸFHN¦J
>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\3JLDV\3FH;VJXF’M¢FMODV\Vi=K?[gVJLIHJL\=Nv•r?[MOŽ…‡?F`Il–RFHNi=[`?F`;V? [lFHJLDV\]JXI`\‰F`?KU;VDVMOƒ-iV?[NPD‰gœNPMODGFH[˜…MOF`;
FH;V?>›Ÿ°]NPI MODV[lFHJLDVK?LW…’?@KJLD¦I`?gVI`?[`?DGFJA!Sè™ IlNLFUJ!FHMONPD¦—G–¦MOF`[±>RJXFHIlM¢Z• YŸW³FH;V?·KNPI`Il?[lgœNPD=\VMYD=Z+iVD=MOF
ƒ-i]JXFH?I`DVMONPDV\[ [^]NPIF`;V?‰IlNLFUJ!FHMONPDˆL?KF`NP+I _`4ba
Bdc6›Qªf[`MODVZQF`;V?3—]JXIl–9K?D-F`?IF`NQKNP>@gVi=FH?„FH;V?„>R?JLD£W
…’?‰NP—=FUJXMYD ?MOF`;V?+I Y 4 796 8 . Y9.EeW ] 4 716 8 . ]f.’NPgI _ 4 716 8 . _h.¡›:;V?‰F`;VI`??3I`?[`iV‹¢FH[KNPIlI`?[lgœNLDV\†FHN
\VM¢²³?I`?DGFfI`NLFHJXFHMONPDVj[ iT›
°]IlNP> JŠ>„J!FH;V?>„J!FHMOKyJL‹4gœNLMYDGF„NLސˆ9MO?…"WJL‹O‹NPgœ?IHJXF`MYNLDV[R…‡?Q\=f? :]DV?+NPD¶Ž?yJXF`iVI`?[‰[`;=NPiV‹O\I`?‹O–¶NPD
MYDGF`I`MODV[`MOK‡KU;VJLIHJLK'FH?I`MO[lFHMOK[NLŽ-FH;=?b>„JXDVMOŽNL‹Y\JLDV\"DVNXFNPD±FH;V?oˆL?K'FHNPIgVIlNPgœ?IlF`MY?[NXŽr[lNP>@?hg]JLIlF`MYKiV‹YJLIKU;]JLIdFy›
s+NPIl?NvˆP?IWbFH;V?I`?3MO[ŸZP?DV?I`JL‹O‹O–†J+FHI`JLDV[dŽNPI`>RJXF`MYNPD†ZPI`NPi=g¸JLKF`MYD=Z¤NPD FH;=?‰>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\ FH;]JXF>@Nr\V?‹Y[FH;V?
gœNL[`[`MO—V‹O?"MY>RJLZP? ˆ9MO?…¥gœNPMODGFH[JLD=Q\ kXNPIF`;V?±[`iV—9cd?KF4>@NvˆP?>R?DGFMODFH;V?±MO>RJLZP?[›h®DG–NPgk?I`JXFHMONPD[`;=NPiV‹O\
—œ?MODGˆXJLI`MYJLDGFhNPFI lEKNvˆXJLI`MYJLDGnF m˜…M¢FH;@I`?[`gk?KFhF`N FH;V?JXKFHMONPD@NLŽ]F`;VMY[bZLI`NPiVg³›o°]NPIoMODV[lFHJLDVK?LWGFH;V?’—]JLIl–9K?DGFH?I
NLŽgœNLMYDGFH[MO[MOD-ˆXJLIlM»JXD-Fi=DV\V?IF`;V?±JLK'FHMONPDNLŽI`MOZPMO\NPIJX¿RDV? F`IHJLDV[dŽNPI`>RJXF`MYNLDV[HŒ o ? ,.@p4 o9,.E›bCED
FH;V?KJL[`?4NLŽœZP?NP>@?'FHI`MOKŽ?yJXF`iVI`?[W-FH;V?[`?4\V?[lMY\=?IHJ!FUJJLI`?>i=KU;‰>@NPI`?\VM¢¿RKiV‹¢FhFHN>@?8 ?FW9JLDV\@…’8 ?;]JyˆP?FHN
FUJLÂX? J"‹YN9NPÂ@JXF˜ƒ-iVM¢FH?f\V??g3I`?[`iV‹¢FH[‡MYD„\VMO²œ?Il?DGFHMYJL‹kZP?NL>R?'FHId–@MYD„NPI`\V?I˜F`N;VJvˆL? JLD„MYD=[`MOZP;GFNLŽœ…;]JXF’JLI`?
FH;V?·MODGFHIlMYDV[lMYKRKU;]JLI`JLKF`?IlMY[dFHMOK["NLŽhFH;V?·>RJLD=MOŽNP‹O\¦…’?@KJLDŠiV[`?X›:;VMO["MY[ F`;V?·NP—rcd?KF"NLއ[`?KFHMONPD q‰…;VMOKU;
[`iV>@>RJLIlMYž?[3FH;=?+FH;=?NPId–Æ\=?ˆP?‹YNLgœ?\ÈMOD«¬¹a?D]uPxX¯0›ÇCEDµ[`?K'FHMONPDÅA=W’…‡?¤MODGˆP?[dFHMOZGJXF`?QFH;V?+‹Y?JL[lFdSE[lƒ9iVJLI`?[
>@MYDVMO>@MYžJXFHMONPD¤NXŽ6FH;=?jMY?>RJLDVDVMYJLDQ\=MY[dFUJLDVK?ŸJLD=\+…‡?[`;=N€…¥FH;]JXFfM¢FfKJLDQ—k?[`NP‹¢ˆP?\¤?¿RKMO?DGF`‹O–L›4:;=?D£W
…’?‰ZP?DV?IHJL‹OMOž?„F`;VMO[ŸJL‹OZPNPIlMOF`;V> FHNFH;V?R…’?MYZP;GF`?\¸‹O?yJL[dFlSE[lƒ-i]JLI`?[·JLDV\FH;V?3sQJL;]JL‹YJLDVNL—VMY[KIlMOF`?IlMYNPD=[ŸMYD
[`?KFHMONPDRÀV›6CEDŸF`;V?‹YJL[lFb[l?K'FHMONPD£WG…’?JXD]JL‹¢–rž?JLDV\·KNP>@g]JLI`?F`;V?FH;=I`??JL‹YZLNPI`M¢FH;V>@[bMODŸFH?I`>@[bNLŽœJLKKiVIHJXK–
NLŽFH;V?"?[dFHMO>RJXFH?\Q>@?yJLD³W_JLKKiVIHJLK'–NLŽFH;V?MYIiVDVK?IdFUJLMODGFE–+?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNPD+JLDV\KNP>@gVi=FUJ!FHMONPDF`MY>@?X›
r
s 6
!±#
”†?hIl?ˆ9MY?'…¸MODF`;VMY[[`?KF`MYNPD[`NL>R?˜—]JL[lMYK˜JLD=\\V??gk?IDVNLF`MYNLDV[NLŽVjMO?>RJLDVDVMYJLDZP?NP>@?'FHIl–L›:;=MY[[l–9DGFH;V?[`MO[
…JX[fMODV[`g=MYIl?\Q—G–ŠW¬ trgVM»pLu=W]KU;VJLg£›˜uX¯0WW¬ u±‹OM»vw qv¯JLDV\t¬ JLIHvu q€¯º›
(
wyxnz
)
{}|~€‚ƒ9ƒ|„ƒ…‚„ƒ|†‡ˆ‰Š
CEDÆF`;V?ZP?NP>@?'FHI`MOKŽIHJL>@?…‡NPIlÂkW’NPDV?[`gk?KM‹:]?[„FH;=?[dFHIliVKF`iVI`?+NLŽ JŠ>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\GŒ —-–´JK !Ž
$j! ›´:;VMO[‰MO[„JŠKNLD-F`MYD-iVNLiV[‰KNP‹Y‹O?K'FHMONPDµNXŽ \VNLFRgVIlNr\=iVKF`[„NPD¶FH;=?FHJLDVZP?DGF‰[lg]JLK?+JXFR?yJXKU;µgkNPMYDGF

ဒ0å­Ø'íۘáf‘äàTØ áŸ€œrÚk!Û Ø'€æ!×0HÚÛ$0× !’–€Û-Ø'á€í'DÛ å­“³ØFÛ á!؟hàTà'–!êS×0àU˜ÚkÛºÚdá€àU׺ØTÛºá€×0Û=åìåWØ'ž•Ú á”'à'Úl–á!áb’¨â"×0Ú`Ø'â4Û!Ûº€àTåìÚáÛ0åìØ'’$$Û –O€á ˜Èpڒ%–€’$–OØá€œA˜ÆêìnÚ –€’!Tå’Gá!’£å¹$Û Ûတ!Ø'•Ú Ÿh—bۖ!àTàTà‡Û0׺Û0ÚlÚ_׺×0׺Wå နyÚdåìá€åéØ'àTØá êG$× ’oր˜×ºåT’oàTØ'êìï€á€Tå ™dêìØ'•Ú Úlۘ˜1⠚Pà1¡ $Û –€€á€›Ú 孒ۄ–OŸh˜¤–!àUØ Ûºœ€ÚdØ'׺×0á€$Û å­€ØØáí'¡4Ø'áXã àTØêj×0˜ÚlØàU”'Ûº×0Údåé×`çèÕGÚç0’-€å’9ØyØfí’0Údå­á€á!Úlíf׺à'Û!ꭐ€êT—Ú
ÓÓ%á¢S££#¤#¥
À
›
NLސF`;V?Q>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\£›Ä:;-iV[WM¢Ž …‡?QKNLDV[`MO\V?I‰JKiVIlˆL?QNPD´FH;V?+>„JXDVMOŽNL‹Y\£W‡…’?+KyJLDÆKNP>@gVi=F`?¤JXF„?yJXKU;
gœNLMYDGFMOF`["MYDV[dFUJLDGFHJLDV?NLiV[[lgœ??\ŠˆP?KFHNLIJLD=\M¢FH[±DVNLI`>WFH;V?@MODV[lFHJLDGFUJLDV?NPiV[[`gk??\£›„:NKNP>@gVirFH?@FH;V?
‹Y?DVZLF`; NLŽF`;V?‰KiVIlˆL?LWo…‡?3KyJLDgVI`N9K??\¶JL[iV[li]JL‹˜—-–MOD-F`?ZPI`JXFHMODVZFH;VMO[ˆXJL‹OiV?‰JX‹YNPD=Z+FH;=?‰Ki=IlˆP?X›Q:;V?
\VMO[lFUJXDVK?—k?FE…‡??D@FE…‡N±gkNPMYDGF`[oNLŽkJKNPDVDV?KFH?\Rj4MO?>RJLDVD=M»JLD·>RJLD=MOŽNP‹O\ŸMO[6FH;=?>@MYDVMO>i=> ‹O?DVZLF`;·JL>@NPDVZ
FH;V?@KiVIlˆL?[cdNPMODVMYD=ZF`;V?[l?@gœNPMODGFH[›Ÿ:;V?@KiVIdˆP?[Il?yJL‹OMYžMYD=ZF`;VMO[>@MODVMO>iV> ŽNLI"JLDG–QFE…‡N+gkNPMOD-F`[±NLŽ˜FH;V?
>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\3JLI`?fKyJL‹O‹Y?\ZP?N9\V?[`MOK[›h:;V?KyJL‹OKiV‹OiV[NL޳ˆLJXI`MYJXFHMONPDV[‡[`;VNv…[FH;VJXF’ZL?N9\V?[lMYK[JLI`?4FH;V?f[`NP‹Oi=FHMONPDV[
NLŽ6JR[d–r[dFH?> NLŽ6[l?KNPDV\QNLI`\V?I4\=MO²œ?Il?DGFHMYJL‹?ƒ-i]J!FHMONPDV[4\V?gk?DV\=MYDVZ„NPDFH;V?jMY?>RJLDVDVMYJLD>R?'FHIlMYKX›
CED3F`;VMO[JLIlF`MYK‹Y?XW=…‡?±JL[`[liV>@?±FH;]JXF‡FH;V?>„JXDVMOŽNL‹Y\MO[ %'! WrM¨›¹?L›bFH;]J!F’FH;=? \Vf? :VDVMOF`MYNLD
\VNP>RJLMOD+NXŽ6JX‹Y‹£ZL?N9\V?[lMYK[fKJLD—œ?"?'•9F`?DV\V?\+F`N 4›:;VMO[>R?JLDV[FH;VJXFFH;V?">RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\;]JL[DVN@—œNLiVDV\]JLId–
DVNPI"JLDG–¦[lMYD=ZPiV‹YJLI"gœNPMODGF±FH;]J!F±…’?RKyJLDŠIl?yJLKU;tMYDJ :]DVM¢FH?·FHMO>@?L›·®f[JXDtMO>@gœNLIlFUJXD-F"KNPDV[l?ƒ-iV?D=K?LWFH;V?
UfNPgrŽ SèjMYDVNv…SE™?j4;]JX> FH;=?NPIl?> [dFUJXF`?[FH;]J!FFH;V?I`?JL‹¢…Jy–9[f?T•rMY[dFJ!F‹Y?JL[lF4NPDV?±>@MODVMO>RMOžMODVZ„ZP?N9\V?[lMYK
—œ?'FE…’??DÄJXD-–†FE…’NtgœNLMYDGFH[@NLŽfFH;V?>RJLD=MOŽNP‹O\¥§¨M¨›­?X›¶…;=MYKU;ƋY?DVZLFH;´MO[@F`;V?\VMO[lFUJXDVK?—œ?'FE…’??D´FH;V?FE…‡N
gœNLMYDGFH[H©'›
x
w
v
Tx M
x
xy
γ
t
0
u
y
°6MOZPiVI`?qPŒ"!#"%$& ('$*)+,"-'/.01320)4567'8$#9:7; I
γ
y
M
9:<1=+ >?#9:#"(@ABCD8E(-)9F'HGI1KJ
)4ALNMO
E")#P*<E8)=QR$9:81K)SB7D8E(-)9F'HTU1WVX)4LZY#O\[]^"'8_`+ + '7CB^9a&b-)c16d`<6<1)#7$C9e)b1f^CE(
)=K"CE#c"!#"g$& *[hjiakNlZ7CR!8)1('(+ E('%'m9:n+o"!j.p9:q'mB9a*+ !f"<&r+o('<+,c6RBs$#)=C#"n+t&?Q$K1
6g1=+ 'mE8g& )="!36#Qu+ 'HE8)="'v#9DC81w[
bÎ Ê } ¨ !Ÿb }V~v} °]I`NP> FH;V?3F`;V?NLIl– NXŽf[l?KNPDV\´NPI`\V?I·\VM¢²³?I`?DGF`M»JL‹’?ƒ-i]JXF`MYNPD=[Wh…’?Â-DVNv… F`;]JXF
FH;V?I`? ?T•rMOF`[NPDV? JXDV\NPDV‹¢–RNPDV? ZP?Nr\=?[`MOK [dFUJLIdFHMODVZ@JXF’JZPM¢ˆP?DŽ?JXFHiVIl? …MOF`;JZPM¢ˆP?D3FUJLDVZL?DGFˆP?KF`NPI›
:;VMO[±JL‹O‹YNv…[F`N3\V?ˆL?‹ONPg¤FH;=?Ÿ>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\QMYDQF`;V?FHJLDVZP?DGF±[`g]JXK?·JL‹ONPDVZRFH;V?ZP?N9\V?[lMYK[@§F`;VMODVÂ+NXŽbI`NP‹O‹OMYDVZ
JR[lgV;V?I`?ŸJX‹YNPD=ZRM¢FH[FUJXDVZP?DGF4gV‹YJLDV?JXF4J@ZPMOˆL?D+gœNPMODGFT©T›‡:;V?ZP?Nr\V?[`MOK[fZPNPMODVZ·FH;VIlNPiVZP;FH;VMO[4gœNPMODGFfJLI`?
FHI`JLDV[lŽNLI`>@?\3MODGFHN[lFHI`JLMOZP;GF’‹OMYD=?[JXDV\RF`;V?\=MY[dFUJLDVK? JL‹ONPDVZ"FH;=?[`?fZP?N9\V?[`MOK[JXI`?4KNPDV[l?IdˆP?\t§¨JXF˜‹Y?JL[lF’MYD
J3DV?MOZP;-—kNPI`;VN9N9\¤NLŽ ©'›±:;V?ŽiVDVKF`MYNLD¤FH;]JXF >„JXgV[FHN‰?yJLKU;¦ˆP?KF`NPIFH;=?ŸKNPIlI`?[`gkNPDV\VMODVZgkNPMYDGF±NLD¤FH;V?
>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\MO[4KJL‹O‹Y?\F`;V? B~f›$‘Ž ›
:;=MY[·>RJLg¸MO[·\Vf? :VDV?\´MYD F`;V?3…;VNP‹O?‰FHJLDVZP?D-F@[lg]JLK€?  M Œ §¨[`MODVK?3FH;V?>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\¸MY[·ZL?N9\V?[lMYKJL‹Y‹¢–
KNP>@gV‹O?F`?v©3—Vi=FM¢FMO[NLDV?'SºFHNXS¡NPDV?¤NPD=‹O–µ‹YN9KyJL‹O‹¢–ÅJLI`NLiVDV\ÄFH;V?¦NLI`MOZPMYD³› C¡Ž…’?Š‹ONrNP´ŽNPI‰F`;V?¦>RJ!•rMY>RJL‹
\VNP>RJLMOD†…;V?I`?3FH;=MY[>„JXg MY[NPDV?'SºFHNXS¡NPDV?XW…‡? :]DV\ NLi=FF`;]JXFMOFMY[·J[lFHJLIdS¡[`;]JLgk?\†\VNP>RJLMOD¸\V?‹OMY>@M¢FH?\
—G–¤JRKNPDGFHMOD-iVNPiV[±KiVIlˆL? > M KyJL‹O‹O?\¤FH;=? !
$"%‚m -v' ›f:;=?ŸMY>RJLZL?NLŽ > M —G–FH;V??'•rgœNLDV?DGFHMYJL‹
>RJLgQMO[FH;V?Ki=F4‹ONrKiV<[ ƒ M NLŽgkNPMYDGF ›jNPiVZP;=‹O–LWVFH;VMO[fMO[FH;V?[`?'FNXŽ6gkNPMOD-F`[4…;=?I`?[`?'ˆP?IHJL‹>@MYDVMO>@MYžMYD=Z
ZP?N9\V?[`MOK[[lFHJLIlF`MYDVZŸŽIlNP> >@??'(F „v› … D3FH;=?±[`gV;V?I`c? † I ?v‡ @˜ŽNPI‡MYDV[dFUJLD=K?LWVF`;V? Ki=F‹YN9Ki=[NLŽJŸgœNLMYDGF MY[
MOF`[4JLDGFHMOgœN9\]JL‹£gkNPMODGFJXDV\F`;V?±FUJLD=ZP?DGFHMYJL‹Ki=F4‹YN9KiV[MO[FH;V?"KMOI`K‹Y?"NLŽIHJX\VMYi=g[ ˆo›
:;=?‰?'•rgkNPDV?D-F`M»JX‹’>RJLg†…M¢FH;VMOD†F`;VMY[\VNP>RJLMOD I`?JL‹OMYž?[·JKU;]JLIlFKyJL‹O‹O?\ 3B~f›MSj ›C¡F
KNvˆP?I`[˜JL‹O‹=FH;=?>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\@?T•=K?g=FhF`;V?KirFh‹YN9KiV[bNXŽkF`;V?\V?'ˆP?‹YNPg=>R?DGF’gkNPMOD-FWP…;VMOKU;„;]JX[hJ D9i=‹Y‹V>@?JL[`iVIl?L›
‰ ã Ø×0Ú6ր׺ÚlçdTå ’0ÚdTê —'Õy!Û €Úhç –vÛêìØvç –’£å ’£!Û €ÚhçèêìfØ ’$–€×ºÚØ œr!Û €Tå ’ ’0ÚèÛ ¡
яÒӝяÔ
xSy]z { N{ |
?F E œ— ?FH;V?I`?gVI`?[`?DGFHJXFHMONPD¦NLŽ MODQFH;=MY[4KU;]JLIdFy›:;V?DQMOF`[\VMO[lFHJLDVK?FHNRFH;V?NPI`MOZPMODQMO[¸\VMO[lF ? @y4
C C M
›
wyx0w
›o:;VMO[’KU;VJLIlF‡MY[˜[`NL>R?;VNv…ÄFH;V?ylè>@NP[dF’‹OMODV?yJLIm4KU;]JLIdF’NLŽœFH;V?4>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\R…M¢FH;3Il?[lgœ?KF˜FHNF`;V?Ž ?yJXF`iVI`?
‡„‚‡
„~€ƒ~ ‡9Š „ƒ9|•†‡„ˆ‰Š
V ~| { } Ê }v~|¨ Nv…"W[`MODVK?·…‡?@JLI`?…’NPIlÂ-MYDVZ…M¢FH;¤Ž?JXFHiVIl?[±NPD¤…;=MYKU;JLKF`[±J‰FHI`JLDV[dŽNPI`>RJXF`MYNPD
ZPI`NLiVg3FH;]J!F>@Nr\=?‹O[’FH;V?gœNP[l[`MO—V‹O?±MY>RJLZP?4ˆ9MY?'…¥gkNPMOD-F`[WVM¢FMO[D]J!FHiVI`JL‹kF`NŸKU;VN9NP[`?"JXD3MYDGˆXJLIlM»JLDGFjMO?>RJLDrS
DVMYJLD+>@?'FHI`MOK„§F`;V?"?'•rMY[dFH?DVK?KNPDV\=MOF`MYNPD=[JLIl?±\V?FHJLMO‹Y?\QMOD¬¹a?D]uPxL¯ ©'›h:;VMO[…Jy–PWkJL‹O‹³F`;V?">R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[
—]JL[l?\†NLD\VMO[lFHJLDVK?‰JLIl?·MYD=\V?gk?DV\=?DGFŸNLŽ˜FH;=?RMO>RJLZP?@I`?'Ž?Il?DVK?„ŽIHJX>R?·NLI"F`;V?·FHI`JLDV[lŽNLI`>RJXFHMONPDŠNLއFH;V?
MY>RJLZL?LŒQ\=MY[dF ? @p4 \VMY[dF ? @'›
?'F ‡—k?hJgkNPMODGFNLŽ-FH;V?b>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\±FH;]JXF³…’?hKyJX‹Y‹LF`;V?bNPIlMYZPMOD£Œ£…‡?hKyJL‹O‹ j›TS
Sj FH;=?b?'•rgœNLDV?DGFHMYJL‹
KU;]JLIdF±JXF4FH;V?NPI`MOZPMOD+ŽNPIFH;=?MODGˆLJXI`MYJLDGF >@?F`I`MOK·JLDV\…’?\V?DVNXFH?—G– FH;V?I`?gVI`?[`?DGFHJXFHMONPD¦NLŽ MOD+F`;VMY[
KU;]JLIdFy›o®f[`[`i=>RMODVZ"FH;]J!Fo…’?;VJvˆL?KU;VNP[`?D‰JXD·NPIlF`;VNXSED=NPI`>RJL‹rKN9NPI`\VMOD]JXF`?[l–9[dFH?>WGFH;=?\VMY[dFUJLD=K?…MOF`;·FH;V?
NPI`MOZPMODMO[Œ„\VMY[dF ? B @p4 C C€› Nv…"WL‹O?F Y —œ?‡yJ lEgV‹YJLK?>R?DGF6ŽiVDVK'FHMONP
D mHWLM¨›­?X›oJFHIHJXDV[lŽNPIl>RJXFHMONPD[`iVKU;F`;]JXF
Y +4 ›f:;V?Ÿ\VMO[lFHJLDVK?Ÿ—œ?'FE…’??DtJLDG–FE…’NgkNPMODGFH[MO[Œ\VMO[lF ? @ 4 \=MY[d
F Y "!$#&% ('4 C) Y *"!$#&% C€›
… DV?"KyJLDˆP?I`M¢Žë–FH;]JXFF`;VMO[ŽNLI`>i=‹»J@MY[MODV\V?gœ?DV\V?DGFNLŽF`;V?"KU;VNPMOK?NLŽFH;V?"gV‹YJLK?>@?DGFfŽi=DVKF`MYNPD³›
xSy]zb
Î {NÊ { } |¨ !b }V~v}3 { Ï fÊ y]zbÎ {wÊ { } | !† z r} Î } } Ê ~ zbÎ | { }€| :;V?gVI`?'ˆ9MYNPi=[ŽNPI`>iV‹YJR[l;VNv…[
FH;]J!F±FH;V?·ˆP?KF`NPI ? Y *"!$#&% @MY[±F`;V?@I`?g=I`?[l?DGFUJ!FHMONPDNXŽ MODtJLDŠ?'•rgkNPDV?DGF`M»JL‹hKU;]JXIlFJXF Ž?JXFHiVIl? ›·:;V?
KN9NPI`\=MYD]J!FH?h[l–9[lF`?>šNLŽ9FH;VMO[KU;]JLIdFMO[NPIlF`;VNXSED=NPI`>RJL‹X—Vi=FMOF\V?gœ?DV\V[NPD"FH;V?hKU;VNP[l?DgV‹»JXK?>@?D-FŽiVDVK'FHMONPD£›
C¡FMY[NLŽëFH?D>@NPIl?hMYDGFH?I`?[lFHMODVZ4FHN4iV[`?hFH;V?hDVNLDrSENPIdFH;VNLZPNPD]JL‹LKN9NPI`\VMOD]JXF`?h[l–9[lF`?>šMYD=\ViVE K?\—G–±FH;=?˜g=I`MODVKMOg]JL‹
KU;]JLIdFyW_…;VMYKU;QMY[fMYDV\=M)?4 gk?DV\V?DGF±NLŽ6F`;V?g=‹»JLK?>@?DGFfŽiVDVKF`MYNLD£Œ’FH;=MY[4MY[4FH;V?"ˆP?KF`NPI f 4,+ ? Y * @jB ? Y *"!$#&% ,A@'W
*
MY[F`;V<? ;PJLKNP—=M»JLDNLŽFH;V?±F`IHJLDV[l‹»J!FHMONPDNLŽF`;V?"NPI`MOZPMOD+MODFH;V?"gVIlMYD=KMOg]JL‹KU;]JLIdFy›
…;V?Il-? + ? M * @p4/.10 . 2&* 3M6
* 55 M8* 7:9
°]IlNP> JŸgVIHJLK'FHMOKyJL‹œ5 gœNLMYDGFNLŽˆ9MO?…"WVFH;=MY[>@?yJXDV[FH;]J!F…’?±KJLD lEF`IHJLD=[`‹YJXFHj? mF`;V? ‹ONrKJL‹³KJL‹YKiV‹YJXFHMONPDV[NPD
gœNLMYDGFH[E F`NŸFH;V?±g=I`MODVKMOg]JL‹£KU;VJLIlFNLŽNLiVI>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\—G–‰I`?g=‹»JLKMYD=Z =E , 4 , E = …M¢FH; fE JLDV\ ,<> E? …MOF`;
@ BA M * ? ? @ 4C M * ? + ? M * @)"!$#&%!BD @T›+°]NPIMODV[lFHJLDVK?XW6FH;=?‰?>@gVMOI`MOKyJX‹’KNvˆXJLIlM»JLD=K?‰>RJXF`I`M •t…MOF`; I`?[`gk?KFFHN¤J
gœNLMYDGF W]—k?KNP>@?[¬­a?D]uLxL¯ºŒ
7
‡ 7
‡
JFG E G E ? @p4 H fEI J B fEI J R 4 + ? Y * @BLK H
Y * !O#&% .P\B Y * "!$#&% .P RRQ BO+ ? Y * @ R
§dq€©
c .7
c
.7
{
6
6NM
M
@z } Î |0 Î zbÊ ~€=}| Î5{ | CED„ލJLK'FyWP…‡?;]JyˆL?f[l;VNv…D„FH;VJXF˜>RNL[lF˜NL޳F`;V?MYDGF`?I`?[lF`MYDVZNPgœ?IHJXF`MYNLDV[hNPD„\=?FH?IdS
>@MYDVMO[lF`MYK’JLDV\iVDVK?IlFHJLMYDZP?NL>R?'FHIlMYK˜Ž?yJXF`iVI`?[KJLD—k?‡?T•rgVI`?[`[`?\·MYDFH;V?˜gVIlMYDVKMYgVJL‹-KU;]JLIlFNLŽrFH;V?˜>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\
…MOF`; NPDV‹¢–ŠFH;V?RŽ?… NPgk?I`JXFHMONPDV["…‡?‰;]JyˆP?‰MYDGFHIlNr\=iVK?\£›Q°]IlNP> J+KNP>@gVi=FHJXFHMONPD]JL‹˜gkNPMYDGFNLŽˆ9MO?…"W6F`;VMY[
>@?yJLDV[FH;VJXFFH;V?"NPD=‹O–NLgœ?IHJXF`MYNPD=[…‡?;]JyˆP?"FHN@MY>@gV‹O?>@M)?4 D-FfŽNPI?yJXKU* ;4 FE–9gk?NLŽŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?JXI`? } } Ê ]L} | Î {
Î S }v~€ { | S¡Î ~ †=} | Î { ? 4 @o…M¢FH;RM¢FH[ ;PJLKNP—=M»JLD=<[ .10 .2U3 2 * JLDVV\ .W0 . 2OM3 * 2 WrJXDV\ *} } XÊ z !] Ê wÊ { } S { L} | Î {
T
M * …M¢FH;tMOF`N
[ ;PJXKNP—VMYJLXD .1.0 2&M *ZY ›@eoˆP?Il–Š;VMOZP;V?I"‹Y?'ˆP?‹hNPgk?I`JXFHMONPDŠKyJXDt—k?@?'•rgVIl?[`[l?\¸JX["JKNP>—=MYD]J!FHMONPD†NLŽ
FH;V?[`?@NPDV?["JLDV\¤F`;9i=[KJLD¦—k?·MY>@gV‹O?>@?DGF`?\†MODV\V?gœ?DV\V?D-F`‹O–ŠNXŽ˜F`;V?·KNLDV[`MO\V?Il?\ŠFE–9gœ?·NLŽhŽ?JXFHiVIl?L›:N
[`MO>@gV‹YM¢Žë–ŽiVIlF`;V?I4KNP>@gVirFUJXF`MYNPD=[W_…’?KyJLDQJL\V\+F`NRF`;V?[l?·JXF`NP>@MYKNPgk?IHJ!FHMONPDV[FH;VN? ;PJLKNL—VM»JXDQNLŽFH;V?FH;V?
FHI`JLDV[`‹YJXF`MYNPDNLŽFH;V?"NPIlMYZLMY[D + ? M * @T›
wyx]\
^`_<„baˆ•~
‡„ƒdc
‡feSfeS|‡ƒŠ
:;V?hKyJL[l?hNLŽrAP™´IlNLFUJ!FHMONPDV[£MO[MYDGFH?I`?[lFHMODVZfJL[M¢FŽNPI`>@[DVNLFNLDV‹O– J>„JXDVMOŽNL‹Y\"—Vi=FJX‹Y[lNF`;V?oFHI`JLDV[dŽNPI`>RJXF`MYNPD
ZPI`NLiVg †hgji› U4?DVK?LW]FH;=MY[MO[4MO>@gV‹OMYKMOF`‹O–JLD;VNP>@NPZL?DV?NPiV[>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\+JL[FH;=?ZLI`NPiVgJLK'FH[NPDMOF`[`?‹OŽè›h®D
ÓÓ%á ¢S££#¤#¥
x
›
YM DGˆXJLIlM»JLDGF>R?'FHIlMYK„[`;VNPi=‹Y\?DV[liVI`?‰F`;]JXFÄ\=MY[dF ? Y 6 Y I @4 \=MY[dF ? Y IR BTY 6 @T› Uf?DVK?‰…‡?‰KJLDŽN9Ki=[NPD
\=MY[dF ? Y @'›oC¡F‡MY[˜…’?‹Y‹kÂ-DVNv…D‰FH;VJXFyYÇKyJLD3—k?4KU;]JLIHJXKFH?I`MOž?\—-–„JLD‰JLDVZP‹O?9aJLIlNPiVDV\3JLD3J!•rMO[c §¨iVD=MOF
ˆP?KFHNLIU©'W]F`;V?JLDVZP‹O?"—œ?MYDVZ@D-iV‹O‹ŽNPIFH;V?"MO\V?DGF`MOFE–L›
C¡F6FHiVIlDV[bNPi=FbF`;]JXFoF`;V?MYDGˆXJLIlM»JLDGF˜jMY?>RJLDVDVMYJLD@\VMO[lFUJXDVK?NP0D †hgjihMO[+\VMO[lF ? Y Y @p4 a ? Y1R BWY @§[`??
¬¹®f‹OFHwPx=W³a?DVuPxX¯ ©'›±:;V?ŸZL?N9\V?[lMYK[±[lFUJXIlFHMODVZ3ŽIlNP> FH;V?ŸMO\V?D-F`MOFE–+ŽNPIfF`;VMO[±>R?'FHIlMYK·6 JXI`?I ? @4 I Y ? a
6 -B c @
JLDV\¸FH;=??T•rgœNPD=?DGFHMYJL‹>RJLg´JXF·MO\V?DGF`MOFE–¶MO[ŸFH;V?IlNLFUJXF`MYNLD ˆP?K'FHNPI _ 4 a%BWc› ®[·…‡?;]JyˆP? Y ? ˆ c @ 4
Y ? Egˆ c‘@'W³F`;V?ŸKirF"‹YN9KiV[NLŽbFH;V?MY\V?DGFHM¢FE–¦MY[fFH;V?Ÿ[l?F"NLŽhIl? ]?KF`MYNPDŠIlNLFUJXF`MYNLDV[^
› U4?DVK?LW£FH;=?Ÿ\Vf? :VDVMOF`MYNLD
i
\VNP>RJLMOD„NXŽœF`;V?gVI`MODVKMOg]JL‹]KU;VJLIlF˜MO[hF`;V?NPgk?DR—]JL‹O‹ ? ˆF@T›o°]I`NP> JKNP>@gVi=FHJXFHMONPD]JL‹=gœNPMODGF˜NLŽœˆ9MO?…"W-…’?
iV[`?ŸF`;V?ŸK‹YNP[l?\Š—]JL‹O‹F`N3I`?gVI`?[`?D-FJX‹Y‹I`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[f—Vi=F …‡?·;]JyˆP?ŸF`N3I`?>R?>—k?I F`;]JXF±[d–r>@>@?F`I`MOK·gœNLMYDGFH[
JLI`?"MO\V?DGF`M :]?\¤JXFF`;V?"—œNLiVDV\]JLId–NLŽFH;V?"\VNL>„JXMYD£pŒ _^4 ˆHBWc _S4 EgˆHBdc6›
t9MYDVK?¤FH;V? † g iMY[J ZLI`NPiVg³WF`;V?¦JLK'FHMONPDÄMO[‰FH;V?QKNP>@gkNP[`M¢FHMONPDÈJLDV\F`;V?¤gV‹YJLK?>@?DGFŽiVDVK'FHMONPDÅMY[
iVDVMOƒ-iV?‹¢–\V?'FH?I`>@MYD=?\£Œ¤F`;VMY[„MY[RFH;V?+MY\=?DGFHM¢FE–«§ 34 _L©'›ÄC¡^Ž Y ? _ @@JLDV}\ _ ? Y^@Ÿ\V?DVNLF`?+FH;=?Q>RJLgVgVMODVZP[
—œ?'FE…’??D„I`NLFHJXFHMONPD·ˆP?KFHNLI`[˜JLDV\@>RJXFHIlMYK?[W-F`;V?4JLKF`MYNLDRMOH[ _ I _ 6 4 _ I _ 6 4 _ ? Y ? _ I @jBTY ? _ 6 @@TH› UfNv…‡?ˆL?IW
…’?DVNLF`?ŠF`;]JXFFH;=?\V?I`M¢ˆXJXFHM¢ˆP?[QKyJXD¥—k?t>@NPIl?[lMY>@gV‹¢–ÈKNP>@gVirFH?\ÇiV[`MODVZ´FH;V?tKNP>@gkNP[`M¢FHMONPDÇNLŽŸiVD=MOF
ƒ-i]JXFH?I`DVMONPDV[§¨?ƒ-i]JXFHMONPDV[fJLIl?±ZPMOˆL?D+MYD¬­a?D]uLxL¯JLDV\¬­ab:uGp€¯ë©T›
# R
#£’#
#£ V
:;V?‹O?yJL[dFlSE[lƒ-i]JLI`?[@KI`M¢FH?I`MONPD¸MO[·?yJL[lMY‹¢– ZP?DV?I`JL‹OMYž?\¸FHN¦JXD-–†>@?FHIlMYK[lg]JLK?JLDV\ M¢FH[·>@MODVMY>iV>(KNPI`Il?'S
[`gkNPDV\V[@FHNŠFH;=?+?>Rg=MYIlMYKJL‹>R?JLDƈXJL‹OiV?MODJ¦ˆP?K'FHNPIR[`gVJLK?X›:;VMO[„NP—=[`?IdˆXJXFHMONPD´MY[@FH;V?—]JL[lMY[RNLŽfFH;V?
FH;V?NPIl–NXŽo?'•rgk?K'FUJXF`MYNPDŽNPIIHJXDV\VNP> ˆXJLIlM»JX—V‹Y?[fMOD>R?'FHIlMYK[`g]JXK?[fgVI`NLgœNP[l?\—G–°_Il^KU;V?'F·§[`??‰¬¹aœ®uGp!¯ ©'›
CED+NLiVIKyJL[l?LWV…‡?KJLDZPNRŽi=IlFH;=?IFH;VJLDVÂ-[4F`N·FH;V?"MOD-ˆXJLIlM»JXD-F4\VMO[lFHJLDVK?JLD=\…IlMOF`?M¢FyŒ
‡
> ? @p4 ‡ B H \VMO[lF ? B .@ I 4 B H \VMO[lF ? Y * "!$#&% . @ I
.
.
€~ ~ Î ~ kÊ L} Î ~ Nv…"WFH;VJLDVÂ-[F`N+F`;V?„ZLNrN9\g=I`NPgk?IdFHMO?[NLŽFH;=?„gVIlMYD=KMOg]JL‹˜KU;]JLIlFWM¢FFHiVIlDV[NPirFF`;]JXF
FH;VMO[ KI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD¦KyJLD¦—k??T•=g=I`?[l[`?\ JL[J‰K‹YJL[`[lMYKJL‹o[liV>½NXŽh[`ƒ-i]JLIl?·NLŽbˆP?KFHNLI DVNPIl>R[› ?F .e4 Y *"!$#&% .
—œ?±F`;V?lè?IlI`NPIˆL?K'FHNPIm"MYDFH;=?g=I`MODVKMOg]JL‹KU;]JXIlFy›h:;V?KIlMOF`?IlMYNPD—k?KNL>R?[
x
> ? @p4
‡
B
H
.
C . C I
”†?"DVNXFH?±FH;]J!FFH;VMO[?'•rgVI`?[`[lMYNPDQMY[NPDV‹¢–3F`I`iV?"MODF`;V?"gVI`MODVKMOg]JL‹KU;VJLIlF›
:N‰>@MODVMO>RMOž?FH;V?KI`M¢FH?I`MONPD¦JLD=\¤\V?F`?Il>RMODV?F`;V?i=DVK?IlFUJXMYDGFE–QJXFF`;V?>@MODVMO>iV>W³…‡?…MO‹Y‹DV??\QFHN
KNP>@gVirFH?˜MOF`F[ :]Il[lFJLDV\[`?KNPD=\Ÿ\V?IlMOˆXJXF`MOˆL?[›b°]I`NP>ÈFH;V?‡JXFHNL>RMOKhNPgk?IHJ!FHMONPDV[WXJLDV\iV[lMYDVZ4FH;V?˜KNL">R!$#&% gkM NP[lMOF`MYNPD
I`iV‹O?ŸŽNPIf\VMO²œ?Il?DGFHMYJL‹O[W…‡?·KyJLDŠKNL>Rg=i=FH?ŸF`;V?Ÿ?IlI`NPIfˆP?K'FHNPjI .˜JLDV\¦M¢FH[ ;PJXKNP—VMYJLDV[ .. M** 4 . 2 !Y . M * 3 * WJLDV\
"!$#&% M
"!$#&%
. * Y * 4 . 2 ! Y "!$#&3 % * B . 2 ! Y 2 Y B . 2 Y ! Y WXC¡ŽrFH;V?hiVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–NLŽ=F`;V?h>R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[ .9MY[I`?gVI`?[`?DGF`?\Ÿ—G–±FH;=?˜KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK?
>R. JXFHIlM¢3• . J 2 !Y G
E " G#E " WVFH. ;V!?"iV.D=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–NLŽFH;V?"?IlI`NPIˆL?KF`NPIMY[[lMY>@gV‹¢–kŒ
Ê ~| =}*| kÊ | ÎTS }}
(
? "!$#&% .@
R
Jh$E N $E Ne4&% . B J G E " G E " B'% . 4 % Y * BTJ
.
.
.
% % % Ê P~|ë} Ê ~| Î{ rt MYD=K?"FH;V?"KIlMOF`?IlMYNPDMO[ > 4
> R H
.R
% )G+
4 * %
4
. % % ,
G
N G NB %
? Y * "!$#&%
%
.
.D@ R
6
R BU .ºWVFH;V?P:]Il[lF4\V?IlMOˆXJXF`MOˆL?MO[Œ
I 8 .. BU .
яÒӝяÔ
?ZP‹Y?KF`MYDVZFH;=?oFH?Il>¥MOD B …MOF`;"I`?[lgœ?KFFHNF`;V?oFH?I`>@[MYD I MODF`;V?b[`?KNPDV\\V?I`M¢ˆLJ!FHM¢ˆP?[‡§[`??4¬WVs”Èw=qPW
[`?KFHMONPD+ÀV›ép€¯ë©TW=…’?NP—=FHJLMOD£ Œ 4 % ) H % . R B % . JXDV\ % ) . % . R
% . % % % % CEDŸF`;VMO[og]JLIdFHMOKiV‹YJLIoKJL[`?XW-…‡?KJLD@?'•rgV‹ONPMOFo[`NP>@?gVIlNPgœ?IlF`MY?[bNLŽ]FH;V?’MYDGˆXJLI`MYJLDGFh>@?F`I`MOKFHN NP—rFUJLMOD·>@NPI`?
[`MO>@gV‹Y?"ŽNPIl>iV‹YJL[§¨\V?'FUJLMO‹O[fMODt¬­a?D]uPxL¯ ©'›b”?";]JyˆP?LŒ
7
) 4 E + ? Y * @ ! R % H .
X
J
V
D
\
4 ceBO+ ? Y * @ "! R % BO+ ? Y * @ "!$#&% JLD=\ % ) . 4 E + ? Y * @ "! R % !§ qP©
.7
%
\<xnz
6
9cSTeS~LcS|Afe=|‡„ƒ ‡„†-e~ ‚~ „ƒb†~ 
e cS~
®mDV?K?[l[HJLId–¦KNPD=\VMOF`MYNLDŠŽNLI `F N—œ?·J3>@MODVMO>iV> NXŽ˜F`;V?ŸKI`M¢FH?IlMYNLDtMO[ FH;VJXF FH;=?Ÿ\V?IlMOˆXJXF`MOˆL? «) MO[±D-iV‹O‹0›
CED+NLiVIKyJL[l?LWVFH;=MY[ZPM¢ˆP?[Œ
H
.
.›4 4 H
.
? Y * !O#&%
.D@
C¡FŸ>@?yJXDV[F`;]JXF"FH;V?„>@?yJLD†ˆXJL‹OiV?„JLDV\tFH;V?„—]JLIl–9K?DGFH?IŸKNPIlI`?[`gkNPDV\ B~f›$Sj1
FH;=?–JLIl?±—œNLF`;D9i=‹Y‹¨›
°]NPI’I`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[WVFH;VMO[DV?K?[`[`JLIl–KNPDV\VM¢FHMONPDKyJLD—œ? …IlMOFlFH?D£Œ
H
H
_ 2 "!$#&% _h.›4 P
N
I
_ ? Y 2 R BWY9.@p4 .
.
:;VMO[4KNPDV\VM¢FHMONPD3…’JL[MODV\V?gk?D=\V?DGFH‹¢–\V?I`M¢ˆP?\†§ŽNLI’I`NXFUJXF`MYNPD=[NPDV‹¢–=©’MYDЬ¹™?DVuPxL¯£iV[lMYD=ZŸFH;V? JLZPI`JLDVZPMYJLD
ŽNPI`>iV‹YJXFHMONPDµNXŽ FH;V?+‹Y?JL[lFdSE[lƒ9iVJLI`?[‰NPg=F`MY>@MOžyJXF`MYNLDgVI`NL—V‹Y?>› U4Nv…’?'ˆP?IW;V?QiV[l?[‰JLDJLg=gVI`Ny•rMY>RJXF`MYNLD
NLŽF`;VMY[DV?K?[l[HJLId– KNLDV\VM¢FHMONPD†FHN+NP—=FHJLMYD†JQ[`NL‹Yi=F`MYNLD£›CED KNPDGF`IHJL[dFyW6…‡?‰gVIlNPgkNP[`?„MYD†F`;V?‰D=?'•9FŸ[l?KF`MYNLD
JLD¶MYDGF`I`MODV[`MOKJLDV\¶ZP?D=?I`MOKZPI`JL\VMO?DGF@\V?[lK?D-F‰JL‹OZPNPIlMOF`;V> F`N :]DV\ÆJ¤[`NP‹Oi=F`MYNPD¶NLŽF`;V??'•=JLK'F@KI`M¢FH?I`MONPD£›
CEDĬ £j t=u q€¯0WIl?ˆ9MY?'…’?\¸NPg=F`MY>RJL‹˜JLDV\[`iV—9SENPg=F`MY>RJL‹‡JL‹OZPNPIlMOF`;V>@[F`N+KNP>@gVi=FH?RFH;V?R>@MYD=MY>iV>NXŽNLF`;V?I
I`NLFHJXFHMONPD¦ŽiV[lMYNPDtKIlMOF`?IlMYNPD=[› UfNv…‡?ˆL?IWMOŽ˜FH;=?[`?@[lNP‹YirFHMONPDV[JLI`?@iV[li]JL‹O‹O–¤K‹ONP[`?\tF`NNLiVI±MYDŠFH;=?·KyJL[l?„NLŽ
J‰[`>RJL‹O‹6?I`IlNPIW_FH;V?'–QKJLD¤\VM¢²œ?I [lMYZPD=M :]KJLDGFH‹¢–+ŽNLI‹YJLI`ZP?I\V?'ˆ9M»JXF`MYNLDV[›"sNPI`?N€ˆL?IW³FH;V?'–¤JXI`?‹YMO>@MOF`?\¤FHN
I`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[4JLD=\KJLDVDVNXFf—k?"?yJL[lMY‹¢–ZP?DV?I`JL‹OMYž?\+F`N„NXFH;V?IFE–rgk?[4NLŽŽ?yJXF`iVI`?[›
\<x0w
‰~ Š›~€ƒe „ˆ p‡c=|e
cSp‰|•~€ƒe
?'•r?g]F JL D=—k[`MO?fNPD¸JXDR§I`??[l>@F`MY>R?>JX—kF`MY?NPID@FHNL;]ŽkJXFHF;=…‡??">R;]?JyJLˆPD@?"ŽFH?yN@JXF`I`iV?I`gV?X‹»›JXK ? E
@ BA Y * ? ? @ P
>
4 >? @L>
HE j›TSSE j WP…’?;]JyˆP?FH;=?ŽNP‹Y‹ONv…MYD=Z:Jy–9‹YNPI
= > ? = —G– @ BA Y * ? ? `@ ©'Œ
‡
) R B E? > E? R B B E? > C E? C i P
§0AG©
:;V?>RMODVMO>iV> NXŽF`;VMY[4JLg=gVI`Ny•rMY>RJXF`?\+KI`M¢FH?I`MONPDMY[ZPM¢ˆP?D+ŽNPIŒ
M
M
E? 4 E !O#&% B )
j4?gœNLIlFHMODVZ3F`;V?ŸˆXJL‹Yi=?[±NLŽh?ƒ9iVJXFHMONPDƧ!qP©TW³…‡?+]: DV\¤FH;=?ŸˆP?Id–¤[lMY>@gV‹O?·ŽNPI`>iV‹»JrŒ E? 4C+ ? Y * @B&7 6 B 8 .7 7 6 .E›
Uf?DVK?XW_F`;V?">@MYDVMO>i=> NLŽF`;V?JLgVgVIlNy•=MO>RJXFH?\QKI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD+MO[I`?yJX‹YMOž?\+ŽNPI
ÓÓ%á¢S££#¤#¥
4
E @p4
@ A Y* ? ? Y* M
‡
E
+ ? Y * @ " !$#&% B ? P`4 Y * K
c
B
H
7
.7 6
Q
.
w
›
Nv…"WX…‡?KyJLDNP—=FUJXMYDJf>i=KU;·—œ?'F`FH?I6?[lFHMO>RJXFHMONPDŸNXŽVFH;V?˜FHI`JLDV[lŽNLI`>RJXFHMONPD—-–M¢FH?IHJXF`MYDVZfFH;V?‡gVI`?'ˆrMONPiV[
LJ ‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>›‡®[fJLDQMODVM¢FHMYJL‹?[dFHMO>„J!FH?LW_…‡?KJLDQKU;VN9NP[l?JLDG–Ž?JXFHiVIl? .MOŽoDVNLFH;=MYDVZR?‹O[`?MY[4ZPM¢ˆP?D£› ?F-
—œ?±F`;V?"?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLD+NLŽFH;=?"F`IHJLD=[lŽNPIl>„J!FHMONPDQJ!F[lFH?g ›h:;V?"DV?T•9F?[lFHMO>RJXFHMONPDMY[
‡ 7
E
Q
Y* "!$ #&% .P
§¨À-©
6 4 @ BA Y* ? ? @„4 Y * K c H
.7
6 M
EC ? CNLŽhFH;V?·JX\XcdiV[lF`>@?DGF"ˆP?K'FHNPI±—k?KNP>@?[±FHN9N3[l>„JX‹Y‹
: ;=?·gVI`N9K?[`[±MO[±[lFHNLgVgœ?\¦…;V?DŠFH;V?DVNPI`>
§…‡?i=[`?4 ‡# 6 W=…;VMOKU;QMO[JX‹Y>@NP[dFFH;V?"D-iV>@?IlMYKgVI`?KMO[`MONPDQNLŽFH;=?>RJLKU;=MYDV?y©NLI…;V?DFH;V?"D-iV>—k?I
NLŽMOF`?I`JXFHMONPDV[—k?KNP>@?[F`NrNŸ;=MYZP;³›‡abI`JLKF`MYKJL‹Y‹¢–PWr…’?±NP—=[`?IdˆP? F`;]JXFF`;VMY[JX‹YZPNLI`M¢FH;V> JL‹¢…Jy–9[KNPDGˆL?I`ZL?[MYD
JL—kNPi=F M¢FH?I`JXFHMONPDV[4ŽNPIfJLDG–FE–9gk?NLŽ6Ž?yJXF`iVI`?[›4CEDQFH;V?KyJL[l?NLŽogœNPMODGFH[WkF`;V??ƒ9iVJXFHMONPD¤MO[[lMY>@gV‹OM :V?\¤FHN
6 . ,.EWr…;VMYKU;+ZPM¢ˆP?[FH;=?—VJLIl–9K?DGFH?IfMYDNPD=‹O–NLDV?"MOF`?IHJ!FHMONPDŽIlNP> JXD-–3[lFUJXIlFHMODVZRgœNLMYDGFy›
= 6 4 7
8
\<x]\
^
Š Se |• feS|‡ƒ ‡„†-e~ ƒ ›
~Lc Se „|•ƒe
fe
9~
e
 |•ƒ|•,9
”†?;]JyˆL?+NP—rFUJLMODV?\´JL—kNvˆP?FH;=?F`IHJLD=[lŽNPIl>„J!FHMONPD¶>RMODVMO>@MYžMYDVZŠFH;=?KI`M¢FH?I`MONPD´ŽNLIŸFH;V?NP—=[`?IdˆP?\µ\]JXFHJ=›
>RNvJX…"FH?W³\+[lMY>@D=K?y?JXDF`;VˆX?JL‹O\ViVJX?"FUJ„KNPJLi=I`‹Y?\+K—œNP?±IlI`[liV‹YMOgrZPFH;G?FH\¦‹¢–—G\V–M¢²³DV?NPI`MO[`??3DGF4§¨IlŽ?I`NPgV>Il?[`FH?;VDG?"FH??T\Š•VJX—GK–FfFHNP;VDV??LMY›oIf”KNv?"ˆXJLDVI`NvMYJL…«DVKƒ-?i]JL>RDGJXFHF`M¢ŽëI`–3M •]F`©T;VWk?"F`;VKU?;]JL?DV[lF`ZPM¢? S
MYDFH;=?[dFUJXF`?±ˆP?K'FHNPI…M¢FH;I`?[lgœ?KF4FHN·FH;=?KU;VJLDVZP?"MODF`;V?"\]JXFUJr›
?'F@iV[RJL[`[liV>@?ŽNPIŸF`;V?>@NP>@?DGFRFH;]JXF@—kNLF`;¶F`;V?\]JXFHJŠJLDV\¶FH;V?[lFHJXFH?JXI`?ˆP?KFHNLI`[› ?F R 4
? R B#B#B R @Ÿ—k?F`;V?ˆP?K'FHNPIRNLސNP—V[`?IlˆL?\Ä\]JXFHJµ§ëFH;V?ˆL?KF`NPI‰NXŽ JL‹O‹?IlI`NPI·ˆP?KF`NPI`[H©„JLDV\ FH;=?KNPI`Il?'S
[`gk 6 NPDV\VMODV ZR7 >@?yJLDˆXJL‹OiV?R§…‡?";]JyˆP?JL\V\V?\;V?Il? FH;V?±;]J!FH[FHN@[dFHI`?[`[FH;=?±\VMO²œ?Il?DVK?—k?FE…‡??DQ= JXKFHiVJL‹JLDV\
gœNXFH?DGF`M»JL‹>@?yJX[`iVIl?>@?DGFH[H©'›:;=?>@MODVMY>iV> = ? @’ NLŽF`;V?KI`M¢FH?I`MONPDŽNPI4J@\VJXFUJ·ˆP?KFHNLI MO[4KU;]JLIHJXKFH?IdS
MYž?\t—G– ) 4 .. R P 4 › ?'F JLDV\ + 54 .. . —k?ŸFH;V?ŸˆXJL‹OiV?["NLŽhF`;V?·[`?KNPDV\tNPIl\V?I±\V?I`M¢ˆXJXFHM¢ˆP?[
NLŽbFH;=?ŸKIlMOF`?I`MONPM D¦J!FFH;=?·JLKF`i]JL‹ˆXJL‹Yi=?[ ? = @T^› trMODVK? = >@MODVMO>RMOž?[ FH;V?KI`M¢FH?I`MONPD¤ŽNPI4FH;V?\]JXFUJ Wk…’?
;]JyˆP? ) ? = @H4 JLDV\+J·:6Jy–9‹YNLI4?T•rg]JLDV[lMYNPDQJLI`NLiVDV\FH;V?[`?"ˆXJL‹Yi=?[4ZPMOˆL?[Œ
) ? = @H4 + ‘B ? E @L> B ? = E = @L> ? C = E = C I @L> ? C E C I @
ebƒ9iVJXFHMODVZ„F`N@ž?IlNVWV…‡?NL—=FUJLMOD+J@[l?KNPDV\QNLI`\V?IJLgVgVIlNv•rMO>RJXFHMONPDQNXŽ6Il?‹YJXFHMONPD—œ?'FE…’??DQF`;V?"[lFHJXFH?
4 E
J 4 ?? = E
=
=
:;-iV[W]FH;=?KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK?NLŽ = MO[Œ
E
=
!O#&% B + ‘B ? @B ? =
E
=
E
@ >
L
@ R @p4 ?C E
CI@
B "!$#&% B + ‘BTJ + R
"!$#&%
®[l[`iV>@MODVZ‰FH;VJXFfJL‹Y‹NLiVI >R?JL[`i= I`?>@?D-F`[±JLIl?MODV\V?gœ?DV\V?DGFWk…‡?;]JyˆL?+J ¥4 ™fCE®V
JLDV\…’?KyJXD[lMY>@gV‹OM¢Žë– +‘BJ! + R FHN@NP—=FHJLMYD³Œ
)
) R Q B "!$#&%
=
? J BhB#B&J @
§©
CEDNLiVIKyJX[`?LWVF`;V? \]J!FUJ·JLDV\3F`;V?±[lFHJXFH? JLI`? D=NLFˆP?KF`NPI`[W]—Vi=FŽ?yJ!FHiVE Il?[MODJ·j4MO?>RJLDVD=M»JLD>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\£›
CEDRލJXKFyWX…’?KyJXD„\VN F`;V?[HJL>@?\V?I`M¢ˆXJXFHMONPDR—-–I`?gV‹»JXKMODVZ ? = E= @…MOF`; B 4 + ? Y *$ @jB ? Y *$ !O#&% ,A@6JLDV\ ? E @
…MOF`;3J±[`NL>R?;VNv…Ä[`MO>@MY‹YJLIh?'•rgVIl?[l[`MONPD£›˜C¡FbFHiVIlDV[‡NLi=FbFH;]J!FbFH;V?4\V?f:VDVMOF`MYNLD„NLŽkFH;=?4KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK?4MO[˜KU;VJLDVZP?\
JLKKNPI`\=MYDVZL‹O–§?ƒ-i]JXF`MYNPDtq€©JLD=\F`;]JXF :]D]JX‹Y‹¢–DVNLF`;VMODVZ„MO[KU;]JLDVZL?\QMOD?ƒ-i]JXF`MYNLD¸§ ©'›
яÒӝяÔ
J"# # 4
"!$#&% B K H
BTJ B %
. % . $ " $ " % .
%
 | { } ˸TÎ S } } Ê ! Ê ]|} Ì | V~ Ê Ê  {  ! Ê ªf[`MODVZŸF`;V?ˆXJL‹OiV?[NLŽF`;V? \V?I`M¢ˆXJXFHM¢ˆP?[4ZLMOˆL?DMYD
{  Ê ~v}v?
?ƒ-i]JXF`MYNLD¸§!qL©'W=…‡?"NP—=FUJXMYD£Œ
J"# # 4
+ ? Y $
J @jB * 8 . $ N $ N BU+ ? Y $ @ R
c I ,
C¡Ž JX‹Y‹F`;V?>@?yJL[liVI`?[‰JLIl?MY\=?DGFHMOKyJL‹O‹¢–¶\VMY[dFHIlMY—VirFH?\ÆNP—V[l?IlˆXJXF`MYNLDV[@NLŽfF`;V?[HJX>R?I`JLDV\VNP> Ž?yJXF`iVI`?§ëFH;V?
‹Y?JL[lFdSE[lƒ9iVJLI`?[?[dFHMO>„J!FHMONPD‰MO[’NPgrFHMO>„JX‹]NPDV‹¢–„MOD„F`;VMO[‡KJL[`?y©'W-…’?fKyJLD„?[lF`MY>RJXF`P? J $ N $ N6iV[lMYDVZFH;V?4I`?[`MO\Vi]JL‹O[Œ
? "!$#&% .@B ? "!$#&% .D@ R
§0xG©
J"# # + ? Y $ @B K 8 . Y $ ? ‡ Y $ Q BU+ ? Y $ @ R
c c E @
\<x
^`_<„baˆ•~ | e
c
‡ e
feS|•‡„ƒŠ
”†?„;]JyˆP?„gV‹YNXF`FH?\†MOD:]ZLiVI`?¤§!qP©FH;=?„>@?yJXD¸JLDV\—]JLIl–9K?DGFH?INLŽ XIlNLFUJXF`MYNLDV[I`JLDV\VNL>R‹¢–t\VMO[lFHIlMY—=i=FH?\
JLI`NLiVDV\FH;V? lde6•=JLK'nF m±IlNLFUJ!FHMONPD§…M¢FH;[lFH\³›˜\=?ˆk›’x X@\=?ZVW]ALx@\=?Z„JLDV\tqvw·\V?Z„JL‹ONPDVZ·FH;V?P_GW_ JLD=\ _
J!•r?[H©'›±jNLFUJ!FHMONPDV[fJLI`?I`?g=I`?[l?DGFH?\Š—-–FH;=?MOII`NXFUJXF`MYNPDˆP?KFHNLI gVI`N!cd?KF`?\¦NPD+FH;V? ? _
_ @gV‹YJLDV?X›:;V?
?'•9FH?I`MONPI KMYIlK‹O?I`?gVI`?[`?D-F`[ FH;V?ŽI`NPDGF`MY?IfNLŽ6FH;V?\Vf? :]D=MOF`MYNPDQ\VNP>RJLMOD¶j§ Cj_QC94 a+4 ˆ©'›4eb[lFHMO>RJXFHMONPDV[ JLI`?
I`?gVI`?[`?DGF`?\ƅM¢FH;¸F`;V?MOIŸgVIlNXcd?K'FH?\¶iVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–¸?‹O‹OMYgV[lNPMO\µJXF I 4¤MYD¶ZPIl?–P›Š:;V?‹YJLIlZP?IŸ?‹Y‹OMOgV[`?[
I`?gVI`?[`?DGFF`;V?\=MY[lgœ?I`[`MONPD3NXŽ£\]JXFHJJLIlNPiVDV\RFH;V?4>@?yJLDRˆXJL‹Yi=?·§¨M¨›¹?L›6F`;V?gVIlNXcd?K'FH?\3iVDVK?IlFHJLMOD-FE–„?‹O‹OMYgV[lNPMO\
NLŽFH;V?"?[dFHMO>RJXFH?Z\ J $ $ JXF I 4P©'›
CED„FH;V?fgVI`MODVKMOg]JL‹kKU;]JLIdF"§‹Y?'ŽëFNL‘Ž :VZPiVI`P? qP©bF`;V?—VJLIl–9K?DGFH?I’KyJLDVD=NLF’FHJLÂL? MODGFHN·JXKKNLiVDGF’FH;=<? lEŽIlNPDGFHMO?I
?²œ?K'nF m+§I`NLFHJXFHMONPD¤ˆP?KF`NPI`[ _ 4 ˆHBdc¶JLDV\ E_JLI`?·MO\V?DGF`MYKJL‹hJLDV\ŠI`NXFUJXF`MYNPD=[ ˆP?K'FHNPIl[JXI`NPiVD=\ŠF`;V?> JLI`?
K‹ONP[`?tI`NXFUJXF`MYNPD=[U©'› …±DÅFH;=?¦KNPDGFHI`JLIl–LWFH;=?t>@?JLDÇIlNLFUJ!FHMONPDÄ[`??>@[F`N¶—œ?tJLDÈJLKKiVI`JXFH?Š?[dFHMO>RJXFHMONPD£›
UfNv…‡?ˆP?IWkMOFMY[\VM¢¿RKiV‹¢FFHN·[HJy–3…;=MYKU;?[dFHMO>„J!FHMONPD+MO[FH;=?±—œ?[lF4MOŽ…‡?"\VNPD£Ã FÂ-DVNv…¥FH;=?±?'•=JLKF4IlNLFUJXF`MYNLD£›
:;V?ŠI`MOZP;GF>@?F`;VNr\ÄF`N ˆrMO[`iVJL‹YMOž?¦F`;V?¦\VMO[`gk?I`[lMYNLDÈNXŽ\VJXFUJ¸JLIlNPiVDV\F`;V?¦>@?yJLDĈXJL‹OiV?¦MO[‰FHN¸iV[l?¦FH;V?
?'•rgkNPDV?DGF`M»JL‹bKU;VJLIlFK?DGFH?Il?\tNPD¦FH;VMO[">@?yJLD¦ˆXJL‹OiV?D§ :]ZLiVI`Ž? q3NPD¦FH;=?·I`MOZP;GFT©'›CEDtF`;VMO[±KU;]JLIlF"NLDV‹O–LWFH;V?
—]JLId–rK?DGFH?I±NLŽbFH;=?\]JXFHJ‰KNLI`I`?[`gkNPDV\V[ F`N‰FH;=?>@?yJLD¤ˆXJL‹OiV?X›”†?KyJLD¦[l??F`;]JXFIHJLDV\=NP>¼I`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[JLI`?
…’?‹Y‹ZLI`NPiVgk?\JXI`NPiVD=\3FH;V?±>@?yJXD3ˆLJX‹YiV?R§ë…’?±[l;VNv…¥;=?I`? F`;V?±[`?KF`MYNPDNLŽF`;V? I`NXFUJXF`MYNPD3ˆL?K'FHNPI—]JX‹Y‹k…MOF`;
FH;V?">RJ!•rMO>„JX‹\=MY[lgœ?I`[`MONPD£W]…;VMOKU;+…’JL[DVNLFF`;V?"KyJL[l?MODFH;V?"gVIlMYDVKMYgVJL‹KU;]JLIdFT©'›
Exact
Mean
Bary
Mean
Exact
°6MOZPiVI`? rŒ
q bS"j1 PC9CE8#-#9)4€9e1)=Q 9:)#m"B+ )="'R9e)=^1pBCBs#CE(K)=+,W6 $9+oE+,$C&
E C9:E8#"-#9e8109e)=^1!#"$%'&)()*6[h0iakNlZ,+s#CE(C1X9a1)=Q 9e)#n+ )="'+,S6gE#C9FE8#-#9:810)=
#
63Q7"K9e)#n+ )="'-+o[t*[,
./ 0*6[
ÓÓ%á¢S££#¤#¥
q-X
›
#
Ē
X±#
”†?·;VJvˆL?@\V?ˆL?‹ONPgœ?\t…M¢FH;¦F`;V?·‹Y?JL[lFdSE[lƒ9iVJLI`?@KIlMOF`?IlMYNPDtJ‰…;VNL‹Y?ŸŽNPIl>RJL‹YMO[`>%FHNNP—rFUJLMOD¦FH;V?Ÿ>@MODVMO>iV>
NLސJŠKI`M¢FH?I`MONPDÆNLDÆJ¤>RJLD=MOŽNP‹O\ÆJLDV\¶?[dFHMO>„J!FH?FH;V?iVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–¶NLŽFH;V?Il?[`i=‹OF› ”†?KyJXD´D=N€… ?yJL[lMY‹¢–
ZP?D=?IHJX‹YMOž?±FH;=MY[4JLD]JX‹O–9[`MO[FHN·NLF`;V?IKI`M¢FH?I`MONPDV[[`iVKU;+JL[…‡?MOZP;GFH?\+‹O?yJL[dFlS¡[`ƒ-i]JLIl?[fJLDV\3FH;=?sQJL;]JL‹YJLDVNL—VMY[
\VMO[lFUJXDVK?X›
~€| e
~ ‰ ˆ~ „ŠeŠ 9cS~ Š
®[l[`iV>@MODVZFH;]JXFf…’?;]JyˆP?·J‰KNPDS:]\=?DVK?ŸˆLJX‹YiV?;=.oNLD¤?yJLKU;¦>@?JL[`iVIl? E. Wœ…‡?ŸKJLDQFUJXÂL?ŸM¢F MODGFHNJLKKNPi=D-F
xnz
MYDFH;=?"…‡?MOZP;GFH?\Q‹O?yJL[dFlS¡[`ƒ-i]JLIl?KI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD£Œ
‡ H
> ? @p4
.
;=.0Bv\=MY[dF ? B .@ I 4
‡ H
.
;=.!BC . C I
:;V?>@?F`;VNr\@MO[oI`MOZPNPIlNPiV[l‹O–[`MO>RMO‹YJLI6FHN F`;V?‹O?yJL[dFlSE[lƒ-i]JLI`?KJL[`?XW-JLDV\·NPD=‹O–FH;V?\=?I`M¢ˆXJXFHM¢ˆP?[˜JLI`?KU;VJLDVZPMODVZV›
”†?";]JyˆL?MODV\V??\£Œ
)G4 E + ? Y * @ "! R % H
.
;=.!B& .
4
K H
;=. Q BU+ ? Y * @ "! R % UB + ? Y * @ "!$#&%
.
%
)
.
%
4 Ep;=. BO+ ? Y * @ "! R
%
ªf[lMYDVZ@FH;=?[`?DV?'…«\V?IlMOˆXJXF`MOˆL?[W_…‡?NP—=FUJXMYDFH;=?"ŽNL‹Y‹ONv…MYDVZRZPI`JL\VMO?DGF4\V?[lK?DGF?ƒ-i]JXF`MYNPD³Œ
6 4
Y * ;=.!B
8 .
JLDV\FH;V?"iVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–JXFFH;V?">@MODVMY>iV> MO[4ZLMOˆL?D—-–
J
# #
4
+ ? Y $
Y* !O #&% . P
M ;S.
8 .
@B * 8 ? . ; .I BTJ $ N $ N BO+ ? Y $ @ R
;=.@ I ,
8
ª4[`i]JX‹Y‹¢–PW9FH;V?4…’?MYZP;GF`?\‹O?yJL[dFlSE[lƒ-i]JLI`?fKIlMOF`?I`MONPD3MO[’i=[`?\M¢Ž£…‡?Â-DVNv…ÅFH;]J!FJL‹O‹_I`?[`MO\Vi]JL‹kˆP?K'FHNPIl[;]JyˆP?
FH;V?‰[HJL>@?Ч—Vi=F·iVD=Â9D=N€…D]©KNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?3>RJXFHIlM¢• J iVg FH;=?3[`KJL‹Y?„ލJLKF`NPI`[;S.¡Œ R J 4‚;=.!BJ $E N $E NH›¦CED†F`;VMY[
KyJL[l?LAW J«KyJLD—k??[lF`MY>RJXF`?\ŽI`NP> FH;V?"I`?[`MO\Vi]JL‹ˆL?KF`NPI`[—G– J 4 7 6 6F8 ;=.0B . B . W]JLDV\F`;V?"iVDVK?IlFHJLMYDGFE–
NLŽFH;V?">@?yJLDŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?—k?KNP>@?[Œ
J
x0w
+~
pŠ
# #
4
+ ? Y $ @BLK
?
J
8
;=.D@
eh{G|•~€‚„ƒƒ9|•„ƒ
Q UB + ? Y$
@R 4
+ ? Y $ @jBLK
;=.0B .!B .R
.
? c 8 E ‡ @ ? ;S.D@
8
Q OB + ? Y$
@R
 9
„ˆ„ƒ9‡1|Š ‰|•Še
ƒ › ~
:N"JX‹Y‹ONv…Æ\=MO²œ?Il?DGF˜JLDV\·DVNLDŸMY[lNLFHIlNPgVMOKKNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?>RJXFHIlMYK?[oŽNPI\VM¢²³?I`?DGFh>@?yJX[`iVIl?[WG…‡?KyJXD·>RMODVMO>@MYž?
FH;V?·[liV> NXŽbFH;V?§[`ƒ-i]JLIl?\_©±sQJX;]JL‹YJLDVNP—VMO[±\VMO[lFHJLDVK?[±…MOF`;ŠF`;V?Ÿ>@?yJXDŠˆXJL‹OiV?X›CEDŠNPi=IŽIHJL>@?'…’NPIlÂ_W£FH;V?
sQJL;]JX‹»JLD=NP—VMO[f\VMO[lFHJLDVK? I ? @—k?FE…‡??D¦J\:=•r?\QŽ?JXFHiVIl? JLD=\QJ@IHJLD=\VNP> NPD=? MY[4\V?:]DV?\QMYDFH;V?
?'•rgkNPDV?DGF`M»JL‹KU;]JXIlFfJXFFH;=?I`JLDV\VNL> Ž?yJXF`iVI`?X›
I ? @p4
M * !O#&% '
R BU+ ? M * @ R BJFE E BO+ ? M * @jB
G G
M
Y * "!$#&% P
яÒӝяÔ
”ÅMOF`;FH;VMO[ŽNPI`>iV‹YJXFHMONPD£W=F`;V?sQJL;VJL‹»JXDVNP—VMO[\VMO[lFUJXDVK?"MO[MYDGˆXJLI`MYJLDGF…M¢FH;I`?[lgœ?KFF`N@F`;V?±ZPIlNPiVgJLK'FHMONPD£Œ
I ? @<4 I ? @T› ”†?;]JyˆP?·MOD¦g]JLIlF`MYKiV‹YJLIŒ I ? @<4 I ? @…;V?I`? 4 Y * !O#&% MO[ FH;V?
[HJL>@??IlI`NPIˆL?KF`NPIfJL[—œ?'ŽNPI`?JLD=\F`;V?"KI`M¢FH?I`MONPD>„Jy–—k?±…I`M¢F`F`?D
> ? @p4
‡ H
I ? n .D@H4
.
‡ H
.
.R B J $ "!$N #&$ % N &B .
:;-iV[WXF`;V?˜JL‹YZLNPI`M¢FH;V>¥MY[FH;=?‡[`JL>@?hF`;]JLD"ŽNPIFH;V?h‹O?yJL[dFlS¡[`ƒ-i]JLIl?[WL—Vi=FFH;V?h\V?I`M¢ˆXJXFHM¢ˆP?[6NLŽ9FH;V?hKI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD
JLI`?"\VM¢²œ?I`?DGFy›h:;V?^:]I`[dFf\=?I`M¢ˆXJXFHM¢ˆP?MO[
) 4+* %
R
>
4
% ,
H
.R
% B J !ON #&% N &B .
$ $
. % trMO>RMO‹YJLI`‹¢–PW]FH;=?[l?KNPDV\Q\=?I`M¢ˆXJXFHM¢ˆP?[fKJLD—œ?JLgVg=I`Ny•rMY>RJXF`?\—-–kŒ
4 % ) H % . R BTJ $"!$N #&$ % N B % . JXDV\ % ) .
% . % % % .R
% B J "!$N #&% N
$ $
% Nv…"WhFH;V?:Jv–9‹ONPI@?'•rg]JLD=[`MONPD´ŽNLIŸFH;V?KI`M¢FH?IlMYNLDÆMO[·FH;V?[`JL>@?LWJXDV\¸FH;V??'ˆPNP‹Oi=FHMONPD´ŽNPIFH;=?ZLIHJL\VMO?DGF
V\ ?[lK?D-F‡MO[˜[dFHMO‹Y‹=ZPMOˆL?DR—G–·?ƒ-i]JXF`MYNLD¤§À-©'›”†?KJLD@iV[`?FH;=?[HJL>@?[lFHJLIlF`MYDVZ±ˆXJL‹OiV?JLDV\@[dFHNPgVg=MYDVZ"KI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD
JL[Ÿ—k?ŽNPIl?L›ŠabIHJXKFHMOKyJX‹Y‹¢–PWo…‡?;]JyˆP?NP—=[`?IdˆP?\ÆJ+KNPDGˆP?I`ZP?DVK?MOD¸JL—kNPi=F3q MOF`?I`JXFHMONPDV[…;=?D¶[lFHJLIlF`MYDVZ
ŽI`NP> MY\V?DGFHM¢FE–JLDV\MYDJL—kNPi=F MOF`?I`JXFHMONPDV[…;V?D+[dFUJLIdFHMODVZRŽIlNP> F`;V?"‹Y?JL[lFdSE[lƒ9iVJLI`? [f[lNP‹YirFHMONPD£›
°]NPI±F`;V?‰iVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–†NXŽ’FH;=?‰[`NL‹Yi=F`MYNLD£W…‡?3I`?gV‹YJLK?RFH;V?@ˆXJL‹Yi=?[ŸNLŽ JLD=\ .. * MODGFHN¤?ƒ-i]JXFHMONPD§ ©
JLDV\…’?NP—=FHJLMOD+J!ŽëFH?I[lMY>@gV‹O‹M :]KyJXF`MYNLD£Œ
J
4
!O#&%
…;V?Il? "!$#&% YM [FH;=?gU4?[l[`MYJLDQ>RJXF`I`M •JXFFH;V?"NPgrFHMO>iV>›
$%&
' ’ #
CEDÄFH;V?QŽNL‹Y‹ONv…MYDVZ=W…‡?¦\V?DVNLFH?¦—G– t·W˜” Ft JXDV\Ès+®1U4® FH;=?QFH;VIl??¦gVIl?ˆ9MONPiV[>@?F`;VNr\=[›š”†?
JLD]JL‹¢–9ž?;V?I`?3FH;=?I`?‹YJXF`MOˆL?JLKKiVIHJLK'–¸NLŽF`;V?\VM¢²³?I`?DGFR>@?F`;VNr\=[WbFH;V?JXKKi=IHJLK'– NLŽFH;=?iVDVK?IlFHJLMYDGFE–
NPD¤FH;=?Ÿ>@?yJLD¤ˆXJL‹OiV?§ë…;VMYKU;Š[l;VNPiV‹O\¦gVI`?\VMOKF±FH;=?·JL—V[lNP‹YirFH?·JLKKiVI`JLK–=©TWJLDV\¤F`;V?ŸKNL>Rg=i=FUJXF`MYNLD¤FHMO>R?[›
e6•=gk?IlMY>@?D-F`[QJXI`?¦gk?IlŽNLI`>@?\ϏNPI‰ŽI`JL>@?[W[`?>@M¢SRNPI‰DVNPDrS¡NPI`MO?DGFH?\ȎI`JL>@?[WfIlNLFUJXF`MYNLDV[JLDV\ÄgkNPMOD-F`[›
°]IHJL>@?[JLIl?@KNP>@gkNP[`?\NLŽ’JgœNLMYDGFJLDV\JLDŠNPIlF`;VNPDVNLI`>RJL‹6F`I`MO;V?\VIlNPD£›@CEDt[`?>@M SENPIlMY?DGFH?\tŽIHJL>@?[WFH;V?
FHIlMY;V?\VI`NLDµMO[„KNP>@gœNP[l?\NXސFE…‡N†\VMOI`?KFHMONPDV[ ? 6 I @ ? E 6 E I @·JLDV\JXDÆNPIlMY?DGFH?\ƈP?K'FHNPŽI cF`;VMY[
>@Nr\V?‹Y[F`;V?"\VMO²œ?Il?DGFHMYJL‹gVIlNPgœ?IlF`MY?[4NXŽoJ·gkNPMYDGFNPD+J·[`iVIdލJLK?X›˜°_NLIDVNPDNPI`MO?DGF`?\ŽIHJL>@?[WVFH;V?"DVNLI`>RJL‹
MY[JL‹O[`NiVD9SENPIlMY?D-F`?\µ§ c Ec©'›·:;=?R?ƒ-i]JXFHMONPDV["DV??\V?\F`NMY>@gV‹O?>@?DGFFH;V?RJXF`NP>@MYK·NLgœ?IHJXF`MYNPD=["JLI`?
ZPM¢ˆP?D+MYD¬¹ah:uPp!¯ŽNPIŽIHJX>R?[4JLDV\I`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[JLD=\MOD¬­a?D]uPxL¯ŽNLIFH;V?"NLF`;V?Il[›
t-FUJXF`MY[dFHMOK[JLI`?@Il?yJL‹OMYž?\—-–ŠI`JLDV\VNL>R‹¢–¦KU;VN9NP[lMYDVZ+JLDt?'•=JLK'FˆXJL‹OiV[
? MOD†JZPM¢ˆP?DˆPNL‹YiV>@?Q§¨iVD=MOŽNPIl>
I`NLFHJXFHMONPDµJLDVQ\ kXNLI@F`IHJLD=[`‹YJXFHMONPDµKNP>@gœNLDV?DGFH[H©'›È:;V?Q>@?JL[`iVIl?V[ .JLI`?ZP?DV?I`JXFH?\iV[`MODVZ¸J VJXiV[`[lM»JLD
DVNPMO[`?4…MOF`;‰FH;V?4I`?ƒ-iV?[dFH?\KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK? D^B~f›ŽZeD^B~% ›6:;VMO[’>@?JLDV[‡F`;]JXF
…’?"JXI`?i=[`MODVZ@JLD3?T•rF`?DV[lMYNLDNXŽ£FH;V<? lèKNL>RgkNP[lMOF`MOˆL? mDVNPMO[`? >@N9\V?‹œgVI`NPgkNP[l?\3MODЬ­ab:uGp€¯ºŒ6F`;V? >@?yJX[`iVIl?±MY[
? J E E 4 + ? M * @)"!$#&%!BTJFGE GE BO+ ? M * @) ! R %0›
. 4 M * @ .…;V?Il? @ .MY[4J VJXiV[`[lM»JLD[HJX>Rg=‹Y?±…M¢FH;KNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK+
ÓÓ%á¢S££#¤#¥
qOq
›
{G~€ˆfe=|p~ 
yxnz
c

9~
‡p†
e
‚~e‡ ‰Š
: ;V?@JL—V[lNP‹Oi=FH?·JXKKi=IHJLK'–QNLŽ˜J„>R?'FH;VN9\¦MO[ ZPM¢ˆP?D¦—G–FH;V?\VMY[dFUJLD=K?·—k?FE…‡??D¦F`;V?ŸI`?[`iV‹¢F"JLD=\QFH;V??'•=JLKF
ˆXJL‹Yi=?·§ŽNLIhŽI`JL>@?f—VJL[`?\‰Ž?yJXF`iVI`?[W-…’?KNP>@gVi=F`?f[l?g]JXIHJXF`?‹¢–„F`;V?fIlNLFUJ!FHMONPD‰JXDV\„F`IHJLDV[l‹»J!FHMONPD‰g]JXIlFH[‡[`MODVK?
FH;V?'–¸JLIl?3MOD´\=MO²œ?Il?DGF@iVDVM¢FH[H©'›t®[F`;V?[l?ˆXJL‹OiV?[@JLI`?‰ˆXJLId–9MYDVZ¤…M¢FH;¸F`;V?3[`?'F@NLŽ4>@?yJL[liVI`?[@JLDV\¶[`MODVK?
…’?NPDV‹¢–3…’JLDGFFHN@[lF`iV\=–FH;=?Il?‹YJXFHM¢ˆP?JLKKiVI`JLK–NXŽF`;V?±FH;VIl??">@?FH;=Nr\V[W]…’?";]JyˆP?KU;VNP[l?DFH;V?"?IlI`NPINLŽ
s+1® U4® JX["F`;V?RI`?Ž?I`?DVK?‰JLDV\Š…’?RKNP>@gVirFH?@FH;V?RIHJXF`MYNL[ 34 a a ´JLDV\ 34
†FHN
KU;]JLI`JLKF`?I`MOž?·F`;V?·I`?‹»JXF`MOˆL?RJLKKiVIHJLK'–¦NLŽ 4 Ft JLDV\ 4¾” FtŸ›:;VMO["IHJXF`MYNMODV\VMOKyJXF`?[" J—k?F`F`?I
JLKKiVIHJXK–NLŽV>@?F`;VN9\ ‰…MOF`;ŸI`?[`gk?KFFHN s+1® U4®µM¢Ž ‡ JLDV\KNPDGˆP?I`[l?‹¢–P„› trMODVK?‡FH;V?hFH;VIl??’JL‹YZLNPI`M¢FH;V>@[
JLI`?I`?‹YJXF`?\¦FHN3F`;VI`??·\VMO²œ?Il?DGF";G–9gœNLF`;V?[l?[NPD¤FH;=?ŸDVNPMO[`?·NPD¤Ž?JXFHi=I`?[W£…’?·MODGˆP?[lFHMOZGJXF`?@?yJLKU;¦FE–9gœ?@NLŽ
DVNPMO[`?\VMO[lFHIlMY—=i=FHMONPD[`?gVJLIHJXF`?‹¢–P›
{ Ï w
Ê zbwÊ { Ï wÊ { }Q { Ï Ï wÊ { } |¨P ! ! Ë ( |¨|}v~ |{ } Ê Ï Ê V| ~ Ê wÊ { }€| CED¦FH;V?·KJL[`?·NXއClCè™m>R?JL[`i=I`?'S
>@?DGFH[Wœ?I`I`NLIˆP?K'FHNPIl[f[l;]JLIl?"F`;V?"[HJL>@?KNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?">„J!FHI`M •œŒ˜JL‹Y‹£…‡?MOZP;GFH[fJLIl?RqJLD=\” Ft¾MO[[lF`I`MOKFH‹¢–
MY\=?DGFHMOKyJL‹GF`N FtŸ›y:;=?I`?˜MO[D=N4[lMYZLDVM :VKyJLDGF\VMO²œ?Il?DVK?‡?MOF`;V?I—k?FE…‡??DFH;=?˜Il?[liV‹OF`[NXŽ Ft´JLDV\s+1® U4®›
:;VMO[4…’JL[4?'•rgœ?KF`?\Q[lMYD=K?"FH;V?"KU;]JLI`JLKF`?IlMYžJXFHMONPDQNXŽF`;V?s+1® U4® JLD=\ FtšNPg=FHMO>i=>R[4KNLI`I`?[`gkNPDV\V[4M¢Ž
Jh$E N $E Ne4 JŒ
H
.
Jh$E N $E NBU .›4 JgB
H
.
.›4 H
.
.›4 Ï wÊ zbwÊ { Ï wÊ { }¶ { Ï ]| | !¨=~ ! Ë ( |¨|}v~ |¨{ } Ê Ï Ê ]| ~ Ê ÊN{ }€| CED¶FH;=?KJL[`?NLސC•t=™¼>R?JL[`i=I`?'S
>@?DGFH[W‡?I`I`NLIˆP?KFHNLI`[@;]JyˆP?3F`;V?[HJL>@?KN€ˆXJLIlM»JXDVK?>RJXF`I`M • iVg F`NŠJ¤Â-DVNv…D´[lKyJL‹O?ލJLKF`NPI›¤”?;]JyˆP?
KU;VNP[l?DÆF`NŠ[HJL>@gV‹O?Ž?yJXF`iVI`? "JLKKNPIl\VMYD=ZtF`NŠF`;V?KNvˆXJLIlM»JLD=K?3Jh
E N E N 4 6. BTJ›¸:;-iV[W˜FH;V?…‡?MOZP;GFH[„JLI`?
;=. 4 ‡ `›4:;V?Ÿ>RJXF`I`M Z
• JMY[FHJLÂL?D¤FHN„—œ?\VM»JXZPNPD]JL‹…M¢FH;¤[dFUJLDV\VJLI`\¤\=?ˆ9M»J!FHMONPDV[@§èqPW Wq-XG©ŽNPI4gœNLMYDGFH[
JLDV\†$§ X=›­A=W Xr›ìx==W X=›ìuP©’MYDIHJL\=M»JLDŽNPIIlNLFUJXF`MYNLDV[NPIFHIlMY;=?\VIlNPDV[›
:N¤NP—rFUJLMOD I`?‹YMYJL—V‹O?3[dFUJXF`MY[dFHMOK[Wo…‡?3;]JyˆL?3\VNPDV? q XF`I`MYJL‹O[ŽNPI?yJLKU;¸D-iV>—œ?IŸNLŽŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?[·JLD=\†…’?
gVI`?[`?D-FMOD :]ZPiVIl?§0AG©4F`;V?·>@?yJLD¦ˆXJL‹OiV?@JLDV\¦F`;V?·[lFHJLDV\]JLIl\Š\V?ˆ9MYJXFHMONPD NLŽhFH;V?·Il?‹YJXFHM¢ˆP?@JXKKi=IHJLKMY?[NLŽ
Ft JLDV\” Ft…M¢FH;I`?[`gk?K'FfF`N‰s1® Uf®›
{
Relative error on the LSQ and WLSQ mean point
Relative error on the LSQ and WLSQ mean rotations
(reference : MAHA error −− ISD measurements)
(reference : MAHA error
5.0
Ratio LSQ / MAHA
Ratio WLSQ / MAHA
Ratio LSQ / MAHA
Ratio WLSQ / MAHA
4.0
4.0
Ratio of the rotation errors
Ratio of the mean points errors
−− ISD measurements)
5.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
°6MOZPiVI`?„A=Œ
Ô ’6$Û €Ú׺ÚdêéàUÛºåW”Ú’àçdç–!׺àç— åT’"˜–€ê­Û0åìրê­åéçdàTÛ0åT”'Ú 0ÕïOÛº–våW˜ÛQ“³Ú’"ڜ˜’ր׺ØÚn×0’0ÚÚdáàÛVçdÛ$ç!–!ڳ׺àT׺Û0ÚnÚM’$–€˜’ê­ÛÚ`“àTáå¹Û!’ ‡×¡àUÛºå­Øh’%œ¢EØÕ×_“³àTá’ÚyÚl!àfà&’¨”'åìÚÚd×Sçè”yØfåT˜’’$–!ÖàT–vêìåTÛ0™lÚ`àUâÛºå­Û!ؐ€áÚ ¡
˜Úlà'á”Uà'êW–€Úà'á!âhÛ!€Ú ’Û¡àTá!â!àTסâ‡âvÚn”yåìàTÛ0åìØ'á˜Øœ
0.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
Number of features
60.0
80.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
Number of features
60.0
80.0
N#& "B+ DWE8E#^9eE )4H6 Q%"p$#)+o" )=W6& 64a *1X)4H6Q7"X9:)#m"B+ )="')=j69+ !f" *
('mB+,Q"810P "!$#&% 1(')!$#&%+*+ 6K9:('8$*8E() -,/.0,_`+og6<E""'v<)4213#4 Q%"'8^9:#Q7#"-'"[
5
7698
CEDGFHI:BJ
:<;>=? @BA
яÒӝяÔ
”?KyJXDÆNP—=[`?IdˆP?FH;VJXF·FH;V?I`?MO[R[dFHMO‹Y‹D=Nt[lMYZLDVM :VKyJLDGFR\VM¢²³?I`?D=K?—œ?'FE…’??DÆF`;V?I`?[`iV‹¢FH[@NLŽ4” Ft
LJ DV\¤s+®1U4®W]—Vi=F Ft¾KJLD+—k?>iVKU;+‹Y?[`[g=I`?KMY[l?§èqP› ‹O?[l[gVIl?KMO[`?MOD+FH;=?>@?JLD+ŽNPINPi=I4?T•=JL>@gV‹Y?y©'›
:;V?KNP>@g]JXI`MO[`NPD¶NLŽFH;=? :]ZPiVIl?t§0A¤‹O?ŽëFT©ŸJXDV\ȧ0A¦I`MOZP;GFT©[lFHIl?[l[`?[@FH;=?3ˆP?Id–¸[`MO>@MY‹YJLI·—k?;]Jyˆ9MONPI@NLŽFH;V?
JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>R[ŽNPI"gœNLMYDGFH[JLDV\I`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[›CEDŽ¨JLK'F…‡?3JL‹O[`N+NP—=FHJLMYDtˆP?Il–[`MO>RMO‹YJLIIl?[liV‹OF`[ŽNPI±FH;=?‰NLF`;V?I
Â-MYDV\=[fNLŽŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?[›
{ Ï w
Ê zbwÊ { Ï wÊ { }Š{ } ( | Ê ~ wÊ { } ! Ë ( |¨|}v~ |{ } Ê Ï Ê ]| ~ Ê NÊ { }€| :N+[`MO>iV‹YJXFH?RFH;V?RKyJX[`?„…;=?I`?
JL‹O‹>R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[3;]JyˆP?ˆP?Il–´\VM¢²³?I`?DGF¤§¨—VirF„Â-DVNv…D_©@DVNPMO[`?[W’…‡?+i=[`?ŽNPI@?yJLKU;Æ>R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F‰FH;V?
\VMYJLZPNPD]JX‹4KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK?QNLޱC`C虽>R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[3…;V?Il?¤?yJXKU;FH?Il> MY[„>iV‹¢FHMOgV‹OMY?\ė-–ÆJLDµMYDV\=?gk?DV\V?DGF
IHJLD=\VNP> [`JL>@gV‹Y? ‰iVDVM¢ŽNPIl>R‹¢–@\VMO[lF`I`MO—Vi=FH?\‰—k?FE…‡??D XJXDV\+qL›o°]NPIb” FtŸWP…’?4;]JyˆP?4iV[`?\„F`;V?…’?MYZP;GF`[
;=.€4¥\=?F ? Jh
E N E N@ 6 …;V?Il? MY[FH;=?\VMO>@?DV[lMYNLD¤NLŽoF`;V?>RJLD=MOŽNP‹O\†§0ARŽNLI4gkNPMODGFH[fJLDV\QIlNLFUJ!FHMONPDV[W_x@ŽNPI
ŽIHJL>@?TSE—]JL[l?\Ž?yJXF`iVI`?[U©T›
:;=MY[FHMO>@?LWLF`;V?Il?‡MO[D=N[`MOZPDV‹M :]KJLDGFo\VM¢²³?I`?DVK?‡—œ?'FE…’??DŸFH;=?‡Il?‹YJXFHM¢ˆP?’JLKKiVIHJLK'–"NLŽ FtJXDV\” FtŸW
—Vi=FFH;V?'–ŠJLIl?R—kNLF`;>iVKU;†‹O?[l[gVIl?KMO[`?@FH;VJLD s1® Uf®›CEDtF`;VMY[?'•rgk?IlMY>@?DGFW…‡?„NP—=[`?IdˆP?\¸JIl?‹YJXFHM¢ˆP?
MYDVJLKKiVIHJLK'–NLŽoJŸŽ¨JLK'FHNPI"qP› FHN qr›hCED+NXFH;V?I4?T•rgœ?I`MO>R?DGFH[W_…‡?F`NrNP 4 @ BA ? E B I@’…M¢FH; iVD=MOŽNPIl>
—œ?'FE…’??D X±JLDV\qPWGJLD=\ FtÅJLDV\·” Ft…’?I`?>i=KU;„‹O?[l[‡JXKKi=IHJXF`?L›oCED·FH;=MY[b‹YJL[lFhKJL[`?XWPFH;V?KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK?
>RJXFHIlMYK?[’NLDRŽ?JXFHiVIl?[‡\VN;VJvˆL?>@NPIl?f\VM¢²œ?I`?DG„F lè[lMYž?[ mfJLDV\„” FtÈgœ?IlŽNPIl>R[ Á¾F`N„-q XPÁ¾—œ?'F`F`?IhFH;]JLD
FtŸ›
cS
yx0w
‡„†-e~ ƒ ›
~Lc Se „|•ƒe
~ Š Se |•‚ Se |‡„ƒ
Ê  ! |¨Ï=}*| Î{ | { Ï Êfy ”ÅMOF`;Q[l–9DGFH;=?FHMOK\VJXFUJ=WV…‡?Â-DVNv…‘F`;V??'•=JLKF4Ž?yJ!FHiVIl?"F`;]JXF4…’?JLIl?‹ON9NPÂ-MYDVZ
ŽNPIWJXDV\¦…’?@KyJXDtˆL?I`M¢Žë–¤F`;]JXF"M¢F"MY[±KNP>@g]JXFHMO—V‹O?·…MOF`;NPi=I±?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLD>@N9\ViV‹ONM¢FH[±i=DVK?IlFUJXMYDGFE–P›@:;V?
—]JL[lMYKMY\=?yJ·NLŽFH;V?±ˆXJL‹OMY\]J!FHMONPD>R?'FH;VN9\gVI`?[`?DGF`?\¤MODt¬­ab:uGpX¯MO[FHN@DVNPIl>RJL‹YMOž?±F`;V?"\VMO²œ?Il?DVK?—k?FE…‡??D
FH;V??'•rgk?K'FH?\ŠJXDV\F`;V??[lF`MY>RJXF`?\QŽ?JXFHi=I`?"…MOF`;QI`?[`gk?K'FFHN@FH;=?gVIl?\VMOKF`?\¤i=DVK?IlFUJXMYDGFE–P›CEDލJLKFW]FH;V?
[`MO>@gV‹Y?[lF‡…Jy–·FHN\VN"FH;]J!F‡MO[bFHNKNP>@gVirFH?FH;V?fsQJL;VJL‹»JXDVNP—VMO[‡\=MY[dFUJLDVK?f—k?FE…‡??D‰FH;=?fKNP>@gVi=FH?\‰>@?yJX
D JLDV\FH;V??'•=JLK'FfŽ?JXFHiVIl? ›ª4DV\V?I4F`;V+? V"JLiV[l[`MYJLDQ;G–9gkNLFH;V?[`MO[·§écdiV[lF`M :]?\¤MOD†¬¹a?D]uPxL¯ ©'W I ? @[`;=NPiV‹O\
—œ? I \VMO[lF`I`MO—Vi=FH?\QM¢Ž6F`;V?"KNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?>RJXF`I`M •MO[4?T•=JLKFŸ§ 3MO[F`;V?"\VMO>R?DV[`MONPD+NLŽF`;V?">RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\]©'›
”?RI`?gk?yJ!FFH;=MY[?'•rgœ?I`MO>@?DGF·NPD [`?I`MO?[ŸNLŽ’>@?yJL[liVI`?>R?DGFH[·FHN+NP—=FUJXMYD MODV\V?gk?D=\V?DGFŸˆXJL‹OiV?[
.I ›":;V\
? u4NP‹O>RNLZPNPI`NvˆG•S t9>RMOI`D=N€ˆ¸§¨NPIf[`MO>@gV‹O– u•S tV©4F`?[dF@¬­ah°6: u=q¯6MY[…‡?‹O‹bJL\VJLg=FH?\¦FHN‰ˆL?I`M¢Žë–¤M¢Ž˜MOF MY[
I`?JL‹Y‹¢– I \VMO[lF`I`MO—Vi=FH?\£W9—Vi=Fh[`MODVK?fM¢FhNPDV‹¢–ŸZPM¢ˆP?[’J±—VMOD]JLId–·JLD=[l…‡?IW-…‡?fJX‹Y[lNiV[l?FH;V?ލJLK'FbFH;]J!FbFH;V?>@?yJLD
ˆXJL‹Yi=?3NLŽJ I \VMO[lFHIlMY—=i=FHMONPD¸MO[ †JLDV\†MOF`[ˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?‰MO[ B œ›”†?3KJL‹O‹ v! %B~ 4 6 8 .I
FH;V?„?[dFHMO>„J!FH?\¸>@?JLD ˆXJL‹Yi=?‰NLŽ .I ›+:;=MY[ŸMODV\V?T• KJLD —k?‰MODGFH?IlgVI`?'FH?\¶JL[ŸJLDMYD=\VMYKJXFHMONPD¸NPD;VNv… FH;V?
?[dFHMO>„J!FHMONPD+>@?'FH;VN9\+i=DV\V?IèSE?[lFHMO>RJXFH?[Ÿ§ =©’NPINvˆP?IèSE?[lFHMO>RJXFH?[·§ V©‡F`;V?"KNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?">„J!FHI`M •NLŽ
FH;V?"Il?[`i=‹OF›‡C¡FMO[4JRÂ-MODV\+NXŽ6Il?‹YJXFHM¢ˆP??IlI`NPINPDFH;=??I`IlNPI?[dFHMO>„J!FHMONPD£›
:;=MY[h>@?F`;VNr\@KJLD@—œ?ZP?DV?I`JL‹OMYž?\@FHN FH;=?4KJL[`?NX޳Il?yJL‹V\VJXFUJ —G–·[lgV‹YM¢F`F`MYD=Z"F`;V?[`?'F˜NLŽk>R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[
MYDFE…’N3JLgVgVIlNv•rMO>RJXFHM¢ˆP?‹O–+?ƒ-i]JL‹[l?FH[4FHNRNP—=FHJLMYDFE…’N„MYD=\V?gk?DV\=?DGF±?[dFHMO>RJXFH?[ 6 JLD=\ I NLŽFH;V?[HJX>R?
Ž?yJXF`iVI`? ›:;V?MYIŸsQJL;]JX‹»JLD=NP—VMO[\VMO[lFHJLDVK? I ? 6 I @"[l;VNPiV‹O\ NPDVK?‰JXZGJLMOD†—k? I \=MY[dFHI`MO—Vi=F`?\ i=DV\V?I
FH;V? V"JLiV[`[lM»JXD†JL[l[`iV>@g=F`MYNLD£›3:;V?@FE…’N+?[dFHMO>„J!FH?\tŽ?yJXF`iVI`?[KNPiV‹O\tF`;V?D—œ?@>@?IlZP?\tFHNPZL?FH;=?I„§¨iV[lMYD=Z
s+1® U4® NPIJLDG–¤NLF`;V?IJL‹YZLNPI`M¢FH;V>„©FHN3NP—rFUJLMOD¦J3—k?F`F`?If?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLDtNXŽoFH;V?FHIHJXDV[lŽNPIl>RJXFHMONPD¦JLD=\¦iV[`?\
ŽNPINLF`;V?IgViVIlgœNL[`?[›
É {ÎrXÍ {  BÎ V~ |¨ {  Ê Î { S¡Ê =} ~ Ê | CEDŽ¨JXKFyWM¢F"FHiVIlDV["NPi=F"FH;]J!FJX‹Y‹oF`;VI`??„JX‹YZPNLI`M¢FH;V> ZLMOˆL?‰JˆP?Il–
ZPN9Nr\ g=I`?\=MYK'FHMONPDÆNXŽ4F`;V?MOI·JLKKiVI`JLK–†…;V?D¸FH;=?KNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?NPD¸MYD=\VMOˆ9MO\Vi]JL‹Ž?JXFHi=I`?[·MO[ŸÂ-DVNv…D¥§0JLDV\
iV[`?\QMODF`;V?"KNP>@gVirFUJXF`MYNPD=[›O›Y›ì©'›
”?ŸgVIl?[l?DGFMYZD :]ZPi=I`?§À‹Y?'ŽëFT©4F`;V?·KNP>@gVirFH?\Š>@?yJXDJXDV\¦[lFHJLDV\]JLIl\Š\V?ˆ9MYJXFHMONPDŠNLŽhFH;V?ˆLJX‹YMO\]JXF`MYNPD
MYD=\V?'•…M¢FH; FtšNPDI`NLFHJXFHMONPDV[’MYDFH;=?±KyJL[l?NXŽC虐™š>@?JL[`iVIl?>@?DGF`[›’:;=?\=NLF`F`?\‹YMODV?[I`?g=I`?[l?DGF4FH;V?
ÓÓ%á¢S££#¤#¥
}
qyÀ
›
FH;V?NPI`?'FHMOKyJL‹ˆLJX‹YiV?[ŽNPI±J iI \=MY[dFHI`MO—Vi=F`MYNLDµ§¨J3>@?yJLD¦NLŽ˜AJXDV\ŠJ‰[lFHJLDV\]JXI`\¦\V?'ˆrMYJXF`MYNPDŠNLŽ B P©T›
:;V\? u•S t3FH?[lF JXFqvÁ MO[fJL‹O…’Jy–9[±JLKK?g=F`?\£›f:;V?>@?JLDQˆXJL‹OMY\]J!FHMONPDQMODV\V?T•¸§NvˆP?I x X X X@?[dFHMO>„J!FHMONPDV[U©4MY[
§ 4SB Z‡ W ‘I 4 SB ‡
©ŽNPIFtŸW˜§ 4 B=W‘I 4 B P©ŽNPI±” FtŸWJLDV\§ 4 B=W‘I 4 SB ©
ŽNPI4s+® Uf®WV…;=MYKU;+gVI`NvˆP?[FH;]JXFF`;V?"iVDVK?IlFHJLMOD-FE–?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNPDMO[ˆL?Id–JLKKiVIHJ!FH?L›h:;VMO[4MYDV\=MYKJXFH?[F`;]JXF
NvˆP?IèS·NPI@iVD=\V?IèSE?[dFHMO>RJXFHMONPDNLŽfFH;V?KNvˆXJLIlM»JLD=K?Q>RJXF`I`M •ÆJLI`?‹O?[`[RFH;]JXD¥q€Á3›:;V?[HJX>R?+I`?[`iV‹¢FH[‰JLI`?
NP—V[l?IlˆL?\Q…M¢FH;NLF`;V?IÂ-MYD=\+NLŽŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?[›
Validation of the mean rotation uncertainty with LSQ
Validation of the mean rotation uncertainty with LSQ
Known covariance on rotations −− IDD measurements
Uncertainty estimated from residual rotations −− ISD measurements
8.0
15.0
Validation index
Validation index
6.0
10.0
4.0
5.0
2.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.000
Value for 500 estimations
Value for 500 estimations
Confidence of the K−S test
0.100
1%
0.010
0.1
Confidence of the K−S test
K−S test rejected
0.001
1%
°6MOZPiVI`?"ÀVŒ &r+ 1"B+ )=q)4A63Q7"I^E8#9Fm*+o" 0$C9:81f+ E(B+ )=
1
10
Number of matches
100
1
10
Number of matches
100
*+ Bc
C) *cE8)D9+tE8q)=W9:)#mn+ )="'*+ 6 !$#&%
a *S1€6 )+ 'vj)= 1"m ('mB+,Q"8149:)=Q BC 9:('(+ 1f^C& ' iakNlZ*6[UXQ7"1€'mm1b9:1 16D+t"B+ )=
)463D#& + 1n+ )=+o1Bs"*+ 6 9e('8$#8E(<) 6^QRP*#9)4gQ7-E#('W^"'v81 [ 8! jE8)=8df1#E8ID& ^I)4B
"$# # ('m6[ 1 7D&r+ 1"('g6 ^CE8#9F+, *+ 600E8)=8df1#E8I'8^$*#9+ )9U-)&%'\+, &,&NE"'v(' *C#j6IE8)D9+ E8
)=I4 "6^9:('3+ (
' C) *_P^g)=& j4 )96 Q7"j)4Q7)9:WB*) 04""6^9:('3+ 4U6 C)+ 'v0+ 'g('mn+oQ7-81049:)=Q B
9:('(+ 1f^C& '"[
| }| †=}*| {,+ }} Ê {Î |¨| Ê[S ~ Î ~ Ê |#|¨Ï  !¨| ”ÅM¢FH; t·W_…‡?ŸKyJLD+KNP>@gVirFH?F`;V?iVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–¤NLŽ6FH;V?
>@?yJLDŽ?JXFHiVIl?Q?'ˆP?DÄM¢Ž±…‡?¤;]JyˆP?¤D=N MYDrŽNPI`>RJXF`MYNPDµJL—kNPi=F‰F`;V?QD=NPMY[l?QNPDƎ?yJXF`iVI`?[3—G–JL[l[`iV>@MODVZ¸C`Cè™
>@?yJL[liVI`?>R?DGFH[JLD=\´?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYDVZŠFH;=?KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK?ŽI`NL>(I`?[`MO\Vi]JL‹O[› UfNv…‡?ˆL?IW‡FH;VMO[@gVI`N9K?[`[RMY[@>i=KU;
>@NPI`?¤?I`IlNPIdS¡gVI`NPD=?+FH;VJLDFH;V?QKNP>@gVi=FHJXFHMONPDNXޱFH;V?¤>@?JLDÄMOF`[`?‹OŽè›«CEDF`;V?¤KyJX[`?¤NLŽP:VZPiVI`?¸§¨À IlMYZP;GFU©'W
…’?RDV??\¸J>@MYD=MY>iV> D9i=>—k?INXŽA XI`NXFUJXF`MYNPD=["F`NˆLJX‹YMO\]JXF`?„NPi=Ii=DVK?IlFUJXMYDGFE–t?[dFHMO>„J!FHMONPD£›@”Å;]JXFMY[
MYDGF`?I`?[lF`MYDVZ3JLDV\>RNLI`?"[`iVIlgVI`MO[`MODVZ„MY[FH;]J!F4…‡?;]JyˆP?NP—=FUJXMYDV?\+F`;V?"[HJL>@?I`?[liV‹¢FH[ŽNPI4JL‹Y‹£FE–9gk?[4NLŽ\]JXFUJ
DVNPMO[`?§C`Cè™W£•C tr™mJLDV\ŠCè™ ™±©T›£:;V?·\VMO>@?DV[lMYNPDŠNLŽhF`;V?Ÿ?[dFHMO>RJXFH?\t>@?JLDŠ[`??>@["F`N3—k?ŸFH;V?ŸNLDV‹O–+ލJLKF`NPI
FH;]J!FMYD ]iV?D=K?[F`;V? >@MYD=MY>iV> NLŽŽ?JXFHiVIl?[Œo…’?±;]JyˆL?±[lFHMO‹O‹œFH;=?±[HJL>@? Il?[`i=‹OF`[ŽNPI’gkNPMOD-F`[WV—=i=F…‡?±DV??\
ŽI`NP> XŸFHNRx XŸŽ?yJXF`iVI`?[FHN·ˆXJL‹YMO\]JXF`?±FH;V?"iVDVK?IdFUJLMODGFE–?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLD+ŽNPIŽI`JL>@?'SE—VJL[`?\Ž?JXFHiVIl?[›
°]NPI” FtŸWV…‡?[dFHMO‹Y‹DV??\¦J@>@MYD=MY>iV> NLŽbA XRIlNLFUJXF`MYNLDV[NPIgœNLMYDGFH[FHNRNP—=FHJLMODQJ·ˆXJL‹YMO\]JXF`?\+iVDVK?IdS
FUJLMODGFE–…M¢FH;¸•C tr™ >R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[W˜—Vi=FFH;V?3i=DVK?IlFUJXMYDGFE–I`?>RJLMODV[·iVD=\V?Il?[lF`MY>RJXF`?\¶—G– q XGÁ FHN¤A XGÁ
ŽNPICè™ ™ >@?yJX[`iVIl?>@?DGFH[W£?ˆL?DQ…M¢FH;+>@NPI`?>@?yJL[liVI`?>R?DGFH[› U4?DVK?LW_” t [`??>@[FHNR—œ?MOD-F`?Il?[lF`MYD=Z
NPDV‹¢–MODF`;V?"•C t=™>@?JL[`iVIl?>@?DGF`[ ;G–rgkNLF`;V?[lMY[›
x
yx]\
‡„baFhe
feS|•‡„ƒ Se |• ~ Š
”†?NP—V[l?IlˆL?\¤F`;]JXF4FH;V?KNP>@gVi=FHJXFHMONPDFHMO>R?ŽNPIfJ„ZPM¢ˆP?D¦JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=> …MOF`;¦JRZLMOˆL?D¤FE–9gœ?NLŽoŽ?JXFHiVIl?[fMY[
‹YMODV?JLIMODF`;V?˜D9i=>—k?I6NXŽVŽ?yJXF`iVI`?XW!…;=MYKU;ŸKNPiV‹O\Ÿ—k?‡ZPi=?[`[l?\ŽIlNP>¥F`;V?’JX‹YZPNLI`M¢FH;V>@[?ƒ-i]JXF`MYNPD=[›o:;-iV[WL…’?
KyJLD@ŽN9KiV[hNPD„1J :=•r?\‰D-iV>—œ?I‡NX޳>@?yJX[`iVIl?>@?DGFH[ §FHJL—V‹O?qv©'›6”?;]JyˆP?4NP—=FUJXMYDV?\„[lMY>@MO‹»JXI˜Il?[liV‹OF`[‡?MOF`;V?I
яÒӝяÔ
…MOF`;C`Cè™W=C•t=™‘NPI’C虐™š>@?JL[`iVIl?>@?DGF`[fJXDV\3…MOF`;3FH;V?\VMO²œ?Il?DGFiVDVK?IdFUJLMODGFE–3?[dFHMO>RJXFHMONPD[`KU;=?>@?[ŽNPI
Ft JLDV\” FtŸ›
°]IHJL>@?[ tr?>@°]M¢I`S¡JLNP>@I`MO??DG[ FH?\ NPD9°]SEIHNPJXIl>RMY??D-[ F`?\ jNLFHJXFHMONPDV[ aNLMYDGFH[
” t t qLqLwrur›ì›éx·pŸ>@>@[[ AA=X=qP›­W› A@X@>@>@[[
APArT› X·>@[
qvx=›­w@>@[ x=W› XR>@[
vA q9›­À@>@[
q€pr›­w@>@[ x=T› q@>@[
s+1® U4® qLxPxr›ìx·>@[ qLp qr›¹ÀR>@[
qPpPp9›­À·>@[
x ›Oq>@[ q ›¹À@>R[
:6JX—V‹Y?QqPŒ `)=Qq$^"m"B+ )=jn+oQ%('4)9HE8)=QR$^"n+o"! 6XQ%"jD&,^j)4 % 4""6^9:('S)=€^& B9e # '8$C9:E% ) W
9^*+,! #=)=& 9+ ' =[ f[/N#$*)9F-81KD& ^('%9ec^"'v#9 B+,Q%%D& ^C('8DC#9a"!81j)=
%
c69+t& '"[
f® [b?'•rgk?KF`?\£W=s+®Uf®ÅMY[oF`;V?[`‹ONv…’?[lF’JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>ŒMOFhMO[hA FHN"w FHMO>@?[h‹ONPDVZP?IoFH;]JLDFtÈJLDV\·” Ft
ŽNPI’F`;V? [HJX>R?fFE–rgk?±NLŽŽ?JXFHiVIl?[›˜CED3F`;VMO[?'•rgk?I`MO>@?DGFyW_JX‹Y‹kFH;VIl??±JL‹OZPNPIlMOF`;V>@[’…‡?I`?±MODVM¢FHMYJL‹OMYž?\…MOF`;FH;V?
:]I`[dF>R?JL[`i=I`?@NLŽ˜FH;V?@[`?I`MO?[›@”?·DVNLF`?·FH;]JXF MYDVM¢FHMYJL‹OMYžMYD=Z¤s+®Uf®m…M¢FH;ŠFH;V?·Il?[`i=‹OFNLŽ Ft >RJLÂX?[MOF
KNPDGˆL?I`ZL? J±‹YM¢F`F`‹Y?—VM¢FhލJL[lF`?Ih—Vi=FhF`;V??'•9FHI`JKNP[lF˜NLŽ FtÇ>RJLÂL?[˜F`;V?FHNLFHJL‹=F`MY>@?fJL‹Y>@NP[dF˜MY\V?DGFHMOKyJL‹¨›bC¡F˜MY[
MYDGF`?I`?[lF`MYDVZŸF`NDVNXFH?fF`;]JXF‡KNP>@gVirFHMODVZFH;=?f>@?yJXD3I`NLFHJXFHMONPD„NPI˜F`;V?>@?JLD‰ŽIHJX>R?…M¢FH; Ftm§NPI˜” Ft"©
FUJLÂX?[4NPDV‹¢–AŸFHN FHMO>R?[‹YNPD=ZP?IFH;VJLD+KNP>@gVi=F`MYDVZ@FH;=?>@?JLD+gkNPMODGFJXDV\MOF`[4i=DVK?IlFUJXMYDGFE– L›
:;-iV[Wf…‡?¤[`;=NPiV‹O\Èg=I`?Ž?I Ft JXDV\” Ft ŽNLI‰C`Cè™ JXDV\ĕC t=™ >@?yJL[liVI`?>R?DGFH[[`MODVK?¤F`;V?–JLI`?
JLKKiVIHJ!FH?+JLDV\¶Ž¨JL[lF`?I@MYD¶FH;=?[`?KyJX[`?[›Ä°]NPI·Cè™ ™%>R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[WF`;V?Il?+MO[RJŠF`IHJL\V?NL²Å—k?FE…‡??DÆFH;V?
JLKKiVIHJXK–RJLDV\@FH;=?fKNP>@gVi=FUJ!FHMONPDRF`MY>@?X›b°]NPIbI`?JL‹VFHMO>@?JLg=gV‹YMOKyJ!FHMONPDV[W-NPIb…;V?D„F`;V??[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLD‰MO[˜NXŽëFH?D
I`?gœ?JXFH?\£W Ft JLD=\+” Ft JLIl?gVIlNP—]JL—=‹O–[`ir¿„KMY?DGFy›4C¡Žo…’?…JXD-F J„gVIl?KMY[l?Ÿ>@?yJL[liVI`?>R?DGFyWs1® Uf®
MY[—k?FlFH?I—VirF4FHJLÂL?[f‹ONPDVZL?I›
&#
'
”†?g=I`?[l?DGFRMYD F`;VMO[@JLIlF`MYK‹Y?J¤\V?'FUJLMO‹O?\¶[lF`iV\=– NXŽf;=N€… FHN¦>@MODVMO>RMOž?J¤KI`M¢FH?IlMYNLD¸NPD¶J¦j4MO?>RJLD=DVM»JXD
>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹Y\³WLJLD=\;VNv…FHNKNP>@gVirFH?hFH;V?hiVDVK?IdFUJLMODGFE–NXŽrF`;VMY[?[lFHMO>RJXFHMONPD£›:;VMO[ŽI`JL>@?…‡NPI` MO[g]JLIdFHMOKiV‹YJLI`‹¢–
…’?‹Y‹6JL\]JLgrFH?\+FHN‰F`;V?KNP>@gVi=FUJ!FHMONPD¤NLŽoF`;V?Ÿ>@?yJXD¤NLŽhJ‰[l?FNLŽoŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?[›4”†?;]JyˆP?ŸMODGˆP?[lFHMOZGJXF`?\¦FH;=I`??
KIlMOF`?I`MONPDV[ŒFH;V?‹Y?JL[lFdSE[lƒ9iVJLI`?[@§ Ft"©'W]F`;V?…‡?MOZP;GFH?\¦‹Y?JL[lFdSE[`ƒ-i]JXI`?[·§” Ft"©4JXDV\+F`;V?>@MODVMY>@MOžyJXF`MYNLD
NLŽ6F`;V?sQJL;]JL‹YJLDVNL—VMY[f™MO[lFHJLDVK?3§ºs+® Uf® ©'›k°]NPI?yJLKU;¤KI`M¢FH?I`MONPD£W]…’?[`;=N€…«F`;]JXF4NPiVI4MOD-F`I`MODV[`MOKZLIHJL\VMO?DGF
\V?[lK?D-F4JX‹YZPNLI`M¢FH;V> JLg=gV‹YMO?[‡ˆP?Id–‰[lMY>@gV‹¢–‰JLDV\„F`;]JXF˜FH;V?fiVDVK?IlFHJLMOD-FE–‰NPD„F`;V?Il?[liV‹OF`MYD=Z·?[lF`MY>RJXF`MYNLD3KyJLD
—œ?"?JL[`MO‹O–KNP>@gVi=F`?\+ŽIlNP> F`;V?"KNvˆXJLI`MYJLDVK?">„J!FHI`MOK?[fNXŽF`;V?">R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[›
e6•rgk?I`MO>@?DGFH[‰[`;VNv… F`;]JXFRFH;V?FH;VIl??+JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>R[Rgk?IlŽNLI`>(ˆL?Il–¶…‡?‹O‹fMODJX‹Y‹KNLDV\VM¢FHMONPDV[W’?ˆP?DM¢Ž
s+1® U4® MO[f>@NPIl?JXKKi=IHJXF`?F`;]JLDFH;V?NLFH;V?IMYDFH;V?KyJL[l?NLŽ6>@?yJL[liVI`?>R?DGFH[…M¢FH;+\VMO²œ?Il?DGF KNvˆLJXI`MYJLDVK?
>RJXFHIlMYK?[›h:;V?'–JL‹O‹³gVIl?\VMOKFF`;V?"JLKKiVI`JLK–‰NLŽFH;V?MYIIl?[`i=‹OF…M¢FH;VMODŠq€Á%§¨MODF`;V?±>@?yJLD]©'W=…;VMOKU;MY[ƒ-iVM¢FH?
I`?>„JXI`Â!JL—V‹O?L›hCEDFH;V?±KJL[`? …;=?I`?±F`;V?±iVDVK?IlFHJLMOD-FE–3NPD>R?JL[`i=I`?>@?D-F`[fMO[iVDVÂ-DVNv…D£W]NLDV?±KyJLD?[lFHMO>RJXFH?
FH;V?@DVNLMY[l?@ŽIlNP>%I`?[lMY\=i]JL‹oˆP?KF`NPI`["ŽNPI Ft JLDV\¦” FtŸ› ’NLFH;¦>@?'FH;VN9\V["DV??\†J>@MODVMY>iV> D-iV>—k?I
NLŽŽ?JXFHiVIl?["FHN+—œ?„JL—V‹O?RF`NQgVIl?\VMOKFŸJLKKiVIHJ!FH?‹¢–ŠFH;V?MYIiVDVK?IdFUJLMODGFE–P› Ft gVI`?\VMOKFH[[`iVIlgVI`MO[`MODVZP‹¢–t…’?‹Y‹
MOF`[RJLKKiVIHJLK'–¸?ˆL?DÆMOŽf>@?yJL[liVI`?>R?DGFH[‰;VJvˆL?ˆP?Id–¶\VM¢²³?I`?DGFRiVDVK?IdFUJLMODGFHMO?[›´C¡F@MO[@…‡NPIdFH;¶DVNLF`MYK?F`;]JXF
KNP>@gVirFHMODVZF`;V?>R?JLD‰IlNLFUJ!FHMONPDRJLDV\RMOF`[˜i=DVK?IlFUJXMYDGFE–@FUJLÂX?[˜NPDV‹¢–@A±FHNÀ"F`MY>@?[‡‹ONPDVZP?IbFH;]JLD@ŽNPIbgkNPMOD-F`[›
:;VMO[f?>Rg=;]JL[`MOž?[fF`;V?"I`?‹YJXF`MOˆL??'¿„KMY?DVK–NLŽNPiVIJX‹YZPNLI`M¢FH;V>@[›
… DV?NLŽ4FH;=?>@NP[dFR[lFHIlMYÂ-MODVZtI`?[liV‹¢F‰MOD´F`;V?[l??'•rgœ?I`MO>@?DGFH[3MO[·FH;V?ˆL?Il–¶[dFHIlNPDVZŠ[`MO>@MY‹YJLI`M¢FE–¶NLŽfFH;V?
JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>R[—œ?;]JyˆrMONPI ŽNPIJL‹O‹FE–9gœ?[±NLŽbŽ?yJ!FHiVIl?[ …M¢FH;¦I`?[`gk?K'F±FHNgkNPMYDGF`[›":;VMO[±[lFHIl?[l[`?[±F`;V?ˆXJL‹OMY\VM¢FE–
fØ ˜’Ö –vÛºàTÛ0åìØ'á"ÛºWå ˜Ú ’eœ¢Ø'×bÖLØ'åìá0Û ’oàT׺ڇíWå ”Údá !Úd׺„Ú œ¢Ø×o$Û €ÚàTÖ!րê­åéçdàTÛ0åìØ'ájØ œœfØ –€×oí'Úlá€Úd׺åìç‡Tå ˜’Ö!ê­nÚ ˜’ÚláÛºàUÛºå­ØáÛºØfÖLØ'åìá!Û ’n¡
䑐€Úhâ€å­×ºÚlçè۝çdؘÖO–vÛ¡àUÛºå­ØáØœ9Û!€Úbï!àT×!—vçèÚláÛºÚdםàTáXâ4å­Û!’ –!á!çèÚlרۡàTåìáÛD—ÛºàÚn’³ïLÚèÛD“³ÚdÚdá¡ ‡àTá!â ¥"˜ ’‘œ¢Ø'×H¥‡ÖXØå­áÛ0’•¡
ÓÓ%á¢S££#¤#¥
qvx
›
NLŽNPi=I‡JXgVgVI`NPJLKU;3iV[lMYDVZj4MO?>RJLD=DVM»JXD3ZP?NL>R?'FHId–RJLDV\‰‹O?F`[’iV[’JLDGFHMOKMOg]JXF`?4F`;]JXF‡NLFH;V?I‡[dFUJXF`MY[dFHMOKyJL‹kI`?[`iV‹¢FH[
JLDV\+JL‹OZPNPI`M¢FH;=>R[KNPiV‹O\+—k?"ZP?DV?IHJL‹OMOž?\FHNR>RJLDVM¢ŽNP‹O\V[MYDFH;VMO[ŽIHJL>@?'…’NPIlÂ_›
X’#
¬¹®f‹OFHwPxX¯ tœ› b›b®‹¢FH>RJLDVD³›  0!S' yS !S' + y&-' › ’‹YJLI`?DV\VNPDahIl?[l[RS
…f•9ŽNPI`\£WqyuPwPx=›
¬ JXIHvu q!¯ s›b\VN JLIl>RN=›  !Ž 9" ›ÆsQJ!FH;V?>„J!FHMOK[› ’MOI`Â-; XiV[`?IW ’NL[lFHNLD£W ’JL[`?‹0W
’?I`‹OMYD£WqvuLvu qr›
¬­™f?D]uPx!¯ y› tœ›™?DVDV?'–P‚
›  !! v'j #  '! ›šab;]™ FH;=?[`MO[WªfDVM¢ˆP?I`[lMOFE–ÅNLŽ
JL‹OMOŽNLI`DVMYJ=W]CEIlˆ9MODV?LWqvuLuPx=›
¬­°9® uPx!¯ ;=›œ°_?‹Y\=>„JXI±JLDV\ ›œ®o–PJLKU;V?X›±j4MOZPMO\£WœJX¿RDV?·JLDV\Q‹YN9KyJL‹O‹¢–QJ!¿„D=?ŸI`?ZPMY[dFHI`JXFHMONPD¤NLŽ6ŽI`??TS¡ŽNPIl>
[`i=IlލJLK?[› W£qvw]$§ qP©'Œ­uPu _qPqvu=WVsQJy–¦qvuPuPxr›
T¬ Vs”Èw=q¯a›­e› V"MO‹Y‹¨W”š›s+iVIlIHJy–PW6JLDV\†sT› U›£”†IlMYZL;-F› n%!$\ -! ›@®KyJL\=?>@MYK„abI`?[`[W
NPDV\VNLDQJLD=\ ?… ˜NLI`Â_WqvuPw=qL›
T¬ V±I`MYu XX¯
”š›­e› bp› V±I`MO>R[lNPD£› -  n $! %p ‘ 9$j!5?
'' ›‡s+CE:‘abIl?[`[WqvuPu X=›
W¬ u±‹OM»w q!¯
”š„› u±‹YMODVZP?D9—k?IlZV›  !Ž 9$" ›µ”†JL‹OF`?I@\V`? V"Ili=–-FH?IW ’?I`‹OMYD³W ?'… ˜NPI`Â_W
qvuPw qr›
¬­ak® uGp€¯ Ÿ›9a?DVDV?K JLD=\ ›-®o–PJLKU;V?L›ª4DVM¢ŽNPI`>m\VMO[lF`I`MO—Vi=F`MYNPD³Wr\VMO[lFHJLDVK? JLDV\R?'•rgk?K'FUJXF`MYNPD‰gVI`NP—=‹Y?>R[
ŽNPIZP?NP>@?FHIlMYKŽ?yJXF`iVI`?[fg=I`N9K?[l[`MODVZV› %" 9 DŽ! Ž# '! W_MYD
gVIl?[`[WqvuPuGpr›b®f‹Y[lN‰JX[C jCE®Il?[l?yJLIlKU;QI`?gœNLIlF4D qLvw qXr›
¬­a?D]uLxX¯ ±Jyˆ9MO?I a?DVD=?KL› ›j$Z%0vS'W ' 'j%  ''h› <%  #
v !!S'5 Ž#
j! ! 5 <! n ! 5 -N & ›¥ah;V™ F`;V?[lMY[WebKNP‹Y?
aNL‹O–-FH?KU;VDVMOƒ-iV?LW³a6JL‹YJLMO[`?yJXi¸§0°]I`JLDVK?y©'WV\=?K?>—k?IqvuPuPx=›
¬­ah°6: u=q¯"”šW› U›€abI`?[`[W ›­a›v°‹»JLD=DV?Id–PW tœ›­®¸:?i=ÂLNP‹O[`ÂG–PWPJLDV\±”š›­:±› h?F`F`?Il‹YMODVZV› %!  T!'
› JL>—VI`MO\VZP?ªfDVM¢ˆk›_abI`?[l[WqvuPurqP›
¬­ab:uGp€¯ Ÿ›‡a?DVDV?KŠJLDVX\ ;=›­a›˜:;VMOI`MONPD£›¥®%ŽIHJL>@?'…’NPIl´ŽNLI„iVD=K?IdFUJLMODGFE–ÄJLD=\µˆXJL‹YMO\]JXF`MYNLDµNLŽAP™
I`?ZPMO[lFHI`JXFHMONPD3>@?'FH;VN9\V[—]JX[`?\‰NPD3gkNPMYDGF`[JLDV\„ŽIHJL>@?[› % '! W
q §¨AG©'TŒ qXPA Sq qLu=WœqvuPuGp9›
T¬ t9gVM pXuX¯
sF› trg=MOˆXJLÂ_› ^ 1& 9 WˆPNP‹OiV>@?qP›·abiV—V‹OMY[l;†NPI"a?IlMY[l;£WCED=KL›OeW q!DV\Š?\VM¢FHMONPD£W
qvuGpXu=›
¬ £9j t=vu q€¯ U› ³;-i]JLDVZ=W 6› tk›6jNLFH;³WoJLDV\ je› triV\V;VJLÂ!JLI›QahI`JLKF`MYKJL‹hŽiV[`MONPD¸JL‹OZPNPIlMOF`;V>@[ŽNPII`NLFHJXFHMONPD
>RJXFHIlMYK?[Œ‡®šKNL>RgVJLIHJXF`MOˆL?"[lFHi=\=–P› „  $! -' ' WVu]§ºpP©TŒìurq ruPArqPWœqyuPvu qr›
"!
#
('
%$&
,!-
)+*
/.
0!
(-
21
43 5
6
7
8
9 3
:
яÒӝяÔ
Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis
2004, route des Lucioles - B.P. 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)
Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine : Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique
615, rue du Jardin Botanique - B.P. 101 - 54602 Villers lès Nancy Cedex (France)
Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France)
Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38330 Montbonnot St Martin (France)
Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - B.P. 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)
Éditeur
INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, B.P. 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399