.. ç x|L+ S|of+ If+ u'? uf]/vgfyfo gdM ..
.. ç k/d tTjfo lglvn]Zj/fo u'?Eof] gdM ..
=
jif{ !)
=
c° !)
=
Ho]i7 @)^^
=
k"0ff{° !!*
=lrtjg,
e=g=kf– @, If]qk'/
kmf]gM )%^–%@!#*%
=uf]/vf, ;f}/kfgL—# kf]v/L,
kmf]gM (&$^)!**&*, (&$!!@&&$%
=sf:sL, kf]=p=d=g=kf=–!), /fd3f6,
kmf]gM )^!–%#)&*^
=;nf{xL, a/xyjf–&, P:dfnL 6f]n,
kmf]gM )$^–%$)##!
=kfNkf, tfg;]g,
kmf]gM (*$&)–@*!**
=nlntk'/, nugv]n,
kmf]gM@@@))@!
=uf]/vf, a;kfs{,
kmf]gM )^$–$@)#$*
=tgx'F, bdf}nL, Jof; u'kmf,
kmf]gM )^%–%^!^^@
=ndh'ª, a]F;Lzx/, eLd;]g6f]n
=eQmk'/,s6'Gh]–!,
kmf]gM )!–^@!#$%%
=sfe|], ag]kf, g=kf= sfof{no k5fl8
kmf]gM )!–^@@%!&@
=sf:sL, n]vgfy rf]s,
kmf]gM )^!–@@(!()
=l;Gw'nL, /ftdf6f
=:ofª\hf, :ofª\hfahf/
kmf]gM (*$^)–$$#%$
=lrtjg, uf}/Lu~h
=l;Gw'kfNrf]s, afx|la;]
kmf]gM )!–^(!^%(#
=sf:sL, cr{naf]6, ljGWojfl;gL
elQm ljz]if
klqsf Joj:yfkg ;ldltåf/f ;Dkflbt Pj+
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|åf/f k|sflzt
elQm ljz]if
d"No ?= #)÷–, jflif{s ?= #%)÷–
cfkm\g} s'/f #
elQm $
cflb z+s/frfo{sf] >Ls[i0f elQm &
elQm, eQm / eQmjT;ntf *
;fwgfdf elQmsf] dxŒj !)
ljk| ;'bfdf !!
u'?eQm afns pkdGo' !#
eJo elQm u'?elQm !$
elQm ;+uLt !^
za/Lsf] elQm !&
j}zfv dlxgfsf] ;"Id sfn ljj/0f !(
ç dl0f kß] x'+ @@
w|'js[teujT:t'ltM @$
k|;+u km]l/ /f]6sf] @^
>L uf]/v dxfk'/f0f @&
lj/xleqsf] k|]d #@
cf/tLsf] dxŒj #%
x:t/]vf lj1fg #^
lkgf;sf] cfo'j]{lbs pkrf/ #*
cg'ej cg'e"lt #(
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jsf] cjt/0f ofqf $)
of]u $@
u'? uLtf $&
lbJo ;fwgfTds ;"qx¿ %)
hfFbf hfFb} %@
1
hfg sf/L
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ ljlwjt\
¿kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps cg';Gwfgd"ns cfWoflTds ;+:yf xf]
/ o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no xfn a;'Gw/f, sNsL dlGb/;Fu}
sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] 5 . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jåo k/dx+; :jfdL
>L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh Pj+ g]kfnLx¿sf uj{sf k|ltd"lt{
dxfof]uL >L lzj uf]/Ifsf] cg'sDkf, s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{bsf]
kmn:j¿k o; s]Gb|sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . cfÇgf] 5'§} klxrfg,
:jtGq cl:tTj Pj+ cfÇg} lsl;dsf] :jfledfg af]ss
] f] of] ;+:yf
b]z ljb]zdf /x]sf cGo s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>dsf] zfvf,
pkzfvf jf ;Dks{ sfof{no gePsf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt ;a}sf
nflu hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . of] s]Gb| dxfg\ u'?x¿sf] :ki6 ;"Id
dfu{lgb]{zgdf cfWoflTds o'u k'glg{df{0fsf] nIodf ultzLn
5 . oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx¿
o;} s]Gb|dfkm{t ;f]´} lgb]l{ zt 5g\ . oxfFaf6 pknAw x'g] ;Dk"0f{
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|f0f–k|lti7f ljz]if¿kdf oxL cf>daf6 ul/Psf]
x'G5 . To;}n] Ps :jtGq / cfkm}df ;Ifd o; ;+:yfnfO{ cGo
s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>d;Fu t'ngf ug{ vf]Hg', To:t} k|sf/sf
s'/fx¿ oxfFaf6 nfu" u/fpg, k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' o; ;+:yfsf]
cjx]ngf u/] ;/x x'g]5 h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ oxfF ;+rfng
eO/x]sf 5g\ / cfufdL lbgx¿df klg ;+rfng x'Fb} hfg]5g\,
tL ;a} k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿s} OR5f Pj+ lgb]{zgcg';f/
;DkGg x'g]5g\ . To;}n] cgfjZos ts{–ljts{, z°f–pkz°f
u/L, e|d km}nfpFb} o; ;+:yfsf] 5ljdfly cgfjZos 6Lsf–
l6Kk0fL ug'{ ;Totf / jf:tljstfdfly g} k|ZglrÅg nufpg'
xf] . k|To]s JolQmsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf
dfu{lgb]{zg k|bfg u/L ef}lts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{
cfWoflTds pRrtf k|bfg ug{, k"0f{tfdf n}hfg of] s]Gb| ;Ifd
5 . ljZjf; cljZjf;eGbf dfly, ;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ;Lldt
;f]rfO, ljrf/ / sNkgfeGbf k/sf] o; clåtLo cf>ddf
cfa4 eO{ cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg ;Sg' g} xfd|f]
cxf]efUo x'g]5 . o:tf k|sf/sf cgfjZos e|daf6 ;ts{ x'Fb}
k"0f{¿kdf :ki6 eP/ dfq cl3 a9\g x'g ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿df
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} s]Gb|sf] cfÇg}
k|sf/sf] gLlt, lgod / cg'zf;g ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kfngf ug{
g;Sg] JolQmx¿sf nflu o; s]Gb|df s'g} :yfg /xg] 5}g /
o;;DaGwL s'g} lsl;dsf] ;'g'jfO klg gx'g] Joxf]/f cjut
u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns o;
dfl;s klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v, /rgf, lrqflbdf ;+:yfsf]
;xdlt x'g cfjZos g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOG5 .
k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL ;"rgf
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|df k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL k|fKt ;'ljwf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
:yfg
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
nlntk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no
eQmk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no
ag]kf ;Dks{ sfof{no









;do
;fF´ $M#) ah]kl5
lbp“;f] $M)) ah]kl5 lbp“;f] $M)) ah]kl5 lbp“;f] $M)) ah]kl5 af/
;f]daf/ / d·naf/
d+unaf/ / laxLaf/
zlgaf/ / a'waf/
k|To]s cfOtaf/
cf>dsf lgoldt sfo{qmdx¿
cf>d v'Ng] ;do M k|To]s lbg laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv ;f“´ ^M)) ah];Dd .
uf]/If lglvn k':tsfno v'Ng] ;do M k|To]s lbg !)M)) ah]b]lv ;f“´ %M)) ah];Dd .
k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL e]63f6 M ck/fÅg #M)) ah]kl5 .
cf/tL M k|To]s ;f“´ %M)) ah] .
u'? k"hg M k|To]s j[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv .
ljz]if u'? k"hg M k|To]s c+u|]hL dlxgfsf] @! tf/Lv, laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv .
cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns g]kfnsf] Ps dfq dfl;s klqsf ‘uf]/If lglvn jf0fL’sf] lgoldt k|sfzg .
ljleGg rf8–kj{ Pj+ cj;/x¿df ljz]if sfo{qmd .
ljz]if xjgM k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]djf/ >L lzj uf]/If xjg, klxnf] d·njf/ tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg,
klxnf] a'wjf/ tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg / klxnf] laxLjf/ tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd ;+rfng .
d'b|0f
e]/fO6L lk|G6;{ k|f=ln=
cfj/0f tyf leqL sDKo'6/ ;]l6·
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, sDKo'6/ pkljefu
klqsfsf] sfof{no
s'n]Zj/, sf7df8f}“ .
a;'Gw/f, sNsL dlGb/, sf7df8f}“, g]kfn
kmf]g g+M @)&!@)),@!))!%#, klqsf ljt/0f kmf]g g+M )!–^@@%!&& (CDMA Phone), URL: www.gnv.org.np, Email: [email protected]
2
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
cfkm\g} s'/f
g]kfn cfh klg czflGtsf] clUgdf hln/x]sf] 5. ;fdflhs hghLjg c:tJo:t eO/x]sf]
5. JolQmx? Ps lsl;dsf] eo, qf;af6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g\. slt a]nf s:tf] lsl;dsf] 36gf
36\5, JolQmx? cGof}ndf 5g\. laxfg lxF8]sf] JolQm kmls{G5 ls kmls{Fb}g s'g} lgwf] 5}g. b]zdf
ca zflGt xf]nf, ;'v;Fu cfkm\gf b}lgs hLjgsf sfo{x?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg kfOPnf eGg] cfd
JolQmx?sf] cfzf lg/fzfdf ablnPsf] 5. kf6L{x?sf] cfk;L lvrftfgL b]z, /fi6«, hgtfsf] eGbf
klg cfkm\g} bnLo :jfy{df cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5. o;/L kf6L{ut :jfy{, JolQmsf] cfkm\g} sdhf]/Lsf]
sf/0f cfd gful/s b'Mv, afwf, Jojwfg em]Ng ljjz 5g\.
ha;Dd JolQm cfkm\gf] 3/, kl/jf/, ;dfheGbf dfly p7\g ;Sb}g, cfWoflTds efje"ldn] k|efljt
x'Fb}g, cfkm\gf] lrGtgnfO{ abNg ;Sb}g ta;Dd p;n] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g. g t cfkm" ablnG5, g
b]z, /fi6«nfO{ g} ;xL g]t[Tj lbg ;Sb5.
cfh ;dfhdf x]¥of}F eg] htftt} dflg;n] dfgjtf u'dfO/x]sf] 5g\, cfkm\gf g}ltstf, rl/qnfO{
nTofO/x]sf 5g\, :jfyL{ k|j[lQnfO{ cFufln/x]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ klg JolQm–JolQmaLr ljZjf;sf]
;+s6 d8fl/Ox]sf] 5. JolQm cfkm\g} :jfy{, cfkm\g} enf]sf] nflu of]hgf a'lg/fv]sf] 5, 5nsk6,
wf]sfafhL, lgs[i6 sd{x?df g} dflg; /dfO/fv]sf] 5, c¿sf] b'Mvdf g} p;n] cfgGb lnO/fv]sf]
5. o;/L dflg; ;+;fl/stfsf] rqmJo"xleq cf–cfkm\gf k|sf/sf sd{ u/L ;hfo Pj+ cfzLjf{bsf]
efuLbf/ alg/fv]sf] 5.
cfhsf] ;dosf] lgsf; eg]s} cfWoflTdstf xf]. ;Totf / ;b\u'? g} cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf]. ha JolQmn] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] d"n cfwf/ ;TonfO{ agfpF5, ;TonfO{ cFufNg yfNb5, o;}sf]
cf>odf hLjgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb5 ta dfq sNof0fsf] dfu{sf] 9f]sf v'Nb5. o;}n] cWofTdnfO{
cFufnf}F, ;TotfnfO{ cFufnf}F hLjgnfO{ pmWj{d'vL agfcf}F.
o;kflnsf] c+snfO{ xfdLn] ‘elQm ljz]if’sf] ?kdf lgsfn]sf 5f}F. elQmsf] dfWodaf6 cfWoflTds
zlQmx? k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5f}F. elQm g} zlQm k|flKtsf] ;zQm dfWod xf]. elQm cfGtl/s ljifo xf].
aflx/af6 xfpefp ub}{df elQm k|:km'6g x'Fb}g. Xboaf6 km'g]{ ljifo xf] elQm. ha;Dd /f]d k|lt/f]d
elQmdo aGb}g, k|To]s If0fsf] ;f]rfO, ljrf/, lrGtg u'?df, eujfg\df nufpg ;lsFb}g elQmsf]
d"n km'6\b}g. cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ p2]Zo, nIo s]jn Ps dfq k/dfTdfdf nufO{ lg/Gt/ o;}df nflu/xg'
g} jf:tljs elQm xf]. elQmsf] af/]df zf:qx?df y'k|} k|;+ux? pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5, elQm Pj+
eQmx?sf y'k|} ljlwx?dfly k|z:t JofVof ePsf] kfOG5. lj/f6\ 5 elQmsf] :j?k. To;}n] zAb
bfo/fleq JofVofeGbf klg xfd|f] Xboaf6 o;sf] /;f:jfbg x'g' cfjZos 5 eGg] 7fg]sf 5f}F.
o;}n] o; c+sdf xfdLn] s]jn ljifo k|j]zsf] hdsf]{ dfq u/]sf 5f}F.
cGtdf, o; c+ssf] k|sfzgsf] qmddf xfdLaf6 eP u/]sf ;d:t sdL–sdhf]/L, Go"gtfsf]
nflu k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx? Pj+ oxfFx?;Fu klg Ifdf dfUb} cfjZos ;Nnfx, ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff
/fVb5f}F. c:t'.
elQm ljz]if
3
m
Q
l
4
e
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
O{Zj/ jf b]jb]jLk|lt /xg] dgsf] k|Llt, >4f, cf:yf, M o;df c£o{, kfB cflbaf6 eujTk"hg, /flq hfu/0f,
k/d ljZjf;, dfGohg / u'?hgk|ltsf] cfb/efj, jfB, uLt cflbaf6 eujfg\sf] sLt{g u/]/ g[To ug'{
;Ddfg, cufw dfof, cg'/fu, pkf;gf, ;]jf egL g]kfnL cflb ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . j}lbsL elQm M CUj]b, oh'j]{b /
zAb;fu/df elQmsf] kl/efiff lbOPsf] kfOG5 . ;+:s[t ;fdj]bsf] kf7 tyf hk ug'{, ;+lxtfx¿sf] cWoog ug'{
g]kfnL j[xt\ zAbsf]ifn] O{Zj/nfO{ k|;Gg kfg{ ul/g] Pj+ o1–ofu cflb ug'{ j}lbsL elQm xf] . cfWoflTdsL
sfdgf/lxtsf] >4fk"js
{ sf] k|d] eg]/ elQmnfO{ cYof{Psf] elQm M o; elQmsf ;fws ;bf cÇgf] OlGb|ox¿sf] ;+od
5 . pQm zAbsf]ifdf uf}0fL -;fwg cj:yfsf] elQm_ / u/]/ k|f0fofdk"j{s Wofg ub{5 . p;n] Wofgdf b]Vb5 ls
k/felQm jf k/–elQm -l;4 cj:yfsf] elQm_ u/L b'O{ e]b eujfg\sf] d'v cgGt t]hn] p2LKt eO/x]sf] 5, pxfFsf]
atfOPsf] kfOG5 . Pp6f Jo'TklQ
sl6dflysf] efu;Dd
o;
elQmsf
;fws
;bf
ckm\
g
f]
OlGb|
o
x?sf]
;+
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d
t …ehg+ elQmMÚ o:tf] 5, of] l;4
n6lsPsf] o1f] k jLtn]
u/]
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b]
V
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elQm xf] . bf];|f] Jo'TklQ …ehot]
zf]ef kfO/x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf]
elQmMÚ xf], of] ;fwgf elQm xf] . ls eujfg\sf] d'v cgGt t]hn] p2LKt eO/x]sf] 5, z'Sn j0f{ 5, rf/ e'hf
k'gM uf}0fL elQmnfO{ klg cGo pxfFsf] sl6dflysf] efu;Dd n6lsPsf] o1f]kjLtn] 5g\ . pxfFsf] xftdf j/b
b'O{ v08df ljeflht u/L k|:t't zf]ef kfO/x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] z'Sn j0f{ 5, rf/ e'hf Pj+ ceod'b|f ag]sf 5g\ .
ul/Psf] 5— != j}wL— ljlw, 5g\ . pxfFsf] xftdf j/b Pj+ ceod'b|f ag]sf 5g\ . pxfFn] kx]Fnf] j:q wf/0f
lgif]w cflb zf:qjrgcg';f/sf] pxfFn] kx]Fnf] j:q wf/0f ug'{ePsf] 5 tyf pxfFsf] g]q ug'{ePsf] 5 tyf pxfFsf
elQm, @= /fufg'uf— k|]dnfO{ g}
g]q cToGt ;'Gb/ 5g\ .
cToGt ;'Gb/ 5g\ . o;k|sf/ of]uo'Qm k'?if cfkm\gf]
d'Vo dflgPsf] elQm .
o;k|sf/ of]uo'Qm k'?ifn]
Xbodf
k/d]
Z
j/sf]
Wofg
ub{
5
.
:sGbk'/f0fdf 5 k|sf/sf]
cfÇgf] Xbodf k/d]Zj/sf]
elQm atfOPsf] 5— dfg;L -dgn]
Wofg ub{5g\ .
ul/g]_, jflrsL -af]nLn] ul/g]_, sflosL -z/L/n] ul/g]_, g e"k b]jfr{go1tLy{:gfg–j|tfrf/lqmoftkf]leM .
nf}lssL -nf]sfrf/n] ul/g]_, j}lbsL -j}lbs dGqåf/f tyf ljz'l4+ net]›Gt/fTdf oyf Xlb:y] eujTogGt] ..
ul/g]_ / cfWoflTdsL -cWofTd1fgåf/f ul/g]_ . dfg;L
/fhg\ ¤ b]jk"hf, o1, tLy{–:gfg, j|tfg'i7fg, tk:of
elQm M o;df WofgeGbf klxn] eujfg\nfO{ af/Daf/ / gfgf k|sf/sf sd{af6 klg cGtMs/0fsf] Tolt z'l4
ofb ul/G5 h;af6 wf/0ff aGb5 / eujfg\ ;t\ x'Fb}g hlt eujfg\ cgGtsf] Wofg ugf{n] x'g hfG5 .
x'g'x'G5, lrt\ x'g'x'G5, cfgGb:j¿k x'g'x'G5 eGg] j]bsf] -kb\d k'/f0f, kftfn v+8M *%.@*_ . h;/L k|HHjlnt
cy{ a'l4df a;fOG5 . j]bfy{ cfÇgf] a'l4df a;fP/ clUgn] sf7nfO{ e:d ub{5 To;/L g} eujfg\sf] elQmn]
eujfg\nfO{ cfÇgf] dfg]/ ;fsf/, lg/fsf/–cGt/fTdf dflg;x¿sf] kfknfO{ tTsfn bUw ub{5 .
¿ksf] Wofg ul/G5 . jflrsL
elQm M j]bdGqx¿sf] pRrf/0f,
u'?dGqsf] hk, eujGgfd–hk,
j]bsf] kf7, cf/0os kf7 cflb
jflrsL elQmdf cfpF5g\ . sflosL
elQm M lgod–kfng, OlGb|o–;+od,
j|t, pkjf; h:t}M k"l0f{dfsf] j|t,
PsfbzLsf] j|t h;n] kfkgflzgL
zlQm lbG5g\ Pj+ cf/f]Uok|bfos
5g\, logLx¿ ;a} sflosL elQmdf
kb{5g\ . zf/Ll/s si6 ;x]/ j|t,
pkjf;, lgosf] kfngfaf6 l;l4x¿
klg k|fKt x'G5g\ . nf}lssL elQm
elQm ljz]if
5
eujfg\ n fO{ ;Gt' i 6
ug]{x¿ cf–cfÇgf] >4f,
efj tyf elQmsf] ;fwg–
;fdu| L cg' ; f/ cfÇgf]
lrQsf s/f]8f}F hGdsf
b" l ift ;+ : sf/nfO{ d] 6 ] /
Xbodf eujb\efj hfu[t
ub{5g\ .
/fdfo0f, dxfef/tdf
gf}yl/ elQm -gjwf elQm_
atfOPsf] kfOG5 . b]jL
efujt\ s f] b] j L uLtfdf
elQmsf tLg e]b atfOPsf
5g\— ;flŒjsL, /fh;L /
tfd;L . ;flŒjsL elQm—
;]js agL sd{ ug'{, st{Jo
;D´L u/]sf] sd{ O{Zj/k|Lltsf] nflu O{Zj/df ;dk{0f
ul/g] elQm . /fh;LelQm— oz, ef]usf] sfdgfn]
O{Zj/af6 cfkm" cnu ;D´L kmn k|flKt / ef]u k|fKt
ul/g] elQm . tfd;LelQm— csf{nfO{ ;tfpg bDe,
dfT;o{, qmf]w ub}{ ul/g] elQm . pko'{Qm tLg k|sf/sf]
elQmeGbf dflyNnf] txsf] elQmnfO{ b]jL uLtfdf k/felQm
/ >Ldb\efujt\uLtfdf cgGoelQm -uLtf !!÷%%_
cJolerfl/0fL elQm -uLtf !#÷!)_ cyjf cJolerf/L
elQmof]u -uLtf !$÷!^_ elgG5 . h}gdtcg';f/ To:tf]
1fg g} elQm xf] h;df x'g;Dd cfgGb x'G5 cf} ;j{lk|o
cgGo k|of]hg ljlzi6 / ljt[i0ff a9fpg] x'G5 .
j]bsf ;d:t Crfn] s]jn O{Zj/lt/ g} k|l] /t ub{5g\ .
zfl08No klg eGb5g\— ‘g lqmof g s[Togk]If0ffH1fgjt\Ú
cyf{t\ h;/L 1fgdfuL{sf nflu sd{sf] ck]Iff x'Fb}g,
To;/L g} elQmdfuL{sf nflu sd{ clgjfo{ 5}g . eQmsf]
OR5fdfly sd{ ug] { / gug] { s' / f lge{ / /x] s f]
x'G5 . o;}sf/0f elQmnfO{ :jtGq atfOPsf] 5 . j]bJof;
eGb5g\— cx}t'SoJojlxtf of elQmM k'?iff]Qd] . -ef)
#÷@(÷!@_ . elQmdfly sd{, 1fg cflb s'g}sf] klg
cfj/0f /xg ;Sb}g . /fdfo0fsf cg';f/— ‘elQm :jt+q
;sn ;'v vfgL .Ú ¿k uf]:jfdL cflb /l;sx¿sf]
dtfg';f/— ‘cGoflenfliftfz"Go+ 1fgsdf{Bgfj[td\ .’
cyf{t\ 1fg, sd{, tkZrof{lbaf6 elQm cgfR5Gg /xG5 .
elQm :jtGq 5 . ho u'?b]j ¤
6
of] g Xiolt g å]li6 g zf]rlt g sfª\Iflt .
z'efz'ekl/TofuL elQmdfGoM ; d] lk|oM ..
oM –hf]≤ g– slxn] klg xf]Og≤ Xiolt– xlif{t
x'G5≤ g– slxn] klg xf]Og≤ å]li6– zf]s ub{5≤ g–
slxn] klg xf]Og≤ zf]rlt– kZrfQfk ub{5≤ g– slxn]
klg xf]Og≤ sfª\Iflt– OR5f /fVb5≤ z'e– z'e≤
cz'e– tyf cz'esf]≤ kl/TofuL– Tofu ug]{jfnf,
elQmdfg— eQm≤ oM– hf]≤ ;M– pgL 5g\≤ d]– d]/f]≤
lk|oM– lk|o .
hf] g slxn] xlif{t x'G5, g zf]s ub{5, hf] g
t k5'tfpF5, g OR5f ub{5, tyf h;n] z'e tyf
cz'e b'j} k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] kl/Tofu ub{5, o:tf]
eQm dnfO{ cToGt lk|o nfU5 .
tfTko{— z'4 eQm ef}lts nfeaf6 g t xlif{t
x'G5, g t xfgLaf6 g} b'MvL x'G5, pm k'q jf lziosf]
k|flKtsf nflu g t pT;'s /xG5, g gldNgfn] g}
b'MvL x'G5 . pm cfÇgf] s'g} lk|o j:t' u'Dg hfFbf
To;sf nflu k5'tfpFb}g . o;} k|sf/ olb p;nfO{
ceLlK;tsf] k|flKt x'Fb}g eg] klg pm b'MvL x'Fb}g .
oL ;d:t k|sf/sf z'e, cz'e tyf kfksd{x¿af6
;b}j k/ /xG5 . k/d]Zj/sf] k|;Ggtfsf nflu pm
7"nf]eGbf 7"nf] ljklQ ;xg t}of/ /xG5 . elQmsf]
kfngdf p;sf] nflu s]xL klg afws /xFb}g . o:tf]
eQm >Ls[i0fnfO{ cltzo lk|o nfUb5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
cflb z+s/frfo{sf]
>Ls[i0f elQm
od'gflgs6t6l:ytj[Gbfjgsfgg] dxf/Do]
sNkb|'dtne"df} r/0f+ r/0ff]kl/:yfKo .
lti7Gt+ 3ggLn+ :jt]h;f ef;oGtldx ljZjd\
kLtfDa/kl/wfg+ rGbgsk'{/lnKt;jf{+ud\ ..
cfs0f{k"0f{g]q+ s'08no'udl08t>j0fd\
dGbl:dtd'vsdn+ ;sf}:t'ef]bf/dl0fxf/d\ ..
jnof+u'nLosfBfg'HHjnoGt+ :jn+sf/fg\
unljn'lntjgdfn+ :jt]h;fkf:tslnsfnd\ ..
u'+hf/jflnslnt+ u'~hfk'+hflGjt] lz/l;
e'~hfg+ ;x uf]k}M s'+hf+tj{lt{g+ gdt .
dGbf/k'ikjfl;td+bflgn;]ljtk/fgGbd\
dGbflsgLo'tkb+ gdt dxfgGbb+ dxfk'?ifd\ ..
;'/eLs[tlbUjno+ ;'/lezt}/fj[tM kl/tM .
;'/eLltIfk0fdxf;'/eLd+ ofbj+ gdt ..
elQm ljz]if
cyf{t\, od'gfsf] t6df l:yt j[Gbfjgsf] s'g} clt
dgf]x/ jfl6sfdf sNkj[If d'lgsf] e"lddf r/0fdf
r/0f /fv]/ >Ls[i0f a:g'ePsf] 5 hf] gjLg afbn ;b[z
Zofd j0f{sf] x'g'x'G5, pxfFn] kLtfDa/ cf]9\g'ePsf] 5,
Pj+ ;f/f z/L/df sk"/ldl>t rGbgsf] n]k ug'{ePsf]
5 . h;sf s0f{ko{Gt 7"nf7"nf cfFvf 5g\, sfgdf ;'Gb/
s'08n ;'zf]let 5, d'vf/ljGb dGbdGb d':s'/fO/x]sf] 5,
h;sf] jIf:yndf sf}:t'edl0fo'Qm ;'Gb/ dfnf ;'zf]let
eO/x]sf] 5, hf] cfÇgf] sflGtaf6 s+s0f Pj+ cf}F7L cflb
dgf]x/ uxgfx¿sf] sflGtsf] clej[l4 ul//xg'ePsf]
5, h;sf] unfdf jgdfnf n6ls/x]sf] 5, h;n] cfÇgf]
t]hsf] k|efjaf6 slnsfnnfO{ gi6 ug'{eof], h;sf]
u'+hfjln–cn+s[t d:ts u'~h]/ cfFvLef}F;Fu zf]efodfg
eO/x]sf] 5 . s'g} s'~hleq a;]/ Ujfnfx¿sf ;fy
ef]hg ug'{x'Fb} To; >Ls[i0fsf] :d/0f u/ hf] sNkj[Ifsf]
km"nsf] ;'uGwn] o'Qm dGbdGb jfo'af6 ;]ljt 5, hf]
:jo+ k/dfgGb:j¿k x'g'x'G5, h;sf] r/0fdf eujtL
efuL/yL lj/fhdfg l5g\ . To; k/dfgGbbfos >Ls[i0fsf]
:d/0f u/ h;n] ;d:t lbzfnfO{ ;'ulGwt ul//xg'ePsf]
5, hf] ;}s8f}F sfdw]g'eGbf klg ;'Gb/ ufO{x¿af6
3]l/g'ePsf] 5 . hf] b]jtfx¿sf] eonfO{ eufpg] Pj+
eofgs /fIf;x¿nfO{ klg eoeLt ug'{x'g] x''g'x'G5, To;
ob'gGbgsf] :d/0f u/ .
7
elQm, eQm / eQmjT;ntf
e
ujfg\ s f] r/0fsdndf
k/d k|]d—k/fg'/lQm g}
elQm xf] . dfgj hLjgsf] k/d >]o
euTk|flKtsf hlt klg ;fwg 5g\,
tL ;a elQmsf] cwLg 5g\ . k|e'
k|flKtsf] cGo oyf of]u, 1fg, tk
cflbdf t cg]s afwfx¿ cfpF5g\
t/ elQm lj£g afwf/lxt dfu{ xf] .
To;}n] uf]:jfdLn] o;nfO{ /fhky
eg]sf 5g\ .
8
eujfg\ >L/fdn] sfse'z0' 8LnfO{
elQmsf] dlxdf atfpg'x'Fb} eGg'x'G5
ls elQmxLg a|Ådf g} lsg gx'g\, Tof]
dnfO{ ;a} hLjx¿;dfg lk|o nfU5
t/ elQmdfg\ cToGt gLr k|f0fL klg
dnfO{ k|f0f;dfg lk|o nfU5—
eult xLg la/+lr lsg xf]O{ .
;a hLjx' ;d lk|o df]lx ;f]O{ ..
eultj+t clt gLrp k|fgL .
df]lx k|fglk|o cl; dd afgL ..
-/f)r)df) &.*^.(–!)_
>L/fdrl/tdfg;sf]
cf/0osf08df jl0f{t za/L k|;Ë
eujfg\sf] o;} sygsf] ;fIfft\ k|df0f
xf], hxfF za/L cfkm}nfO{ ‘cwd t]
cwd cwd clt gf/L’ elG5g\ /
eujfg\ >L/fd k|To'Q/df p;nfO{ …
efldlgÚ eGg'x'G5 . pxfFn] elQmsf]
;jf]{Rrtf atfpg'x'Fb} elQmdfu{dfly
lxF 8 \ g ;fwsx¿nfO{ dfu{ b z{ g
ug'{x'G5—
k|yd eult ;+tGx s/ ;+uf . b";l/
/lt dd syf k|;+uf .
u'/ kb k+sh ;]jf tL;l/ eult
cdfg .
rf}ly eult dd u'g ug s/O sk6
tlh ufg ..
-/f)r)df) #.#%.*≤ bf]) #%_
cyf{t,\ klxnf] elQm xf] ;+tx¿sf]
;T;Ë, bf];f| ] elQm xf] d]/f] syf k|;Ëdf
k|d] , t];f| ] elQm xf] cledfg/lxt eP/
u'?sf] r/0fsdnsf] ;]jf / rf}yf]
elQm of] xf] ls sk6 5f]8]/ d]/f] u'0f
;d"xsf] ufg ug'{ .
d+q hfk dd b[9≥ la:jf;f .
k+rd ehg ;f] a]b k|sf;f ..
57 bd ;Ln la/lt ax' s/df .
lg/t lg/+t/ ;Hhg w/df ..
;ftjF ;d df]lx do hu b]vf .
df]t]+ ;+t clws sl/ n]vf .
cf7jF hyfnfe ;+tf]iff .
;kg]x'F glx+ b]vO k/bf]iff .
gjd ;/n ;a ;g 5nxLgf .
dd e/f]; lxoF x/if g bLgf ..
gj dx'F Psp lhGx s]+ xf]O{ .
gfl/ k'?if ;r/fr/ sf]O{ ..
;f]O clt;o lk|o efldlg df]/]+ .
;sn k|sf/ eult b[9 tf]/]+ ..
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
-/f)r)df) #.#^.!–&_
d]/f] -/fd dGqsf] hk / ddf
b[9 ljZjf; hf] j]bdf k|l;4 5, of]
kfFrf}F elQm xf] . 5}6f}F elQm xf]—
OlGb|osf] lgu|x, zLn -/fd|f] :jefj
jf rl/q_ w]/} sfo{x¿af6 j}/fUo
/ lg/Gt/ ;+ t k' ? ifx¿sf] wd{
-cfr/0f_ df nflu/xg' . ;ftf}F elQm
xf] hut\nfO{ ;defjdf ddf cf]tk|ft]
-/fddo_ b]Vg' . cf7f}F elQm xf] h]
hlt k|fKt x'G5 To;}df ;Gtf]if ug'{ /
;kgfdf klg csf{sf] bf]ifnfO{ gb]Vg' .
gjf}F elQm xf] ;/ntf / ;a}sf ;fy
sk6/lxt Jojxf/ ug'{, Xbodf d]/f]
e/f];f /fVg' / s'g} klg cj:yfdf
xif{ / b}Go -ljiffb_ gx'g' . oL gf}
elQmx¿dWo] h;df Pp6f dfq klg
elQm x'G5 Tof] :qL–k'?if, h8–r]tg
sf]xL xf];\, x] efldlg ¤ dnfO{ of]
cToGt lk|o nfU5 . km]l/ ltdLdf t
;a} k|sf/sf] elQm b[9 5 .
eQm eujfg\sf] elQmsf] d"lt{dfg\
:j¿k xf] . eQmnfO{ eujfg\sf]
r/0fdf k|d] sf] cltl/Qm c¿ s]xL klg
k|fKt ug]{ OR5f /xFb}g . b]jL zt¿kf
eujfg\;Fu j/ dfUb} elG5g\— x]
gfy ¤ xh"/sf hf] lgh hg 5g\,
pgLx¿ cnf} l ss, cv08 ;' v
kfpF5g\ / h'g k/dultnfO{ k|fKt
x'G5, x] k|ef] ¤ ToxL ;'v, ToxL ult,
ToxL elQm, ToxL cfÇgf] r/0fdf k|d] ,
ToxL 1fg / ToxL /xg–;xg s[kf
u/]/ xfdLnfO{ klg lbg'xf];\—
h] lgh eut gfy tj cxxL+ .
hf] ;'v kfjlx+ hf] ult nxxL+ ..
;f]O ;'v ;f]O ult ;f]O eult ;f]O
lgh r/g ;g]x' .
;f]O laa]s ;f]O /xlg k|e' xdlx s[kf
sl/ b]x' ..
-/f)r)df) !.!%.*≤ bf]) !%)_
eujfg\ >L/fd cg'h nId0f;Fu
elQm ljz]if
elQmof]usf] j0f{g ub}{ Pj+ eQmx¿sf]
nIf0f atfpg'x'Fb} eGg'x'G5—
;+t r/g k+sh clt k|]df .
dg qmd arg ehg b[9≥ g]df ..
u'? lkt' dft' a+w' klt b]jf .
;a df]lx sxF hfg} b[9 ;]jf ..
dd u'g ufjt k'ns ;/L/f .
ubub lu/f gog ax gL/f ..
sfd cflb db b+e g hfs]+ .
0tft lg/+t/ a; d}+ tfs]+ ..
-/f)r)df) #.!^.(—!@_
h;sf] ;Gtx¿sf] r/0fsdndf
cToGt k|]d 5≤ dg, jrg / sd{af6
ehgsf] b[9 lgod 5 / h;n] dnfO{
g} u'?, lktf, dftf, efO, klt /
b]jtf ;a} 7fg]sf] 5 / ;]jfdf b[9
5, d]/f] u'0f ufpg] a]nfdf h;sf]
z/L/ k'nlst x'g hfG5, jf0fL ub\ub\
x'g hfG5 / cfFvfaf6 k|]df>' axg
nfUb5 / sfd, db / bDe cflb
h;df 5}g, x] efO ¤ d ;bf p;sf]
jzdf x''G5' .
k'gM k|e' >L/fd atfpg'x'G5—
h;sf] sd{, jrg / dgaf6 d]/f] g}
ult 5† / h;n] lgisfd efjn] d]/f]
ehg ub{5, p;sf] Xbosdndf d
;bf lj>fd ug]{ ub{5' .
h;/L ufO{sf] cfÇgf
afR5fafR5Lk| l t jf cfdfsf]
lzz' k | l t jT;nefj x' G 5, 7Ls
To;} u /L jfT;Noefj eujfg\ s f]
cfÇgf eQmx¿k|lt /xG5 . lgu'{0f
elQmwf/sf zLif{:y ;+t saL/bf;n]
t eujfg\nfO{ dftf / cfkm"nfO{
pxfFsf afns dfG5g\— …xl/ hggL
d}+ afns t]/f .Ú
>L/fdrl/tdfg;df uf]:jfdLn]
eujfg\sf] eQmjT;ntfsf] 7fpF 7fpFdf
j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . c/0osf08sf]
Pp6f k|;Ëdf eujfg\ >L/fd gf/
b;Fu eGg'x'G5— x] d'lg ¤ ;'g, d
ltdLnfO{ xif{sf ;fy eGb5' ls h;n]
;d:t cfzf, e/f];f 5f]8]/ s]jn
dnfO{ dfq eHb5 d p;sf] ;bf
To;/L g} /Iff ub{5' h;/L dftfn]
afnssf] /Iff ub{l5g\ . sfse'z0' 8Ln]
u?8nfO{ eujfg\sf] eQmjT;ntf
atfpFb} eGg'x'G5 ls eujfg\ cfÇgf
eQm–;]jsx¿k|lt cToGt jT;n
x'g'x'G5 . pxfF eQmx¿sf] clnslt
klg clxt ePsf] x]g{ ;Sg'x'Gg .
sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x, cledfg cflb
o:tf b'u'{0f x'g\ h;n] eQmsf] clxt
ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] eujfg\ o;nfO{
6f9f ug'{x'G5 . To;a]nf eujfg\n]
To; dftfn] h:t} Jojxf/ ug'{x'G5
h;n] cfÇgf] afnssf] z/L/df kmf]sf
p7]kl5 p;sf] z/L/df zNolqmof
u/fO/x]sL l5g\ . aRrfsf] kmf]sf
lrbf{ kL8f eP/ b'Mv kfP klg /
cwL/ eP/ /f]P klg /f]u gfzsf
nflu dftfn] aRrfsf] To; kL8fnfO{
jf:tf gu/]h:t} >L/3'gfyn] cfÇgf]
bf;sf] cledfg p;sf] lxtsf nflu
xg'{x'G5 . ho u'?b]j ¤
9
;fwgfdf
elQmsf] dxŒj
dGq ;fwgf pWj{ ;+ultsf] v08 …3ÚcGtu{t
;fj/ ;+/rgfaf6 k|fKt lbJo ;fwgfTds ;"qx¿leqsf]
elQm ;"q o; cÍsf] ljifoj:t'l;t ;fGble{s
b]lvPsf]n] k'gM k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .
dGq ;fwgfdf cufl8 a9\g] k|To]s ;fws
;flwsfsf] nflu elQmsf] 7"nf] dxŒj 5 . ha cfÇgf Oi6,
u'¿k|lt cyfx efj agfOG5 cyf{t\ >4f /flvG5, ta
elQmsf] /; ljikmf]6 x'g yfNb5 . eujfg\k|lt, u'¿k|lt,
cfkm"n] dfGg] b]jL b]jtfk|lt ul/g] k"0f{ efjgfo'Qm ;dk{0f
g} elQm xf] . hxfF k"0f{ >4f x'G5, k"0f{ lglZrGttf x'g
yfNb5, ToxfF g} elQm x'g] ub{5 . elQmnfO{ zf:qx¿df,
cfWoflTds hut\df pRr dxŒj lbg] ul/G5 . sf/0f
elQmlagf eujfg\sf] sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsFb}g . eujfg\,
b]jL b]jtf, u'?x¿ efjgfsf] ef]sf] x'g'x'G5 g ls aflx/L
ef}lts rLhx¿sf] . elQmaf6 g} eujt\ k|flKt ;Dej
5 . To;}n] dGq ;fwgfdf cufl8 a9\g] k|To]s JolQmn]
elQmnfO{ a'‰g'kb{5 .
x'g t k"/} cfWoflTds If]q g} elQmdf c8]sf]
5 . elQmleq c8]sf] eujfg\sf] s[kf, u'?sf] s[kf zAb
rrf{eGbf w]/} k/ 5 . elQmnfO{ k"0f{tfsf ;fy cFufNg
;Sg] JolQm g} oyfy{df ;Rrf eQm x'G5 . eQm x'g ufx|f]
5 . w]/} JolQmn] ;fdfGo¿kdf dfGb}df d kmnfgf] b]jL
b]jtf jf u'?sf] eQm xf] eg]/ af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf eGg]
ub{5g\ t/ oyfy{df eQm x'gnfO{ w]/} k/LIffx¿ kf/ u/]sf]
x'g'kb{5 . eQmnfO{ g} eujfg\n] k/LIff lnG5g\ . cfkm"nfO{
b'Mv cK7of/f] kbf{, ;+3if{x¿, k|lts"ntfx¿ cfpFbf
klg eQm cfÇgf] elQmdf ljrlnt x'g' xF'b}g . cfkm"nfO{
;d:of kgf{;fy, b'Mv, si6 cfpgf;fy efjgf g} abNg],
cfÇgf] b[li6sf]0f g} kl/jt{g ug]{ ;fws jf eQmn] s]xL
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . To:t} cfÇgf OlR5t dgf]sfdgfx¿
k"/f x'Fbf, ef}lts ;'v ;DklQ k|fKt x'gf;fy cfÇgf]
efjgfnfO{ g} abNg] ;fws jf eQmn] klg ;Rrf elQm
10
ug{ ;Sb}g . o;}n] ;fwgfTds¿kdf cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf
cg's"ntfx¿ klg k|fKt xF'b} hfG5g\, cfkm"df l;l4 zlQm
Ifdtfx¿ klg cfpFb} hfG5g\ To:t} k|lts"ntf, ;+3if{x¿
klg cfpFb} hfG5g\ . t/ ;fwsn] s] xf]z k'¥ofpg'kg]{
x'G5 eg] rfx] ;'v cfcf];\ jf b'Mv, b'j} kl/l:yltdf
gclN´sg ;defjdf a:b} cfÇgf] elQmnfO{ c6'6¿kdf
/fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . ha xfdLn] elQmnfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf
cufl8 a9fpg ;S5f}F, To;}cg';f/ dGq ;fwgfdf klg
xfdLn] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;S5fF} . Oltxf;df x]¥oFf} eg]
klg rfx] eQm k|Ånfb xf];\, rfx] /fdeQm xg'dfg\, rfx]
cGo g} lsg gx'g\, ;a}n] b'Mv si6 k|lts"ntfdf klg
cfÇgf] Hofgsf] afhL /fv]/ eP klg cfÇgf Oi6x¿k|lt
elQmefj /fv]/ ;Rrf elQmsf] pbfx/0f lbg'\ePsf] 5 .
ta dfq elQmaf6 eujTk|flKt x'G5 ;fwgfdf .
ho u'?b]j ¤
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
clt g} bl/b| ;' b fdf eujfg\ >Ls[ i 0frGb| s f
afnssfnsf ;vf lyP . b'j}n] Ps} u'?sxfF Ps};fy
k9]sf lyP . ;'bfdf j]bsf tŒj1, ljifodf lj/Qm, zfGt
/ lht]lGb|o lyP . eujfg\ >Ls[i0f;Fu logsf] lgs} 3lgi7tf
lyof] . bLgx¿sf ;fy g} bLgaGw'sf] oyfy{ ldqtf
x'G5 . o;}df t eujfg\sf] o; gfdsf] ;fy{stf 5 ¤ ljBf
xfl;nkl5 b'j} ldq cf–cfÇgf 3/ kms]{ . eujfg\ >Ls[i0f
t åf/sfsf /fh/fh]Zj/ ag] eg] ptf lar/f ;'bfdf Pp6f
eTs] lau|s
] f] ´'k8Lsf lgjf;L eP . pgsf] 3/df bl/b|tfn]
;fIfft\ ¿k lnP/ a;]sf] lyof] . t/ bDklQn] xl/ ehg
ub}{ ;Gtf]ifn] cfÇgf] z'4 hLjg latfpFy] . wgsf] nf]e t
lyPg g} cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf nflu klg pgLx¿ s;};uF
s]xL dfUb}g lyP .
hLjgdf o:tf] ;do klg cfof] pgLx¿n] s}of}F lbg;Dd
cGgsf] d'v} b]Vg kfPgg\ . ef]sn] lar/L a|fÅd0fLsf] d'v
;'Sof] . aRrfx¿sf] bzf b]v]/ p;sf] Xbo slDkt eof] .
pgn] ;f]lrg\ ls hut\sf Ps dfq lglw, ;Dk"0f{ P]Zjo{sf
vfgL eujfg\ h;sf ldq x'g\, pgsf nfnfafnfn] vfg
gkfP/ k|f0f TofUg kg'{ plrt 5}g . pgn] cfÇgf] Xbosf]
efj kltnfO{ eGg rflxg\ t/ ;fx; ul/gg\ . aRrfx¿ km]l/
vfgsf nflu s/fpg yfn], dft[:g]x p7\of], bl/b|kLl8tf,
b'MvL ;tL a|fÅd0fLn] ;xg ;lsgg\ . pgn] 8/n] sfFKb} eP
klg kltglhs k'u/] ljgosf ;fy elgg\— … dnfO{ yfxf 5
ls ;fIfft\ nIdLklt, z/0ffutkfns eujfg\ >Ls[i0frGb|
xh"/sf ldq x'gx' G' 5, xh"/ pxfFsxfF hfg'xf];,\ xh"/ s'6D' aL
x'g'x'G5, xh"/nfO{ pxfFn] cjZo} k|r'/ wg lbg'x'g]5 . k|e' ¤
dnfO{ yfxf 5 xh"/nfO{ wgsf] /QL klg OR5f 5}g . t/
wglagf u[x:yLsf] lgjf{x x'g' a8f] sl7g 5, ctPj d]/f]
ljrf/df cfÇgf lk|o ldqsxfF hfg' g} plrt 5 .Ú
;'bfdfn] eg]— …nf6L, s] ltdL wgsf nflu dnfO{ ToxfF
k7fpF5f} < s] a|fÅd0fn] slxNo} wgsf] OR5f ub{5 / <
cfkmgf] t sfd g} eujfg\sf] ehg ug'{ xf] . ef]s} nfu]
leIff dfUg ;lsG5 .Ú a|fÅd0fLn] egL— d]/f] kmf6]sf] sk8f
/ ef]sn] 56k6fPsf afnsx¿lt/ x]g'{xf];\ . o:tf] bLg
bzfdf ToxfF uP/ Psk6s pxfF;Fu e]6]/ t cfpg'xf];\ .Ú
;'bfdfn] cGtdf of] ljrf/ u/]/ lxF8\g] ;f]r agfP—
co+ lx k/df] nfe pQdZnf]sbz{gd\ .
cyf{t\ >Ls[i0frGb|sf] b'n{e bz{gsf] k/d nfe x'G5 .
elQm ljz]if
t/ l/Qf] xft s;/L hfg] < pgn] cfÇgL :qLl;t eg]—
…x] sNofl0f ¤ olb s]xL sf];n] L lbg of]Uo ;fdu|L 3/df
5 eg] lnP/ cfpm .Ú 3/df sf]z]nLsf] ¿kdf nfg ;lsg]
s]xL lyPg . a|fÅd0fL r'k nfuL . km]l/ s]xL glbO{sg
;'bfdf lxF8\g] 5}gg\ egL pgL a8f] ;+sf]rsf ;fy l5d]sL
sxfF uOg\ . l5d]sLn] klg bof u/]/ rf/ d'7L rfdn lbP .
a|fÅd0fLn] To; rfdnnfO{ d}nf] kmf6]sf] sk8fdf kf]sf]
kf/]/ kltnfO{ lbOg\ .
;'bfdf kf]sf] lnP/ åf/sflt/ lxF8] . w]/} lbgkl5
lk|o ldq;Fusf] ldngaf6 x'g] cfgGbsf] ;'Gb/ sNkgf
ub}{ lgisfd eQm ;'bfdf åf/sf k'u] . ;'bfdf t åf/sfsf]
eJotf b]v]/ rlst eP .
;'bfdf dxnsf] klxnf] åf/df k'u] . åf/kfnn] ;'bfdfnfO{
eg]— …x] låh/fh ¤ tkfO{F sf] x''g'x'G5 / sf];Fu e]6\gsf
nflu oxfF cfpg'ePsf] xf] <Ú
;'bfdfn] eg]— …ldq >Ls[i0fnfO{ e]6\g cfPsf] .Ú
;'bfdfsf] d'vaf6 eujfg\sf nflu …ldqÚ zAb ;'g]/
åf/kfnsf] a'l4 3'Dof], p;n] ;f]Rof] ls sxLF a|fÅd0f
kfun t ePgg\ < ;j]{Zj/ eujfg\nfO{ o:tf] gfËf]–ef]sf]
a|fÅd0fn] ldq eg]/ s;/L eGg ;s]sf] ¤ a|fÅd0fnfO{
11
cfb/;lxt ToxfF a;fP/ åf/kfn leq uof] . åf/kfnsf]
d'vaf6 ;'bfdfsf] gfd ;'Gg]lalQs} eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf]
;'l4 x/fof] . d's'6 ToxLF /xg uof], kLtfDa/ v:g k'Uof],
kfb'sf klg nfpg gEofO{ bf}8g'eof] / ;'bfdfsf] r/0fdf
uP/ n'6k'l6g'eof] .
cfh eQm / eujfg\ s f lk| o ldqsf] ¿kdf
>Ls[i0f;Fu dw'/ ldng eO/x]sf] lyof] . s[i0f, ;'bfdf
b'j}sf] cfFvfaf6 ´/]sf] cfF;'sf] wf/fn] u+uf, uf]bfj/Ln]
eGbf clws sNof0fsf/L eP/ hut\nfO{ kfjg ul//x]sf]
nfUYof] . dxf/fhsf ;x;| /fgLx¿, åf/sfaf;L g/gf/Lx¿n]
a|fÅd0fsf] ;f}efUosf] ;/fxgf u/] . b]jtf rlst / d'Uw
eP/ nLndosf] k|]dnLnf x]l//x]sf lyP . eujfg\n] st}
cfÇgf ;j{:j ;'bfdfnfO{ lbg'x'g] kf] xf] ls eg]/ b]j/fh
OGb|, sNkj[If, s'a]/ / ;'d]? cflQ/x]sf lyP . Clifd'lg /
eQmu0f eQmjT;n eujfg\sf] ldng/LltnfO{ b]v/ k|d'lbt
eO/x]sf lyP .
k|en' ] cfÇgf] cfF;s
' f] wf/fn] g} ;'bfdfsf] kb kvfNg'eof]
/ pgnfO{ 5ftLdf nufpg'eof] . w]/} a]/;Dd klg ;'bfdfnfO{
cfÇgf] 5ftLaf6 ;'bfdfnfO{ cnu gug'{ ePkl5 c;+Vo
dflg;x¿sf] eL8 nfUg k'Uof] . cGtdf p4j / cqm"/flbn]
cfP/ eujfg\;Fu k|fy{gf u/] . ta eujfg\n] ;'bfdfnfO{
cËfnf] xfn]/ pgnfO{ cGtMk'/df lnP/ hfg'eof] .
;jf{Ë;'Gb/ lbJo dxndf ;'bfdf k'u] . eujfg\ cRo'tn]
lk|o aGw' ;'bfdfnfO{ cfb/;lxt lnP/ uP/ cfÇgf] lbJo
knËdf a;fpg'eof] / k"hgsf] ;fdu|L :jo+ cfÇg} xftn]
;+u|x u/]/ pgsf] r/0fnfO{ wf]P/ To; hnnfO{ :jo+
lqnf]skfjg eP/ klg cfkmgf] lgwf/df wf/0f ug'{eof] .
eujfg\n] cfÇgf k/d ldqsf] z/L/df lbJo uGwo'Qm rGbg,
s'+s'd cflb nufOlbg'eof] / ;'ulGwt w"k, bLk OToflbn]
k"hg u/]/ pgnfO{ lbJo ef]hg u/fpg'eP/ kfg–;'kf/L
lbg'eof] . a|fÅd0f ;'bfdfsf] z/L/ cToGt dnLg / IfL0f
lyof] .
t/ eujfg\sf] lk|o ;vf ePsf]n] ;fIfft\ nIdLsL
cjtf/ ?lSd0fL cfÇgf ;vL b]jLx¿;lxt /Tgb08o'Qm
Jo~hg, rd/ xftdf lnP/ k/d bl/b| leIf's a|fÅd0fsf]
a8f] ;lbR5fk"j{s ;]jf–k"hf ug{ nfUg'eof] .
eujfg\n] lk|o ldqlt/ k|]dk"0f{ b[li6n] x]g'{eof] / xfF;]/
eGg'eof]— …ldq, ltdLn] d]/f] nflu s]xL sf];]nL klg
NofPsf 5f} ls <’
;'bfdfn] lz/ ´'sfP . ;a k|f0fLx¿sf] cGt/sf] s'/f
yfxf kfpg] xl/n] cfÇgf lgs6 a|fÅd0fsf] cfpgfsf]
sf/0f a'´]/ ljrf/ ug'{eof] ls of] lgisfd eQm / ;vf
12
xf] . wgsf] sfdgfn] o;n] d]/f] klxn] slxNo} klg ehg
u/]g, g clxn] g} o;df s'g} k|sf/sf] sfdgf 5, To;}n]
o;n] rfdnsf] sf];]nL lbg rfxFb}g t/ of] cfÇgL kltj|tf
kTgLsf] cfu|xn] ubf{ dsxfF cfOk'Uof], To;}n] d o;nfO{
Tof] -ef]u / df]If¿k_ ;DklQ lbG5' h'g b]jtfx¿sf nflu
klg b'n{e 5 .Ú
o:tf] ljrf/ u/]/ eujfg\n] …of] s] xf] <Ú eg]/ xtf/df
;'bfdfsf] xftaf6 rfdnsf] kf]sf] hah{:tL l´Sg'eof] .
km'/fgf] kmf6]sf] sk8f lyof], kf]sf] km'l6xfNof] / rfdn
rf/}lt/ 5l/g k'Uof] . eujfg\n] a8f] k|]dk"j{s To;nfO{
a6'n]/ eGg nfUg'eof]—
…x] ;v] ¤ oxL t dnfO{ cToGt k|;Gg ug]{ Kof/f] sf];n] L
xf] . o; rfdnn] dnufot ;d:t ljZjnfO{ t[Kt ug]{5 .Ú
o;f] eg]/ Ps d'7\7L rfdn rkfpg'eof] / o;sf] lbJo
:jfbsf] ;/fxgf ug{ nfUg'eof] . vfgnfO{ t'?Gt csf]{ d'77\ L
eg'{x'Fbf glhs} a:g'ePsL xl/r/0fsdnsL lgTolsÍ/L,
cgGof>of nIdL¿lk0fL huHhggL >L?lSd0fLn] k/a|Åd
eujfg\ ob'gGbgsf] xft ;dfTg'eof] .
…x] ljZj¿k ¤ a; eof] . xh"/sf] olt k|;Ggtf g}
dg'iosf] ;a}eGbf pRr >Lj[l4sf nflu oy]i6 5 . d]/f]
s[kfn] ldNg] o; nf]s / k/nf]ssf xh"/åf/f /lrt ;a}
k|sf/sf ;DklQ cyjf P]Zjo{ o; a|fÅd0fnfO{ o; Ps
d'7\7L rfdnaf6 g} k|fKt x'g uPsf] 5 .
;'bfdf s]xL ;do;Dd ToxfF /x] . eujfg\n] cfÇgL
/fgLx¿;lxt pgsf] 7"nf] ;]jf ug'{eof] . >Ls[i0fldngsf]
ct'n ;'v ef]u]/ ;'bfdf eujfg\sf] cf1f lnP/ 3/lt/
lxF8] . >Ls[i0fdxf/fhn] pgnfO{ s]xL wg klg lbg'ePg g
;'bfdfn] g} pxfF;Fu s]xL dfu] . pgL t >Ls[i0fsf] bz{g
kfP/ k/d cfgGbdf ljno ePsf lyP . t/ :qLsf] egfO
dfg]/ pgnfO{ cfpg k/]sf] x'gfn] pgL o; s[k0ftfdfly
a8f] nlHht eO/x]sf lyP . dgdg} ;'bfdf ;f]lr/x]sf
lyP— ‘>Lxl/sf] r/0fsf] ;]jfn] dg'ionfO{ :ju{, df]If,
o; nf]ssf] dxfg\ ;DklQ / ;a} k|sf/sf l;l4x¿ k|fKt
x'G5g\ . tyflk k/d s[kfn' eujfg\n] ‘of] lgw{g a|fÅd0f
wg kfP/ cToGt ulj{t eP/ d]/f] :d/0f ub}{g eg]/ dnfO{
wg lbg'ePg .’
oxL t eQmsf] efjgf xf], hf] wg gldNgfn] eujfg\nfO{
ufnL ub{5, pm t wgsf] eQm xf] . eujfg\nfO{ t o:tf
dflg;x¿n] wgsf] ;fwg agfpg rfx]sf 5g\ . hut\sf
dflg;x¿n] Psk6s ;'bfdfsf] Xbolt/ cfFvf p7fP/ x]g'{
cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ho u'?b]j ¤
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
u'?eQm afns pkdGo'
dxlif{ cfofbwf}Do cfÇgf] ljBf, tk:of / ljlrq
pbf/tfsf nflu cToGt k|l;4 x'g'x'GYof] . aflx/L¿kdf
cfÇgf lziox¿k|lt cToGt} s7f]/ b]lvP klg leqL¿kdf
lziox¿k|lt pxfFsf] ckf/ :g]x lyof] . pxfF cfÇgf
lziox¿nfO{ cToGt} ;'of]Uo agfpg rfxg'x'GYof] .
To;}n] 1fgsf ;Rrf lh1f;'x¿ dxlif{sxfF >4fk"j{s
/xGy] . dxlif{sf lziox¿dWo] Ps afnssf] gfd pkdGo'
lyof] . u'?n] pkdGo'nfO{ cfÇgf] ufO{ r/fpg] sfd lbP/
/fVg'ePsf] lyof] . pgL lbgel/ jgdf ufO{ r/fP/
;fF´ cf>ddf kmls{Gy] . Pslbg u'?n] ;f]Wg'eof]— …k'q,
cfhef]ln ef]hg s] u5f}{ <Ú
gd|tfk"j{s pkdGo'n] eg]— …eujg\ ¤ d}n] leIff
dfu]/ sfd rnfpF5' .Ú
dxlif{n] eg]— …jT; ¤ a|Ådrf/Ln] o;k|sf/ leIffsf]
cGg vfg x'Fb}g . leIff dfu]/ h] k|fKt x'G5, To;nfO{
u'?sf] ;fd' /flvlbg'kb{5 . To;af6 u'?n] olb s]xL
lbg'eof] eg] To;nfO{ u|x0f ug'{kb{5 .Ú
pkdGo'n] dxlif{sf] cf1fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/] . pgn]
leIff dfu]/ h] hlt k|fKt x'G5 To;nfO{ u'?sf] ;fd'
NofP/ /flvlbGy] . u'?b]jn] t lziosf] >4fnfO{ b[9
agfpg'kg]{ lyof] . u'?n] leIffsf] ;a} cGgnfO{ cfkm";Fu
/fVg'xG' Yof] . To;af6 s]xL klg pkdGo'nfO{ lbg'xG' gYof] .
s]xL lbgkl5 u'?b]jn] ;f]Wg'eof]— …pkdGo', ltdL lxhf]cfh
s] vfG5f} <Ú ta pkdGo'n] eg] …d Psk6ssf] leIffsf]
cGg u'?b]jnfO{ r9fP/ csf]{k6s cfÇgf] nflu leIff
dfUb5' .Ú dxlif{n] eGg'eof]— …b'O{k6s leIff dfUg' t
wd{sf] lj?4 5 . o;af6 u[x:yx¿dfly clws ef/
kb{5 / b'O{k6s leIff dfUg]x¿nfO{ ;+sf]r klg x'G5 .
ca ltdLn] b'O{k6s leIff dfUg] sfd aGb u/ .Ú
pkdGo'n] eg]— …hf] cf1f ¤Ú pgn] b'O{k6s leIff
dfUg 5fl8lbP . s]xL lbgkl5 dxlif{n] km]l/ ;f]Wbf
pkdGo'n] cfkm"n] ufO{sf] b"w lkpg] u/]sf] atfP .
dxlif{n] eGg'eof]— …of] t 7Ls ePg . ufO{ h;sf]
xf], b"w klg p;}sf] x'G5 . dnfO{ g;f]wL ltdLn] ufO{sf]
b"w lkpg' x'Fb}g .Ú
pkdGo'n] b"w lkpg klg 5f]l8lbP . s]xL lbg
lat]kl5 u'?b]jn] ;f]Wg'eof]— …pkdGo', ltdL b'O{k6s
leIff klg dfUb}gf} / ufO{sf] b"w klg lkpFb}gf} eg] s]
elQm ljz]if
vfG5f} < ltd|f] z/L/ t pkjf; ug]{sf] h:tf] b'a{n
b]lvFb}g .Ú
pkdGo'n] eg]— …eujg\ ¤ d afR5fx¿sf] d'vaf6
lg:s]sf] lkmFh lkP/ afFlr/x]sf] 5' .Ú
dxlif{n] eg]— …afR5fx¿ w]/} bofn' x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿n] cfkm" ef]sf] /x]/ klg ltd|f] nflu lkmFh lgsfNg
;S5g\, ltd|f] of] j[lQ klg plrt 5}g .Ú
ca eg] pkdGo'n] pkjf; z'? ug{ nfu] . lbgel/
s]xL klg gvfP/ ufO{x¿ r/fpFb} pgn] jg–jg
hfg'kb{Yof] . cGtdf ha ef]s c;Åo eof] ta pgn]
cfFssf] kft vfP . ljiffn' kft vfFbf pgsf] z/L/df ljif
km}lng uof] . pgL cGwf eP . ca s]jn ufO{ lxF8s
] f] zAb
;'g]/ g} pgL ufO{x¿sf] kl5 nflu/x]sf lyP . af6f]df
Pp6f kfgL ;'s]sf] Ogf/ lyof] . pkdGo' ToxLF v;] .
dxlif{nfO{ lrGtf nfUof] . pxfFn] ;f]Rg yfNg'eof]— …d}n]
Tof] ;f]´f] afnssf] ef]hg ;a} k|sf/n] aGb ul/lbPF .
si6 kfpFbf kfpFbf b'MvL eP/ Tof] t efUof] ls ¤Ú dxlif{
pgnfO{ vf]Hg hËndf lgSn] . pgn] nuftf/ k'sfg{
nfu]— …k'q pkdGo' ¤ ltdL sxfF 5f} <Ú
pkdGo'n] Ogf/leqaf6 hjfkm lbP— …eujg\ ¤ d
Ogf/df v;]sf] 5' .Ú dxlif{ ;dLk cfpg'eof] / ;a} s'/f
;'g]/ CUj]bsf] dGqaf6 pgnfO{ clZjgLs'df/sf] :t'lt
ug]{ cf1f lbg'eof] . pkdGo'n] ;:j/ >4fk"j{s :t'lt u/]
kl5 b]jtfx¿sf j}B clZjgLs'df/ To; Ogf/df k|s6
x'g'eof] . pxfFx¿n] pkdGo'sf] cfFvf 7Ls kfl/lbg'eof] /
pgnfO{ k|;fbsf] ¿kdf k'jf vfg lbg'eof] . t/ pkdGo'n]
u'?b]jnfO{ ck{0f gu/Lsg Tof] k'jf vfg dfg]gg\ .
clZjgLs'df/n] ;D´fpFb} eGg'eof]— …;+sf]r gu/ . ltd|f
u'?n] klg cfÇgf u'?nfO{ clk{t gu/Lsg} xfdLn] lbPsf]
k'jf k|;fb dfg]/ vfg'ePsf] lyof] .Ú
pkdGo'n] eg]— …pxfF d]/f u'? x'g'x'G5, pxfFn]
h] ug'{eP klg pxfFsf] cf1fnfO{ d 6fNg ;lStg .Ú
o;k|sf/sf] u'?elQmaf6 k|;Gg eP/ clZjgLs'df/n]
pgnfO{ ;a} ljBf gk9L k|fKt x'g] cfzLjf{b lbg'eof] .
ha pkdGo' Ogf/af6 aflx/ lg:s], dxlif{ cfof]bwf}Don]
cfÇgf] lk|o lziosf] ¿kdf :jLsfb}{ pgnfO{ cfÇgf]
Xbodf 6fF:g'eof] .
ho u'?b]j ¤
13
;a}df elQm 5 t/ u'?df 5}g eg] To; elQmnfO{
k"0f{ elQm dfGg ;lsGg lsgls u'?sf]
elQmlagf xfdLnfO{ hlt;'s} 1fg k|fKt eP
klg Tof] ;fu/sf] kfgL vfP h:t} g'lgnf]
g} x'G5 . u'? elQmaf6 ;fu/sf] kfgLsf]
g'lgnf]kgf x6]/ To;sf] :jfb cToGt lgd{n
/ :jflbnf] x'G5 . ;+;f/sf] cGwsf/af6
pHofnf]tkm{ nfg] elQmdf ;jf]{Ts[i6 eP/
;+ ; f/df cdL6 5fk / k| e fj 5f] 8 \ g ]
eQmx¿nfO{ s]nfpg' kbf{ dL/f, afns w|'j,
k|Nxfbh:tf zLif{:y JolQmTjx¿sf] gfd
xfd|f] dfg;k6naf6 slxNo} klg x6\b}g .
pgLx¿sf] elQmsf] r/df]Tsif{n] ubf{ g} cfh
xfdLnfO{ klg u'?elQmlt/ nfUg] k|]/0ff k|fKt
eO/xsf] 5 .
u'?df elQm ePsf] JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg s'/f
c;fWo x'Fb}g . u'?elQmdf ;dlk{t JolQmsf] nflu h]
klg ;Dej x'G5 . h;df u'?k|ltsf] elQmefj a9L
5 p;sf] t :d/0f dfqn] klg xfd|f sNdif x6]/
hfG5g\ egL zf:qn] eg]sf] kfOG5 . clxn] hlt
klg ;Gt, dxfk'?if, 1fgLx¿ xfdLn] ;+;f/df b]V5f}F,
pxfFx¿ ;a} o; l:ylt;Dd p7\g ;Sg'df pxfFx¿sf]
u'?elQm xf] . u'?elQmaf6 g} :jfdL ljj]sfgGb, :jfdL
/fdtLy{, :jfdL of]ufgGbhLx¿ cf–cfÇgf] JolQmTjsf]
r/dr'nLdf k'Ug ;kmn eP . u'?sf] elQm t ;fIfft\
gf/fo0fsf cjtf/ eujfg\ /fd / eujfg\ s[i0fn]
klg ug'{eof] / u'?sf] lzIff bLIffaf6 pxfFx¿n] klg
;+;f/df cfkm"nfO{ u'? lzio k/Dk/fsf] cu|0fL agfpg
;kmn x'g'eof] . ;fIfft\ k/dfTdf eujfg\ s[i0fn]
14
cfÇgf u'? ;fGbLkgsf] ;xro{df a;]/ cfkm"df l;l4,
zlQm / rft'o{tfsf] e08f/ g} eg'{eof] .
kf}/fl0fssfnsf sltko sfnv08x¿ u'?sf]
elQmn] cf]tk|f]t 5g\ . u'?sf] elQmlagfsf] Tolta]nf
sNkgf klg x'bF g} lyof] . u'?sf] O{Zff/fdf g} Tolta]nfsf]
/fhkf6 rNbYof] . /fhfsf] u'?dflysf] elQm, k|hfsf]
u'?dflysf] elQm, ;f/f ;}lgsx¿sf] u'?k|ltsf]
elQmn] ubf{ g} Tolta]nfsf] /fhkf6 clxn]sf] h:tf]
cJojl:yt / dgk/L x'Fb}g lyof] . u'?sf] 8/n] ubf{
klg Tolta]nfsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
sdL–sdhf]/L x'g kfpFb}g lyof] . u'? g} ;j]{;jf{
x'gfn] ;f/f zf;g Joj:yf ;'b[9, Jojl:yt lyof] .
:jfy{sf] n]z dfq klg x'Fb}g lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf
u'?sf] cfzLjf{bn] ubf{ pGglt, k|ult, x'GYof] . n8fOF
klg u'? cf1fcg';f/ x'GYof] / u'?sf] cf1fljk/Ltsf]
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
s'/fx¿n] s'g} ;kmntf gkfPsf] b[i6fGt xfdLn]
k9L–;'gL cfPs} 5f}F .
t/ jt{dfg cj:yf a8f] gfh's 5 . u'?k|ltsf]
elQmsf] Go"gtfn] ubf{ ;a} If]q rf}k6h:t} d[tk|foM
eO/x]sf] 5 . Psfw ;+3, ;+:yf / JolQmaf6 dfq
u'?elQmsf] avfg ug]{, dflg;nfO{ u'?lt/ 8f]¥ofpg]
ubf{ ck]lIft nfe klg k|fKt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
clncln u'?elQmsf] cj:yf b]lvP klg clwsf+zdf
t ef}ltstfnfO{ /;f:jfbg ug]{ clenfiffn] dfq u'?df
elQm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . afÅo Jojxf/n] u'?elQmnfO{
cfFSg ;lsGg . afÅo Jojxf/x¿, u'?sf] cufl8
;'lsnf, km/fl;nf eP/ hfFb}df klg u'?elQmsf] ;Ldf
tf]Sg ;lsGg . o;sf] ;Ldf tf]Sg], s;df slt
u'?elQm 5 eGg] s'/f efjgfsf] s'/f xf] . efjgfdf
g} u'?sf] elQmsf] v]tLn] km:6fpg] df}sf kfpF5 / o;}
v]tLdf u'?sf cfzLjf{bx¿n] df}nfpg] df}sf kfpF5g\ .
s]jn aflx/L¿kdf u'?eQm aGg] gf6s ug'{ cfkm"n]
cfkm}nfO{ wf]sf lbg' xf] . jf:tjdf ha xfd|f] dg
OdfGbf/Lk"j{s u'?sf] r/0fdf nfUb5, u'? g} clGtd
;To xf] / pxfFdf ;dlk{t ePdf dfq xfd|f] jf:tljs
p4f/ ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/f xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'g ;s]df
xfdLdf u'¿k|ltsf] z'4 elQm b]lvg yfN5 . oxL z'4
elQmdf g} xfd|f] ;j{q pGglt k|ult /xG5 . xfd|f]
ljklQ t Tolta]nf x'G5 ha xfdLn] u'?sf] ;'ld/0f
ub}{gf}, pxfFsf] ehg ub}{gf}F . >L/fdrl/tdf;df
elgPsf] 5—
sx xg'd+t ljklt k|e' ;f]O{
ha tj ;'ld/0f ehg g xf]O{ .
xfdLdf ljklQn] Tolta]nf dfq 3]b{5 ha xfdL
u'?sf] :d/0f, ehg / ;'ld/0f ub}{gf}F . olb x/]s If0f
pxFsf] :d/0f / ;'ld/0f eof] eg] xfd|f] k|To]s If0f
;Dkbfk|bfos x'G5 .
u'?sf] elQmsf] k/fsfi7fsf] Pp6f HjnGt
pbfx/0f x]/f}F . PsnJon] b|f]0ffrfo{nfO{ dgdg} u'?
dfg]sf lyP . lgiffb/fh lx/0owg'sf k'q PsnJodf
u'?k|ltsf] 7"nf] elQm lyof] . u'?n] pgnfO{ wg'lj{Bf
l;sfpg g;lsg] atfpg'x'Fbf klg pgn] df6f]sf]
elQm ljz]if
u'?d"lt{ agfP/ To;sf] cufl8 g} wg'lj{Bfsf] cEof;
uy]{ . ;fFrf] ¿kdf u'?k|lt >4f, ljZjf; / ;dlk{t
eP/ wg'lj{Bfdf cEo:t /xgfn] pgL Pslbg dxfg\
wg'w{/ eP . u'?k|ltsf] b[9 lgZro / elQmn] ubf{ g}
pgL o;df ;kmn x'g k'u] .
pgsf] u'?elQm dfq} olt lyPg . u'?k|ltsf]
pgsf] k"0f{ ;dk{0f efj Tolta]nf dfq b]lvof] ha
u'?n] pgL;Fu bflxg] xftsf] a"9L cf}Fnf u'? blIf0ffsf]
¿kdf lng rfxg'eof] . bflxg] xftsf] a"9L cf}Fnflagf
t pgL wg' rnfpg g;Sg] x'g] s'/fnfO{ hfg]/ klg
pgn] ;xif{ u'?nfO{ cf}Fnf sf6]/ bfg lbP . u'?k|ltsf]
pgsf] eJo Tofu / elQmn] ;Gt / eQmx¿ klg
pgsf] ozf]ufg ufpF5g\ .
xfdLn] klg PsnJon] h:t} u'?k|lt elQm, Tofu,
;dk{0f efj /fVg ;Sof}F eg] Pslbg xfd|f] klg
ozf]ufg b'lgofFn] ufpg]5 . To;}n] cfh}b]lv u'?k|lt
elQm hufcf}F / PsnUJo h:t} pRrtflt/ k'Uff}F .
15
…ehgÚ jf …sLt{gÚsf] pNn]v lxGb' / l;v wd{df kfOG5 .
elQmefjsf ;fy ehg ufpg], cfÇgf cf/fWob]jsf] :t'lt ug]{ / pxfFnfO{
l/´fpg], dgfpg] ljlw g} ehg xf] . ehgsf] d"n pb\ej ;fdj]bsf
Crfx¿df b]lvG5 . oL Crfx¿ ;+:s[t Znf]saf6 cnu 5g\ . oL
ehgx¿ ufpg] cfÇg} z}nL 5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ehg zf:qLo
;ËLt;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] kfOG5 . …w|k' b z}nLÚdf ehg ufogsf] Pp6f
nfdf] k/Dk/f /x]sf] kfOG5 . ehgdf eQm ;d"xn] ;Gt, b]jLb]jtfsf]
lj:t[t syfnfO{ ;+lIfKt ¿kdf ufP/ ;'gfOG5 .
h'g ;+uLt sfgnfO{ lk|o nfUg] x'G5, ljz'4 ¿kdf cfWoflTds 5,
h;df eQmsf >4]o eujfg\sf] u'0fufg ePsf] 5 o:tf] kfjg ;+uLt
g} ehg xf] . ehg cfTd lgj]bgsf] Pp6f k|sf/ xf] . eujfg\k|lt
cfÇgf] k|]dnfO{ JoQm ug]{ Pp6f o:tf] dfWod xf] h;df cfTdfsf]
k/dfTdf;Fu ldngsf] ;bfzotf /flvG5 . ehg cf/fWob]jsf] :t'lt
ug]{ z}nL xf] h;df b]jtfx¿sf] hLjgsf syfx¿nfO{ ufP/ tyf
pxfFx¿sf] hLjgaf6 k|fKt x'g] pkb]zx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t' agfOP/
;a}nfO{ ehgdfkm{t atfOG5 . t'n;L, ;"/, dL/f, saL/f cflb dWoo'uLg
sfnsf sljx¿n] cg]s ehg n]v] h'g cfh klg plQs} lk|o 5g\ .
eQm sljx¿ /fd|f ;dfh ;'wf/s klg l;4 ePsf 5g\ . ;dfhnfO{
kl/jt{g ug{ gjr]tgf hufpg] sfo{ eQm sljx¿n] cfÇgf] ehgsf]
dfWodaf6 cToGt} /fd|f;] uF u/]sf 5g\ . cfhef]ln ehg …tgfj d'lQmÚsf]
Pp6f ;zQm dfWod ag]sf] 5 . ehgn] cg'kd dfgl;s zflGt lbG5 .
ehgsf] zAb, tfg, To;sf] u]o z}nL / k'g/fj[lQn] xfdLnfO{ Pp6f
o:tf] cg'e"lt lbG5 h;n] xfdLnfO{ …zfZjt\ nf]sÚdf n}hfG5, ;a}
nf}lss aGwgx¿af6 d'Qm u/]/ cs}{ nf]sdf lnP/ hfG5 hxfF JolQm
lge{o / d'Qm x'g hfG5 .
16
tgfj
d'lQmsf]
;zQm
dfWod
elQm ;+uLt
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
za/Lsf] elQm
q]tfo'usf] ;do lyof] . j0ff{>d wd{sf] k"0f{ k|lti7f
lyof] . jgdf :yfg–:yfgdf Clifx¿sf kljq cf>d ag]sf
lyP . tkf]wg Clifx¿sf] o1w"daf6 ;j{q cfR5flbt
jftfj/0f x'GYof] eg] j]bWjlgn] cfsfz d'vl/t x'GYof] .
o:tf] ;dodf b08sf/0odf klt–k'qljxLg elQm / >4fn]
;DkGg za/L gfds Pp6L j[4f leNngL a:blyg\ .
za/Ln] Pslbg dtË Clifsf] bz{g ul/g\ . ;Tbz{gn]
pgnfO{ k/d xif{ eof] / pgn] ljrf/ ul/g\ ls olb
dnfO{ o:tf dxfTdfx¿sf] ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePdf
d]/f] sNof0fdf s'g} cfZro{ x'g] 5}g . o:tf] ;f]r]/
pgn] Clifx¿sf] cf>daf6 s]xL k/ cfÇgf] ;fgf] s'6L
agfOg\ / sGbd"n / kmnaf6 cfÇgf] ef]s zfGt ub}{
cfkm"nfO{ gLr dfg]/ ck|s6 ¿kn] Clifx¿sf] ;]jf ug{
nflug\ . h'g af6f] eP/ Clifx¿ :gfg ug{ hfg'x'GYof]
To; 7fpFdf pgn] laxfg ;a]/} s'rf] nufP/ ;kmf ;'U3/
u/]/ /fVblyg\ h;af6 pQm :yfgdf ;–;fgf 9'Ëf jf
sfF8f /xg kfpFb}gy] . o;sf cnfjf pgL cf>dsf]
glhs k|ftMsfndf g} ;'Vvf bfp/fsf] y'k|f] nufpFlyg\ .
htftt} 9'Ëf / sfF8fn] o'Qm af6f]nfO{ Psbd} ;kmf /
elQm ljz]if
:jR5 ePsf] b]v]/ Clifx¿nfO{ 7"nf] cfZro{ eof] /
pxfFx¿n] cfÇgf lziox¿nfO{ k|ltlbg o;k|sf/n] ;kmf
ug]{ sf] /x]5 egL kQf nufpg cx|fpg'eof] . cf1fsf/L
lziox¿n] /flt kfnf] a;]/ lrof] ug{ yfn] . Pslbg
/ftsf] kl5Nnf] kx/df za/L bfp/fsf] ef/L la;fO/x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;dfltOg\ . pgL Psbd} 8/fOg\ . lziou0fn]
pgnfO{ lnP/ dtË d'lgsf 5]p k'u] / pgLx¿n] d'lgnfO{
eg], ædxf/fh ¤ k|ltlbg af6f] ;kmf ug]{ / bfp/fsf] ef/L
/fv]/ hfg] rf]/nfO{ cfh xfdLn] ;dfTof}F . of] leNngLn]
g} k|ltlbg o:tf] sfo{ ub{l5g\ .Æ lziox¿sf] s'/f ;'g]/
eoeLt leNngLnfO{ d'lgn] ;f]Wg'eof], æltdL sf] xf} /
lsg ;w}F af6f] ;kmf u5f}{ <Æ elQmdtL za/Ln] y/y/
sfFKb} cToGt ljgok"j{s k|0ffd u/]/ elgg\, ægfy ¤ d]/f]
gfd za/L xf] . dGbefUon] ubf{ d]/f] hGd gLr s'ndf
x'g uof], d o;} jgdf a:b5' . xh"/x¿h:tf tkf]wg
d'lgx¿sf] bz{gaf6 cfkm"nfO{ kljq ub{5' . cGo s'g}
k|sf/sf] ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ clwsf/ljxLg ;D´]/ d}n]
o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;]jfdf g} dg nufPsL x'F . eujfg\ ¤ d
tkfO{Fsf] ;]jfsf] of]Uo 5}g . s[kfk"j{s d]/f] ck/fw Ifdf
ul/lbg'xf]nf .Æ za/Lsf oL bLg Pj+ oyfy{ jrg ;'g]/
d'lg dtËn] bofjz cfÇgf lziox¿nfO{ cx|fpg'eof],
ælogL w]/} efUojtL l5g\, lognfO{ cf>d aflx/sf] Pp6f
s'6Ldf a:g b]pm / cGgflbsf] plrt Joj:yf u/ .Æ
Clifsf] bofk"0f{ jrg ;'g]/ za/Ln] xft hf]8]/ k|0ffd
u/]/ elgg\, æs[kfgfy ¤ d t sGbd"naf6 g} cfÇgf] k]6
eb{5' . tkfO{Fsf] cGgk|;fb dnfO{ o;sf/0f dg kb{5 ls
o;af6 dnfO{ xh"/sf] jf:tljs s[kf k|fKt x'G5 h;af6
d s[tfy{ x'g]5' . dnfO{ g j}ejsf] OR5f 5, g t dnfO{
of] lg;f/ ;+;f/ g} lk|o nfUb5 . bLgaGwf] ¤ dnfO{ t
xh"/n] o:tf] cfzLjf{b lbg'xf];\ h;af6 d]/f] eujfg\df
k|Llt /xf]; \ .Æ ljgoL >4fn' za/Lsf] o:tf] jrg ;'g/] d'lg
dtËn] s]xL a]/ ljrf/ u/]/ k]|dk"j{s pgnfO{ eGg'eof],
æsNof0fL ¤ ltdL lge{o eP/ oxfF a;]/ eujfg\sf] gfdsf]
hk u/ .Æ Clifsf] s[kfaf6 za/L h6f–lr/–wf/0fL eP/
eujb\ehgdf lgdUg /x]/ cf>ddf /xg nflug\ . t/
cGo Clifx¿nfO{ of] s'/f dg k/]g . pgLx¿n] dtË
ClifnfO{ eg]— ætkfO{Fn] gLr hfltsL :qLnfO{ cf>ddf
17
:yfg lbg'eof], To;}n] xfdL tkfOF{;Fu a;]/ ef]hg ug'{ t
s], af]Ng klg rfxFb}gf}F .Æ elQm tŒjsf dd{1 dtËn]
o:tf zAbk|lt s'g} Wofg lbg'ePg . pxfF o; s'/fnfO{
hfGg'xG' Yof] ls pgLx¿ ;a} e|ddf 5g\, za/Lsf] :j¿ksf]
logLx¿nfO{ s'g} 1fg 5}g, za/L s]jn gLr hfltsL
;fwf/0f :qL dfq xf]Ogg\, pgL t Ps eujb\elQmk/fo0ff
pRr cfTdf x'g\ . pxfFn] lg/Gt/ cfÇgf] pkb]zaf6
za/Lsf] elQmefj c´ a9fpFb} nfg'eof] .
o;k|sf/ eujb\u'0f–:d/0f / ufg ubf{ub}{ w]/} ;do
laTof] . dtË Clifn] z/L/ 5f]8g\ ] OR5f ug'e{ of] . of] yfxf
kfP/ lziox¿nfO{ lgs} si6 x'g uof] . za/L cToGt
Sn]zsf sf/0f ?g s/fpg yflng\ . u'?b]jsf] k/dwfd
x'g' pgsf] nflu lgs} g} c;xgLo x'g uof] . pgn] elgg\,
ægfy ¤ xh"/ PSn} dfq ghfg'xf];\, of] t'R5 elQmgL
klg tkfO{Fsf ;fy hfg tof/ 5] .Æ elQmdtL za/LnfO{
;Dd'v b]v]/ dtË Clifn] eGg'eof], æ;'j|t] ¤ ltdL o;
ljiffbnfO{ 5f]l8b]pm . sf];nlszf]/ eujfg\ >L/fdrGb|
o;a]nf lrqs"6df x'g'x'G5 . pxfF oxfF cjZo} kfNg'x'g]5 .
pxfFnfO{ ltdL log} rd{rIf'åf/f k|ToIf b]Vg ;Sg]5f}, pxfF
;fIfft\ k/dfTdf gf/fo0f x'gx' G' 5 . pxfFsf] bz{gaf6 ltd|f]
sNof0f x'g]5 . eQmjT;n eujfg\ ha ltd|f] cf>ddf
kfNg'x'G5 ta pxfFsf] plrt k|sf/n] cfltYo u/]/ cfÇgf]
hLjgnfO{ ;kmn ug"[{ . ta;Dd ltdLn] >L/fd gfd hk
ub}{ pxfFsf] k|tLIff u/]/ a:g" .Æ
za/LnfO{ o;k|sf/ cfZjf;g lbP/ d'lg lbJonf]s
hfg'eof] . otf za/Ln] >L/fd gfddf o:tf] dg nufOg\
ls pgnfO{ cGo s'/fdf Wofg g} /x]g . za/L sGbd"n /
kmnx¿df cfÇgf] hLjg lgjf{x ug{ nflug\ . lbg laTb} hfg]
qmddf za/Lsf] /fdbz{gsf] nfn;f klg k|an eP/ uof] .
s]xL zAb dfq ;'g] klg pgL bf}8]/ aflx/ cfpFlyg\ / clt
cft'/tfsf ;fy k|To]s j[If, ntf, kq, k'ik / kmnx¿;Fu
/ kz'–kIfL;Fu ;f]Wblyg\— æca >L/fd slt 6f9f x'g' x' G' 5,
oxfF slxn] cfOk'Ug'x'G5 <Æ k|ftMsfn elGyg\ ls eujfg\
cfh ;fF´ cfpg'x'G5 . ;fF´kv km]l/ elGyg\, ef]ln laxfg
t cjZo} kfNg'x'G5 . slxn] leq cfpFlyg\ eg] slxn]
aflx/ . /fdsf] sf]dn >Lr/0fsdndf rf]6 gnfuf];\ eg]/
a/fa/ af6f] ;kmf uly{g\, sfF8f / 9'ËfnfO{ kG5fpFlyg\ .
3/nfO{ lgTo uf]a/–uf]dq" n] lnkkf]t u/L 7Ls /fVblyg\ .
;w}F gofF df6f]–uf]a/sf] rf}sL agfpFblyg\ . slxn]
p7\blyg\, slxn] aflx/ hflGyg\ / ;f]lRyg\ ls eujfg\
aflx/ kfNg'eO;Sof] . jgdf h'g ¿vsf] kmn clws
18
:jflbnf] / dL7f] nfUYof], ToxL g} cfÇgf /fdsf nflu a8f]
rfvn] /fVblyg\ . o;k|sf/ za/L /fhLjnf]rg /fdsf] z'e
bz{gsf] pTs07fn] kfunh:t} eOg\ . j[Ifsf] ;'s]sf] kft
´/]/ cfjfh dfq lg:sFbf klg To; cfjfhnfO{ >L/fdsf]
kbrfk 7fg]/ bf}8lGyg\ . o;k|sf/ cf7} k|x/ pgsf] lrQ
>L/fddf /dfpg nfUof] . t/ /fd cfpg'ePg . Psk6s
d'lgafnsx¿n] eg], æza/L ¤ ltd|f /fd cfpg'ePsf]
5 .Æ km]l/ s] lyof] / < ao/ cflb kmnx¿nfO{ cfFugdf
/fv]/ tnfpaf6 hn lng bf}l8g\ . ToxL a]nf Pshgf
Clif :gfg u/]/ kmls{/xg'ePsf] lyof] . za/Ln] pgnfO{
b]lvgg\ / pgsf] Clif;Fu :kz{ x'g k'Uof] . d'lg clt
g} qm'4 eP . pgn] eg], æs:tL b'i6 /lx5 ¤ hfgLhfgL
xfd|f] ckdfg ulb{/lx5 .Æ za/Ln] cfÇgf] w'gdf Clifsf
s'/f s]xL ;'lggg\ / pgL tnfpdf uOg\ . Clif klg k'gM
:gfgsf nflu pgsf] kl5kl5 uP . Clif ha hndf
k|j]z u/] ta hndf sL/f k¥of] / pgsf] /ª ?lw/h:tf]
x'g uof] . olt x'Fbf klg pgnfO{ of] 1fg ePg ls of]
eujb\elQmk/fo0ff za/Lsf] lt/:sf/sf] kmn xf] . otf
hn lnP/ za/L k'Ug kfPsL lyOgg\ ls eujfg\ >L/fd
æd]/L za/L sxfF 5 <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wb} cfpg'ePsf] b]lvof] .
oBlk cGofGo Clifx¿nfO{ klg of] lgZro lyof] ls
eujfg\ /fd ;j{ky| d pgLx¿s} cf>ddf kbfk{0f ug'x{ G' 5
t/ bLgjT;n eujfg\ >L/fdrGb| klxn] pgLx¿sf]
cf>ddf guO{sg gLr hfltsL za/Lsf] 7]ufgf ;f]Wg
nfUg'eof] . ta cledfgL Clifx¿nfO{ a8f] cfZro{
eof] . za/Lsf] sfgdf klg ;/n Clifafnsx¿åf/f of]
s'/f k¥of] . >L/fdsf] cfÇgf] ;Rrf eQmk|ltsf] cg'u|x
b]v]/ za/LnfO{ h'g ;'v eof], To;sf] sNkgf s;n] ug{
;Sb5 / <
ho u'?b]j ¤
u'?sf] Xbo;“usf] ldng
z/L/ut ¿ksf] u'?;Fusf] ldng s'g} 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og
t/ u'?elQmsf] anaf6 u'?sf] Xbo;Fu ldNg' w]/} 7"nf]
s'/f xf] . hf] ;Tkfq lzio x'G5 p;nfO{ 1ft x'G5 ls
u'?;Fu Xbo ldnfpgfn] dflg; slt lglZrGt x'G5g\ /
slt pGgt x'G5g\ . u'?d'v JolQmn] g} ;d'Ggt x'g kfpF5
cGoyf k'/fgf] ;+:sf/n] dflg;nfO{ dgd'vtflt/ n}hfG5 .
cfÇgf] dgdf h:tf] cfof] To:tf] t sL/f–km6\of+u|fn] klg
ub{5g\ t/ dgaf6 h;n] a|Ådj]Qfx¿;Fu ;DaGw hf]8b\ 5
To;}sf] hLjg ;fy{s x''G5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
Hof]ltif / sfn lg0f{o
Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] ;"Id sfn ljj/0f
cfb/0fLo kf7sj[Gb, ljleGg dlxgfsf ljleGg af/x?df kg]{ sfnx?sf] hfgsf/L tyf ;"Id sfn
lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf ljutsf cª\sx¿df k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] . o; c+sdf Ho]i7 dlxgfdf kg]{ ljleGg
rf/j6f sfnx?sf] klg %–% ldg]6sf] cGt/fnsf] kmnx?nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ x]g{ ;Fu} lbOPsf]
tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' xf]nf .
Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] dx]Gb| sfn
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf] b[li6af6 o; ;dosf]
ljz]if dxŒj 5, o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘u0f]z’ x'g\ .
ctM u0f]zsf] :d/0f u/]/ ofqf k|f/De ug'{kb{5 . b"af]
rkfpg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M z'e sfo{ Pj+ Jofkf/sf
nflu ;j{yf cg's"n 5 . o; sfnsf :jfdL ‘lzj’ x'g\,
sfo{ k|f/De ug'{k"j{ wlgofF vfg' cg's"n /xG5 .
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, ljho sfo{, wg
;+u|x, lsgd]n / z'e sfo{sf nflu of] ;do cg's"n
5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘a|Ådf’ x'g\, kfg vfP/ sfo{
k|f/De ug'{ z'e /xG5 .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/ sfo{sf nflu of]
;dosf] 5gf}6 ljz]if z'e /xG5, o; ;dosL clwi7fqL
‘nIdL’ x'g\, b"w k|;fb vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e
dflgPsf] 5 .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, h'jf, xflg–nfe,
;§f, efUo k/LIff, ldqtf, nfebfos sfo{ cflbsf nflu
of] ;do plrt 5 . o; ;dosf :jfdL ‘sft{jLof{h'{g’
x'g\, bxL vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M efUof]bo, r'gfj, k/LIff
lbg], ;kmntf;DaGwL sfo{, l:y/ sfo{, efUof]bosf nflu
o; ;dosf] 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf :jfdL ‘lji0f'’
x'g\, rfdn vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ ljz]if z'e dflgPsf]
5.
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, ljjfx, Jofkf/
sfo{, ldqtf, pGglt sfo{ cflbsf nflu o; ;dosf]
5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf clwi7fqf ‘d?t’ x'g\, ltn
vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M pGglt sfo{, ljjfx,
k|0fo, k|]d k|bz{g, nfe sfo{, v]n, ofqf cflbsf nflu
of] ;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf] clwi7ftf ‘sfdb]j’ x'g\,
dx vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ul/of] eg] ljz]if z'e /xG5 .
elQm ljz]if
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg Jofkf/sf]
pGglt, hflu/, ofqf cflbsf nflu o; ;donfO{ 5gf}6
ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 . o; ;dosL clwi7fqL ‘uf}/L’
x'g\, xl/b|f vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, z'e sfo{, s'/f
l5Gg], ljjfx, dfËlns sfo{, Jofkfl/s sfo{, h'jf
cflbsf nflu of] ;do cg's"n / z'e 5 . o; ;dosf
b]jtf ‘rGb|’ x'g\, bxL vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/, ;kmntf, lzIff,
v]n, k|0fo k|;Ë, ljjfx tyf ofqf cflbsf nflu o;
;donfO{ 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘uf}td’
x'g\, kfg rkfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ofqf
Pj+ ;kmntfsf nflu of] ;do ljz]if z'e Pj+ cg's"n
5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘;"o{’ x'g\, ;Vv/ vfP/ ofqf
cyjf sfo{ k|f/De ug'{kb{5 .
Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] cd[t sfn
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf nflu of] ;do z'e
5 . o;sf b]jtf ‘u0fklt’ x'g\, ;Vv/sf] k|of]u u/]/
sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, Jofkf/ k|f/De ug{,
s'g} klg 3/ jf k;nsf] d'x"t{ cflbsf nflu of] z'e
;do xf] . o;sf b]jtf ‘lji0f'’ x'g\, ;Vv/ vfg' z'e
x'G5 .
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg Jofkf/ sfo{sf
nflu of] ;do z'e 5 . o;sf b]jtf ‘g[l;+x’ x'g\,
n8\8'sf] k|of]u u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e x'G5 .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu ;jf{lws
pko'Qm ;do 5 . o; ;dosL clwi7fqL b]jL ‘;/:jtL’
x'g\, d'uLsf] bfgf rafP/ ofqf k|f/De ug'{ z'e
/xG5 .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, Jofkf/, Joj;fosf
nflu ofqf, o1, k"hg, cg'i7fg cflbsf nflu of] ;do
19
20
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
z"Go *M@$–!!M#^
$M@$–^M))
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jqm ^M$*–!)M))
!)M))–!@M@$
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z"Go
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&M#^–(M!@
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!!M#^–!M!@
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&M#^–!)M))
^M))–&M#^lbg
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*M@$–(M!@
(M!@–!)M$*
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cd[t $M@$–^M))
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cd[t (M!@–!@M@$
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!)M#)–!@M)) /fx'
z"Go #M#^–$M@$
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/fx'
zlgaf/
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cd[t ^M))–^M$*
sfn
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cd[t &M#^–!)M))
jqm
cd[t ^M))–^M$*
sfn
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sfn
;"Id sfn ljj]rgf ug'{kbf{— ;j{k|yd s'g af/ xf] / slt ah]sf] ljj]rgf ug'{ 5, To;cg';f/ s'g sfn k/]sf] 5 -dx]Gb|sfn, cd[tsfn, jqmsfn jf z"Gosfn_
Tof] tflnsf x]/]/ kQf nufpg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu @)^^ Ho]i7 #! ut] cfOtaf/ laxfg &M!# ah]sf] ;"Id ljj]rgf u/f}F . cfOtaf/ k|ftM ^M)) b]lv
*M@$ ah];Dd cd[tsfnsf] ;do 5 . xfd|f] ;do cd[tsfndf k/]sf] 5 . ca xfd|f] ;do &M!# af6 xfd|f] sfn z'? ePsf] ;do ^M)) 36fcf}F . afFsL /x\of]
!M!# cyf{t\ ! 306f !# ldg]6 . ca 306f hlt eP klg To;nfO{ 5f]l8lbP/ ldg]6df dfq ljrf/ ug'{xf];\– !# ldg]6 . To;kl5 Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] cd[tsfndf
!# ldg]6 sxfF kb{5 x]g'{xf];\ . ToxfF n]lvPsf] 5— !! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg Jofkf/ sfo{sf nflu of] ;do z'e 5 . o;sf b]jtf ‘g[l;+x’ x'g\, n8\8'sf]
k|of]u u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e x'G5 . ca oxfF n]lvPcg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
dx]Gb|sfn– ;j{>]i7, cd[tsfn– >]i7, jqmsfn– ;fdfGo, z"Gosfn– lgs[i6 . z'esfndf /fx'sfn klg ldl;Psf] 5 eg] Tof] ;do klg cfkm}F cz'e x'G5 .
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f=gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnL -k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh_åf/f /rLt ‘Hof]ltif cf}/ sfn lg0f{o’ k':tsdf cfwfl/t .
cd[t @M$*–#M#^
jqm #M#^–^M))
cd[t
jqm
dx]Gb|
^M$*–!)M))
!)M))–!@M@$
!@M@$–@M$*
@M$*–$M@$
$M@$–^M))
#M))–$M#)
#M))–$M#)
$M@$–^M))
jqm
cd[t #M#^–$M@$
#M))–$M#)
^M))–^M$*/flq z"Go !!M#^–@M$*
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!M!@–#M#^
dx]Gb| ^M))–*M@$/flq jqm
#M#^–$M@$
$M#)–^M))
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jqm
z"Go !!M#^–^M))
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^M))–^M$*lbg z"Go
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@M$*–#M#^
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cd[t !)M))–!!M#^
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/fx'
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cd[t (M!@–!!M#^
&M#)–(M))
&M#^–(M!@
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sfn
jqm
d+unaf/
;do
jqm
sfn
*M@$–!!M#^
;f]daf/
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z"Go
sfn
^M))–*M@$lbg cd[t ^M))–&M#^lbg cd[t ^M))–&M#^lbg
;do
cfOtaf/
cGtu{
/ cfiff9 dlxgfdf_
kg]{ ljleGgkg]
sfnx¿
bf];|f] efu cGtu{bf];t|f] efu
-Ho]
i7t -Ho]/i7cfiff9
dlxgfdf_
{ ljleGg sfnx¿
z'e 5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘lzj’ x'g\, rfdnsf] k|of]u
u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, dxŒjk"0f{ /
pGglt sfo{x¿sf nflu o; ;dosf] 5gf}6 /fd|f] x'G5 .
o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘?b|’ x'g\, sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ cufl8
;Vv/sf] k|of]u z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M k/LIff, r'gfj, cGtjf{tf{
tyf ofqf cflbsf nflu ;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf
clwi7ftf ‘rGb|’ x'g\, bxL vfFbf z'e x'G5 .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, Jofkf/, ofqf
cflbsf nflu ;do pko'Qm 5 . o; ;dosf b]j
‘zlg’ x'g\, ltn vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{
z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M
ofqf, :yfloTj;DaGwL sfo{,
Jofkf/ k|f/De d'x"t{ cflbsf
nflu o; ;dosf] 5gf}6
z'e 5 . o; ;dosL b]jL
‘nIdL’ x'g\, b"w k|;fb
vfP/ u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De
ug'{ z'e x'G5 .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd
M ofqf, Jofkf/, pGglt sfo{
Pj+ ;d:t z'e sfo{sf nflu of]
;do pko'Qm 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j
‘lji0f'’ x'g\, dL7f] ksjfg vfg' z'e dflgPsf]
5.
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M :yfoL sfo{, Jofkf/,
pGglt tyf ofqflbsf nflu z'e ;do 5 . o; ;dosL
clwi7fqL ‘uf}/L’ x'g\, b"af] rkfpg' z'e /xG5 .
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M ljjfx, s'/f l5Gg] cflbsf
nflu k|:yfg, cGtjf{tf{, d'2f dfldnf cflbsf nflu of]
;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘xg'dfg\’ x'g\,
;Vv/ eIf0f u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e x'G5 .
cflbsf nflu of] pko'Qm ;do xf] . o;sf k|wfg b]j
‘z'qmfrfo{’ x'g\ . ksjfg vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e
x'G5 .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/flb sfo{x¿sf
nflu of] z'e ;do 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘u'?’ x'g\,
a];gsf] k|of]u z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/, Joj;fosf nflu
;fdfGo cg's"n . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘rGb|df’ x'g\, bxL
vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu of] ;do
cg's"n 5 . ‘d?t’ o;sf b]j x'g\ . ;Vv/ vfP/ hfFbf
/fd|f] x'G5 .
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M hf;";L,
e]b 1ft ug]{, ;fd'Gg] ePsf]
JolQmnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ cflbsf
nflu of] ;do 7Ls 5 . o;sf
k|wfg b]j ‘jft’ x'g\, rfdn
vfP/ hfg'xf];\ .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M
ldqtf a9fpg, clwsf/ k|fKt
ug{, :yfgfGt/0f cflbsf nflu
of] ;do pko'Qm 5 . o;sf
k|wfg b]j ‘;"o{’ x'g\, hL/fsf] k|of]u
ul/of] eg] ljz]if cg's"n /xG5 .
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M h'jf
v]Ngsf] nflu pko'Qm ;do . o;sf k|wfg b]j
‘j?0f’ x'g\, bxL vfP/ ofqf ug'{xf];\ .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M k|]d k|bz{g, k|0fo cflbsf
nflu o; ;dosf] 5gf}6 7Ls /xG5 . o; ;dosf
k|wfg b]j ‘sfdb]j’ x'g\, dx vfP/ hfg'xf];\ .
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/ cflbsf nflu
ck]Iffs[t 7Ls 5 . k|f/Dedf ljnDa / kl5 l;l4 .
o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘u?8’ x'g\, xl/b|f vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De
ul/of] eg] z'e /xG5 .
Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] jqm sfn
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf nflu s]xL
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M ofqf cflbsf nflu ljz]if afwsf/s t/ cGTodf 7Ls . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘clUg’
cg's"n 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘u0fklt’ x'g\, ;Vv/sf] x'g\, tf]/L rkfP/ sfo{ ubf{ pQd /xG5 .
Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] z"Go sfn
k|of]u z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M afwfsf/s ;do, t/ d'2f
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M k|]d, jfB, h'jf cflbsf]
nflu z'e ;do 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘k'ikwGjf’ x'g\, dfldnf cflbsf nflu z'e . ‘xg'dfg\’nfO{ :d/0f u/]/,
;Vv/, l3p vfP/ hfFbf eg] cg's"n .
dx vfFbf z'e x'G5 .
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf v]Ngsf nflu z'e,
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, bf}8, l;g]df, Jofkf/
o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘sfn’ x'g\, dx vfP/ uOof] eg]
cg's"n .
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M sfo{sf] k|f/Dedf tgfjx¿,
t/ kl5 l:yltdf ;'wf/, k|wfg b]j ‘clUg’sf] :d/0f /
ltn vfg' z'e .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu
Jojwfgk"0f{, t/ ‘uf}/L’nfO{ :d/0f u/]/ / bxL vfP/
sfo{ k|f/De ubf{ s]xL cg's"ntf .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu
cz'e Pj+ tgfjk"0f{, t/ klg ‘u0fklt’nfO{ :d/0f u/]/
/ ;Vv/ vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ul/G5 eg] z'e .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;DdM cg's"n, z'e, ofqflbsf
nflu cg's"n, k|wfg b]jtf ‘a|Ådf’ x'g\, bxL eIf0f
ug'{xf];\ .
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu
cz'e Pj+ afwfsf/s . ‘lxl8Daf’sf] Wofg ug'{xf];\ .
l3psf] eIf0f z'e .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu
;fdfGo cg's"n . k|wfg b]jtf ‘ds/Wjh’sf] :d/0f
ug'{xf];\ tyf tf]/L vfg' z'e .
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{ cyjf
ofqflbsf nflu k|f/Dedf afwfsf/s t/ kl5 z'e .
t/ klg ‘nIdL’nfO{ :d/0f ug'{xf];\ / rfdn rkfpg'
z'e .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, dB, 3f]8f bf}8,
;f}Gbo{ k|;fwg ;fdu|L laqmL, Jofkf/ cflbsf] nflu
cg's"n . k|wfg b]jtf ‘ljZjsdf{’ x'g'x'G5, ;Vv/ /
l3p vfg' z'e .
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu ljk/Lt
;do, z'e sfo{x¿df jlh{t, ‘lrqu'Kt’nfO{ :d/0f
ug'{xf];\ tyf km"n rkfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ul/of] eg] s]xL
cg's"ntf .
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M k|0fo k|;Ë, dBkfg,
h'jf, 3f]8fbf}8 cflbsf nflu cg's"n . ‘z'qmfrfo{’sf]
:d/0f ug'{xf];\ / kmn vfP/ hfg'xf];\ .
ho u'?b]j ¤
tflGqs ;fwgf tflGqs Wofg
dfgj hLjgsf] jf:tljs 1fg
22
ç dl0f kß] x'+
…ç dl0f kß] x'+Ú— of] if8If/L dxfdGqsf] k|d'v
clwi7ftf b]jtf cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/nfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . o;
dxfdGqnfO{ u'0fsf/08Jo"x dxfofg ;"qdf o;/L k|z;+ f
ul/Psf] 5— h;n] o; if8If/L dGqsf] z'4 lrQn]
;w}F hk ub{5 p;nfO{ lgZro g} ;Daf]lw ;fwgf ug{
;Sg] ljBfnfe x'G5, sNof0fsf/L >L;b\u0' f, oz–sLlt{
k|fKt x'G5 . lrGtgaf6 cuf]r/ cg'kd dxfle1 k|fKt
x'G5 . of] dGq ;Dk"0f{ kf/ldtfsf] klg :jfdL ePsf]n]
;a} wf/0fL ;dflw ;'vnfe x'G5 . ;d:t zf:q, ljBfsf]
klg u'? Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ wd{sf] klg clwklt ePsf]n] c;+Vo
df/–lj£gdf ljho k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ;dy{jfg\ ePsf]
OToflb u'0fn] ;+o'Qm ePsf] elgPsf] 5 .
…ç dl0f kß] x'+Úsf rf/ kbx¿sf cf–cfÇg}
dxŒjk"0f{ /x:odo cy{ /x]sf 5g\—
ç— cToGt ljz'4 ;j{u'0f;DkGg c, p, d
lqcIf/ ;+o'Qm eO{ l;4 ePsf] ç cIf/df lq/Tgnf]s
k'0osLlt{ ;Dk"0f{ lqtŒj ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+s]t xf] .
dl0f— s?0ffdosf] k|f0f;dfg cgGtf]ksf/L
;j{bzL{ cGtof{dL h;nfO{ h:tf] cfjZos eof]
k|fKt x'g], lqsfn a'4x¿n] cf>o lbO/x]sf] dxfdl0f
lrGtfdl0f cg'Q/ af]lw/Tg eGg] ;+1f lbOPsf] 5 .
kb\d—
] o;k|sf/sf] cg'Q/ dxf/TgnfO{ cfÇgf] >4f
lgZro¿kL lrQsf] sdnsf] km"ndf ;j{q ;j{bfsfn
;'zf]let¿kdf /fVg of]Uo, pRrsf]l6 ;fdfb/0fLo :yfg
oxL sdnsf] km"ndfly :jfutk"j{s /fv]sf 5g\ .
x'+— cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/sf] lrQ:j¿k h:tf];'s}
dGq l;l4 ug{sf] sf/0fdf klg k|f0fx+;sf] ¿kdf
clwi7fg ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ljleGg /x:ok"0f{ cy{
n's]sf] 5 .
o; if8If/L dGqsf] ;fwgf ug]{ qmddf Ps–Ps
cIf/nfO{ lgDg efjgfaf6 cEof; ub}{ hfg'kg]{ pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5—
‘çsf/’ jLhfIf/af6 jL0ff lnPsf] ;]tf] s?0ffdo
eO{ b]jnf]s p4f/ ug{ hfg'eof] . ToxfF d[To' x'g'eGbf
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
u'? k|Lt
sljtf
Wofg a:5f}F u'? xfdL xh"/s} gfpFdf
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| cfof] xfd|} 3/ ufpFdf .
of]uLx?sf dxfof]uL o; nf]ssf kfngstf{
bLg–b'MvLsf] /Iff ug]{, xh"/ g} ;j{bftf ..
u'?j/ g} xfdLx?nfO{ ;'dfu{df n}hfg]
c1fgnfO{ x6fP/ 1fgsf] Hof]lt 5l/lbg] .
;a} k|f0fLsf] Xbodf af; a;Lsg
cfof} uf]/v lzj?k wf/0f u/Lsg ..
h6fwf/L lglvn]Zj/ u'? uf]/vgfy
xh"/s} cf/tL ufpF5f}F kfFr ah] ;fFem .
hflt wd{ h] ePÚlg ;a} a/fa/
xh"/s} sLlt{ ufpF5f}F xfdL ;bfaf/ ..
xfdL ;fws :jR5 dgn] ltd|} kbdf k5f}F{
;'v–b'Mv x/avt ltd|} gfpF lnG5f}F .
xfd|f OR5f k"/f ul/b]pm x] ¤ k|f0fgfy
ltd|} z/0f k5f}F{ xfdL b]pm xfdLnfO{ ;fy ..
—c~hgf nfld5fg]
8fod08 pRr df=lj=
n]vgfy–&, 8fF8fsf] gfs .
;ft lbgcl3 7"nf] b'Mv x6fpg] pkb]z lbP/ ;dtf1fg
k|fKt u/fO{ p4f/ ug'{eof] .
‘dsf/’ jLhfIf/af6 v8\u 9fn lnO/xg'ePsf]
xl/of] s?0ffdo eO{ b}Tonf]s p4f/ ug{ hfg'eof] .
ToxfF k/:k/ k|xf/sf] b'Mv x6fpg] pkb]z lbg' eO{
s[Tofg'i7fg 1fg k|fKt u/fO{sg d'Qm ug'{eof] .
‘l0fsf/’ jLhfIf/af6 lznfª\ s ' z lk08kfq
lnO/xg'ePsf] kx]nF f] s?0ffdo eO{ d[To'nf]s p4f/ ug{
hfg'eof] . ToxfF lk|o–clk|osf] sf/0fn] lrGtf, cndndf
e'n/] km';b{ gkfO{ ePsf] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g] pkb]z lbP/
;'ljz'4 1fg k|fKt u/fO{ dxfdf]If k7fpg'eof] .
‘ksf/’ jLhfIf/af6 k|1f k':ts lnO/xg'ePsf]
lgnf] s?0ffdo eO{ lto{s\ of]lg p4f/ ug{ hfg'eof] .
ToxfF c1fgn] 5f]k]sf] sf/0f s'/f ug{ g;Sg] b'Mvaf6
d'Qm x'g] pkb]z lbP/ wd{wft' 1fg k|fKt u/fO{ p4f/
ug'{eof] .
‘b\ds
] f/’ jLhfIf/af6 lrGtfdl0f /Tg lnO/xg'ePsf]
/ftf] s?0ffdo eO{ k|]tnf]s p4f/ ug{ hfg'eof] . ToxfF
elQm ljz]if
ef]s, Kof;sf] 7"nf] b'Mv x6fpg] pkb]z lbP/ k|Toj]If0ff
1fg k|fKt u/fO{ p4f/ ug'{eof] .
‘x'+sf/’ jLhfIf/af6 snz / clUg Hjfnf
lnO/xg'ePsf] w"jfF j0f{sf] s?0ffdo eO{ g/snf]s
p4f/ ug'{eof] . ToxfF c;xgLo tftf]–lr;f] eo+s/ b'Mv
zfGt x'g] ;4df]{kb]z lbP/ cfbz{ 1fg k|fKt u/fO{
p4f/ ug'{eof] .
o;/L ;j{u'0f;DkGg if8If/L dxfdGq lgodfg';f/
>4f, lgZrok"j{s lrQ kl/z'4 u/L dxfsf?l0fs
cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/sf] Wofg u/L af]lwlrQ pTkGg u/L
Ps ;ok6s hk u/] sfo, jfs\, lrQsf] kfk gfz
x'G5 . xhf/k6s hk ubf{ st{Jo–e|i6sf] kfk sd{
kl/zfGt x'G5 . Ps nfv hk u/]df ;'d]? kj{t;dfg
kfk eP klg kl/z'4 x'G5 . bz nfv hk ug]{
eQmhgnfO{ slxn] klg gf/sLo b'Mv ef]Ug' kb}{g . olb
b; s/f]8 hk ul/of] eg] lgM;Gb]x g} ;Daf]lw 1fg
k|fKt eO{ cljjlt{s af]]lw;Tj x'G5 egL j0f{g ul/Psf]
5 . —kb\d gf/fo0f
23
w|'js[teujT:t'ltM
w|'j pjfr
of]›GtM k|ljZo dd jfrlddf+ k|;'Ktf+
;+hLjoTolvnzlQmw/M :jwfDgf .
cGpf+Zr x:tr/0f>j0fTjufbLg\
k|f0ffGgdf] eujt] k'?iffo t'Dod\ ..!..
Ps:Tjd]j eujlGgbdfTdzSTof
dfofVoof]?u'0fof dxbfBz]ifd\ .
;[i6jfg'ljZo k'?if:tb;b\u'0f]if'
gfg]j bf?if' ljefj;'jb\ ljefl; ..@..
Tj2Qof jo'go]bdri6 ljZj+
;'Ktk|a'4 Oj gfy euTk|kGgM .
t:ofkjUo{z/0f+ tj kfbd"n+
lj:do{t] s[tljbf sydft{aGwf] ..#..
g"g+ ljd'i6dto:tj dfoof t]
o] Tjf+ejfKooljdf]If0fdGox]tf]M .
cr{lGT sNkst?+ s'0fkf]kef]Uo–
leR5lGt oT:kz{h+ lg/o]›lk g[0ffd\ ..$..
of lgj[{lt:tg'e[tf+ tj kfbkb\d–
Wofgfb\ ejHhgsyf>j0f]g jf :oft\ .
;f a|≈dl0f :jdlxdGolk gfy df e"t
ls+ TjGtsfl;n'lntft\ kttf+ jdfgft\ ..%.
elQm+ d'x'M k|jxtf+ Tjlo d] k|;·f]
e"ofbgGt dxtfddnfzofgfd\ .
o]gf~h;f]Na0fe'?Jo;g+ ejflAw+
g]io] ejb\u'0fsyfd[tkfgdQM ..^..
t] g :d/GToltt/f+ lk|odLz dTo{+
24
o] rfGjbM ;'t;'Xb\u[xljQbfufM .
o] TjAhgfe ejbLokbf/ljGb–
;f}uGWon'AwXbo]if' s[tk|;°fM ..&..
lto{ª\gul≈h;/L;[kb]jb}To–
dTof{lbleM kl/lrt+ ;b;l≈z]ifd\ .
?K+ :ylji7dh t] dxbfBg]s+
gftM k/+ k/d j]lb\d g oq jfbM ..*..
sNkfGt Ptblvn+ h7/]0f u[≈jg\
z]t] k'dfg\ v2ugGt;v:tb°] .
oGgflel;Gw'?xsf~rgnf]skb\d–
ue]{ B'dfg eujt] k|0ftf]›l:d t:d} ..(..
Tj+ lgTod'Qmkl/z'4lja'4 cfTdf
s"6:y cflbk'?if] eujf+:œowLzM .
ob a'4Øjl:yltdvl08tof :j2i6Øf
b|:6f l:ytfjlwdvf] Joltl/Qm cf:;] ..!)..
ol:dg\ lj?4utof] ≈olgz+ ktlGt
ljBfbof] ljljwzQmo cfg'k"Jof{t\ .
tb\ a|≈d ljZjejd]sdgGtdfB–
dfgGbdfqdljsf/dx+ k|kB] ..!!..
;:of››lziff] lx euj+:tj kfbkb\d–
dfzL:tyfg'ehtM k'?iffy{d"t]{M
cKo]jdo{ eujfg\ kl/kflt bLgfg\
jf>]j jT;sdg'u|xsft/f]›:dfg\ ..!@..
Olt >Ld∫fujt dxfk'/f0f] rt'y:{ sGw] gjd]›Wofo]
w|'js[tf eujT:t'ltM ;Dk"0f{ .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
wd{ ljz]
elQm
ljz]ifif
25
wf
ld{s dfGotfcg';f/ ljleGg b]jb]jLx¿, lkt[b]j, uGwj{ cflbnfO{ dgkg]{ kmnkm"n, ldi7fGg cflb r9fpg]
k/Dk/fsf af/]df xfdLn] ;'Gb} / b]Vb} cfPsf 5f}F . o;af6 s] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 eg] xfdLn] dfgL cfPsf
b]jLb]jtfx¿nufot cGonfO{ v'zL kfg]{ s'g} ljz]if ;fdu|L x'G5g\ h;af6 pxfFx¿sf] s[kf, cfzLjf{b k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . o;}k|sf/ xfd|f k/d cf/fWo ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ v'zL t'Nofpg] Pp6f ;xh
dfWod xf] ‘/f]6’sf] ck{0f . /f]6 Ps lsl;dsf] /f]6L xf] . o; k|sf/sf] /f]6L >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfynfO{
cToGt} dgkg]{ lk|o j:t' xf] .]
/f]6 ksfpg] ljlw
cToGt} :jflbi6 / k'li6s/ of] /f]6 agfpg ljz]if ljlw ckgfOG5 . rfdnsf] kL7f]sf cltl/Qm ux'Fsf] kL7f]sf]
klg /f]6 agfpg ;lsG5 . uxF', hf} cyjf rfdnsf] kL7f]df w]/} k|sf/sf ;'s]sf kmnflb, d;nfx¿ ld;fP/ /fd|f];Fu
ljlw k'¥ofP/ d'l5;s]kl5 o;nfO{ ksfOG5 . gl/jn, bfv, cn}FrL, Njfª, ;'s'd]n, 5f]x/f, d/Lr, v'bf], dx, £o",
lrgL, sfh'h:tf k'li6sf/s / anjw{s kbfy{x¿sf] ld>0fx¿ ld;fP/ tof/ kfl/g] /f]6 ljz]iftM b'O{ k|sf/n]
ksfpg ;lsG5 . e'ª\u|f]df ksfOPsf] /f]6nfO{ ‘e'ª\u|] /f]6’ elgG5 / tfjfdf tfl/Psf] /f]6nfO{ ‘tfO{ /f]6’ elgG5 .
u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ r9fpg] /f]6x¿df log} b'O{ k|sf/sf /f]6x¿ a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
kL7f] d'5]/ kftdf /fv]/ w'lgdf ksfOg] /f]6nfO{ e'ª\u|] /f]6 elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] /f]6 cToGt} afSnf] x'G5 .
;fy} of] 7"nf]df gfª\nf] hqf] klg ksfpg ;lsG5 . w'lgdf ksfOg] x'gfn] o;sf] :jfb cToGt} dL7f] x'g] u5{ .
tfjfdf ksfpg] /f]6sf nflu £o"sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . z'4 £o"df ljleGg kmn / d;nf ld;fOPsf kL7f]nfO{
ljz]if cfs[lt lbP/ ksfOG5 . h'g;'s} /f]6 ksfpFbf klg k[YjLsf] cfsf/ lbg], çsf/ :j¿k lbP/ cf/fWob]j
u'? uf]/vgfysf] >Lr/0fsdndf ck{0f ug]{ k|fjwfg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . tfjfdf ksfOg] /f]6 xf];\ of e'ª\u|] /f]6
h'g;'s} eP klg aLrdf gflei6 /fVg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . o; gflei6nfO{ lzjln· klg elgG5 . Tof] gflei6 ljz]if
dGqf]Rrf/0f u/]/ dfq agfOG5 . /f]6sf] s]Gb| cyjf aLrlt/ 5]bg ubf{ klg ljz]if dGqsf] hk u/]/ dfq ul/G5
/ /f]6 ksfpFbf / agfpFbf ljleGg ;+:sf/af6 hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .
26
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
/f]6sf] dxŒj
g]kfn clw/fHonufot ef/tdf klg u'? uf]/vgfysf] d7–dlGb/df ljz]if ltly / af/x¿df pxfFsf] r/0fsdndf
/f]6 ck{0f ug]{ k|rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . u'? uf]/vgfysf] lk|o j:t'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] /f]6 pxfFsf] r/0fsdndf ck{0f
ubf{ pxfF v'zL x'g'eP/ /fi6«df b]lvPsf ljKnj, dxfdf/L, k|fs[lts k|sf]kh:tf ;d:ofx¿ x6]/ hfG5g\ . uf]vf{nL
;]gfn] n8fFOsf] ;dodf u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ /f]6 r9fP/ o'4 cfÇgf] kIfdf kf/]sf] / o'4sf] a]nf s]jn /f]6 dfq
;]jg u/]/ /0fIf]qdf xf]ldg] axfb'/ ;}lgsx¿sf] ;Gbe{ Oltxf;df kfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] s]xL If]qdf afnssf]
cGgk|f;gsf a]nfdf /f]6 ksfP/ v'jfpg] rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;a}sf cf/fWo u'? uf]/vgfysf] cfzLjf{b /
s[kf kfpg cfh–ef]ln 3/–3/af6 klg pxfFsf] >Lr/0fsdndf /f]6 ck{0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . klxn]–klxn]
/fhf–dxf/fhfx¿n] dfq /f]6 agfP/ u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ r9fpg] u/]sf] kfOGYof] eg] k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L >L
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] c;Ld s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{bn] l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb|n] klg uf]/vfl:yt uf]/v u'kmfdf o;} j}zfvdf ;jf nfv /f]6 ck{0fsf] z[ª\vnfnfO{ 5}6f}Fk6s lg/Gt/tf
lbg] ;f}efUo kfPsf] 5 .
/f]6 …dxfk|;fbÚ xf] . ;b\u'?b]jsf] r/0fsdndf clk{t /f]6 vfg kfpg' dfgj hLjgsf] pRr ;f}efUo xf] . h;n]
/f]6 k|;fb u|x0f ub{5 Tof] cfTdf g} wGo x'G5 . Tof] cfTdfsf o'u o'ufGt/sf kfk sd{x¿, bf]ifx¿ gfz x'G5g\
/ Pp6f hLjn] d'lQm k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;hu dfu{ lgdf{0f x'G5 . t;y{, dxfk|;fb /f]6 u|x0f ugf{n] x'g] zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s / cfWoflTds kmfObfx¿ j0f{gftLt 5g\ .
;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf] r/0fsdndf /f]6 ck{0f ug'{ dxfefUo xf] . ha dfgjsf] hGd–
hGdsf] k'0osd{:j¿k p;df ;b\a'l4sf] pbo x'G5 ta dfq pm o:tf] dxfg\ sfo{df ;/Ls aGg ;Sb5 . elgG5
Pp6f /f]6 ck{0f ubf{ Pp6f k[YjL bfg u/] a/fa/sf] k'0o ldNb5 .
o:tf] k'0o cfh{g ug]{ / o:tf] dxfk|;fb u|x0f ug{ kfpg] b'n{e If0f xfdL ;a}n] ut j}zfv @^ ut]b]lv cfufdL
Ho]i7 % ut];Dd !! lbgsf nflu k|fKt ul//x]sf 5f}F ‘/f]6 dxf]T;j @)^^’ dgfpFb} . ho u'?b]j ¤
elQm ljz]if
27
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L >L
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf
nLnfx¿sf] j0f{g u/L
tof/ kfl/Psf] >L
uf]/v dxfk'/f0fnfO{
z[ª\vnfa4¿kdf
k|sflzt ub}{ nluPsf]
5 . o;af6 k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jsf] af/]df
hfGg, a'‰g vf]Hg] ;Dk"0f{
kf7sx¿ nfeflGjt
x'g'x'g]5 eGg]df xfdL
ljZj:t 5f}F . o;
dxfk'/f0fnfO{ ;+sng
Pj+ cg'jfb u/L k|:t't
ul/Psf] xf] . o;;DaGwL
;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿sf]
lhDd]jf/L ;+sns
Pj+ cg'jfbs -lji0f'
vgfn,uf]vf{_ :jo+sf] g}
x'g]5 .
:ju{ gs{sf] dLdf+;f
cf}38gfy eGg'x'G5— u'?b]j ¤ :ju{, gs{, kfk–
k'0o / df]If s] x'g\ < sd{ sxfF /xG5 <
uf]/v u'? eGg'x'G5— afa' cf}38gfy ¤ ltd|f] k|Zg
c1fgtfn] el/Psf] 5 cyf{t\ kfk, k'0o, :ju{, gs{ cflb
s] x'g\ eGg] ltdLn] dfof e|dnfO{ c1fgaf6 slNkt
;D´]/ o:tf] k|Zg ul//x]sf 5f} h'g jf:tjdf 5Fb} 5}g,
:jKgjt\ ljj]rgsf] of]Uo 5 . oL ;a} c1fg:j¿k
x'g\, tfklg tL s'g sd{af6 pTkGg x'G5g\, oL ;a}
hfGgfn] c1fgsf] kQf] nfUb5 . ta To;af6 aRg
;lsG5 . c1fgsf] gfz geO{sg df]If:j¿k a'´fOdf
cfpFb}g . a'´fOdf gcfO{sg To;sf] k|flKt x'Fb}g .
lqmof ugf{n] h'g 1fg x'G5, ToxL sd{ sxnfpF5 .
sd{ klg cfGtl/s / afÅo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
b'j} sd{n] ;"Id efj pTkGg ub{5g\ / To; efjnfO{
cb[i6 elgG5 . cb[i6 klg z'e / cz'e b'O{ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ . z'e efj k'0o:j¿k / cz'e efj kfk:j¿k
28
xf] . k'0o ;'v¿k :ju{ / kfk b'Mv¿k gs{ xf] . ha
cb[i6 kSj x'G5 ta To;sf] kmn ;'v–b'Mv x'G5 .
o; c1fgaf6 d'Qm eP/ cfÇgf] cfB :j¿kdf l6Sg
hfg'sf] gfd g} df]If xf] . kfk–k'0o s'g} :y"n j:t'
xf]Og . :y"nsf] ;DaGwaf6 1fg c1fgsf] sf/0f /fu
å]if;lxt p7]sf] ;"Idefj g} kfk–k'0o xf] . olb of]
efj tLj| ePdf rfF8f] kSj x'G5 / d+b ePdf l9nf]
kSj x'G5 . kSj eP/ ha Tof] kmn lbgsf] nflu
tTk/ x'G5 ta To;}nfO{ k|f/Aw elgG5 h'g kmn
glbO{sg /xg ;Sb}g . kfk sd{ s'g / k'0o sd{
s'g xf] < o;sf] oyfy{ lg0f{o ;xh x'Fb}g . ;fdfGo
¿kaf6 eg] s'g kfk sd{ xf] / s'g k'0o sd{ xf]
hfGg ;lsG5 .
olb kfk–k'0o dfq :y"n sfo{ x'GYof] eg] o:tf]
lg0f{o x'GYof] t/ Tof] t ;"Id efj:j¿k xf] .
o;sf/0f oyfy{ lg0f{o b]z sfnsf] l:ylt, of]Uotf,
;fdYo{;lxt nf]s;Ddlt / zf:q jfSo cGtMs/0fsf]
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
z'4 efjcg';f/ x'G5 . zf:qdf cd's sd{ kfk /
cd's sd{ k'0o eg]sf] 5 . slxn]sfxLF zf:q jfSosf]
lj?4 klg kmnsf] k|flKt x'G5 . b]z sfnljk/Lt zf:q
jfSo u|x0f ug'{ 7"nf] e"n xf] . o;sf/0f cfÇgf] st{Jo,
cst{Josf] lg0f{o ug{df bL3{b[li6af6 sfd lng'k5{ .
ljåfg\x¿sf] b[li6df h'g ;Hhg ;lD´OG5 / Jojxf/
b]zsfn / zf:qcg';f/ ul/G5 ltg} dflg;x¿sf]
;Ddlt g} nf]s ;Ddlt / z'4 cGtMs/0f xf] . o;
k|sf/ tLg} s'/fx¿sf] 7Ls–7Ls ldnfg ugf{n] ;xL
lg0f{o ;Dej 5 . h:tf] zf:qn] cf1f lbPsf] 5—
dftf–lktf / u'?sf] ;]jf ug"{ . pxfFx¿sf] cf1fsf]
pNnª\3g ugf{n] eoÍ/ kfk nfUb5 . t/ w|'j, k|Ånfb
/ /fhf anL qmd}n] oL tLg}sf] cf1f pNnª\3g u/]
t/ klg nf]s tyf zf:qn] tL dflg;x¿nfO{ b"lift
kfkL eGb}gg\ . o:tf] cf1fsf] eË ugf{n] oL dflg;nfO{
bf]ifsf] :yfgdf ljz]if kmnsf] k|flKt eof], h:tf]
dftfsf] cf1f eË u/]/ w|'jn] tk:of u/], lktfsf]
cf1f eË u/]/ k|Ånfbn] elQm u/] / /fhf anLn]
u'? cf1fsf] pNnª\3g u/]/ bfg lbg] k|lt1f k"/f
u/] . ;a}eGbf w]/} k'0o ugf{n] OGb|nf]s -:ju{_ sf]
;'v k|fKt x'G5 . OGb|nfO{ w]/} ;'v k|fKt x'G5 lsgls
pgL :ju{nf]ssf /fhf x'g\ . olt ;'v eP/ klg pgL
b'Mvaf6 d'Qm eg] 5}gg\ . w]/} ;'v eP/ klg ;'vsf]
cGTo x'G5 . o;}sf/0f d'd'If'x¿nfO{ -df]Ifsf] OR5f
/fVg]_ OGb|nf]ssf] OR5f x'Fb}g . OGb|sf] ;'v dfofjL
;'v xf] .
cfTd ;'vsf] cufl8 dfofjL ;'v t'R5 / c;To
5 . ha s'g} dxfg\ tk:jLn] tk ub{5, ta OGb|nfO{
cfÇgf] kbaf6 e|i6 x'g] lrGtfn] ;tfpg nfUb5 . Ps
;do Tji6f k'q lqlz/fnfO{ dfgf{n] OGb|nfO{ 7"nf] bf]if
nfUof], ta csf]{ k'q j[qf;'/;Fu OGb|sf] o'4 eof] /
eoÍ/ n8fO{F eof] . b]jtfx¿sf] ann] c;'/x¿sf]
cufl8 sfd lbPg . j[qf;'/n] OGb|nfO{ lgn] / OGb|
j[qf;'/sf] k]6¿kL h]nvfgfdf aGb eP/ eoÍ/
si6 kfpg nfu] . s]xL ;dokl5 j[qf;'/nfO{ xfO{
cfof] . To; df}sfdf OGb| lg:s]/ efu] . ta OGb|
/ b]jtfx¿ ldn]/ lji0f' eujfg\sf] z/0fdf uP /
pgLx¿sf] OR5fcg';f/ j[qf;'/;Fu ;GwL u/] . OGb|nfO{
k/jztfjz ;GwL ug'{k¥of], t/ pgsf] Xbodf sk6
lyof] o;sf/0f ;do cfPkl5 ;GwL eË ug]{ kfk u/]/
cb[i6 ;"Id aLh OGb|df hld/Åof] . Pslbg j[qf;'/
elQm ljz]if
29
;GWof ;do ;d'b| lsgf/fdf 6xln/x]sf lyP . OGb|n]
of]Uo cj;/ b]v]/ jh|dfly ;d'b|sf] lkmFh r9fP/ lji0f'
eujfg\sf] :d/0f u/]/ lji0f' zlQmaf6 To;sf] lz/
sf6]/ n8fP . o; k|sf/sf] sk6 ugf{n] kfksf] cb[i6
h'g ;"Id lyof] Tof] b[9 eof] / kSj eP/ kmn lbgnfO{
k|j[Q eof], ta OGb| 8/fP/ leqleq} hNg nfu] . s'g}
pkfoaf6 klg zflGt gkfP/ pgL ToxfFaf6 efu]/
jgsf] hnfzodf uP/ n's] . ToxfF j?0fsf] k|]/0ffaf6
pgn] cZjd]w o1 u/] . OGb| efu]kl5 OGb|f;g vfnL
lyof], /fhflagf k|hf zflGto'Qm gb]v]/ ;a} b]jtf /
Clifx¿n] ldn]/ /fhf gx'if;Fu OGb| aGgsf] nflu
k|fy{gf u/] . /fhf gx'if z'e cfr/0fjfnf lyP, pgsf]
k'0o kSj eP/ kmn lbg of]Uo ePsf] lyof] . pgn]
b]jtfx¿ / Clifx¿;Fu eg]— d OGb| aGg of]Uo
5}g . sf/0f d lga{n 5' . of] ;'g]/ b]jtf / Clifx¿n]
eg]— xfdL ;a} cfÇgf] t]han klg tkfO{FnfO{ lbG5f}F .
To;af6 tkfO{F alni7 x'g' x'g]5 . o;k|sf/ ;D´fP/
/fhf gx'ifnfO{ b]jtfx¿sf] /fhf OGb| agfOlbP . gx'if
:ju{df /fHo ug{ nfu] . ;a} b]jtf pgsf] b/af/df
xflh/L lbg nfu] . t/ zrL -OGb|f0fL_ pgsf] glhs
uOgg\, gx'ifn] /fh;efdf eg]— x] b]jtf xf] ¤ d
tkfO{Fx¿sf] /fhf x'F, ta d zrL -OGb|f0fL_ sf] klg
dflns ePF o;sf/0f p;nfO{ klg d]/f] cwLg x'g'k5{ .
olt ;'g]/ b]jtfx¿ r'k nfu]/ a;], s;}n] s'g} pQ/
lbPgg\ . ha zrLnfO{ o; s'/fsf] va/ eof] ta
pgn] b]ju'? j[x:kltnfO{ ljgok"j{s elgg\— dxf/fh
gx'if dnfO{ cfÇgL kTgL agfpg rfxG5g\ / tkfO{Fn]
tF kltj|tf /xg]5;\, slxNo} ljwjf x'g] 5}g;\ eg]/
dnfO{ kltj|tf /xg] j/bfg lbg'ePsf] 5 . tkfO{F
cfÇgf] j/bfg ;To ug'{xf];\ / gx'ifaf6 d]/f] /Iff
ug'{xf];\ . j[x:kltn] cfZjf;g lbP/ eg]— b]jL ¤
g8/fp ¤ d ltd|f] /Iff ug]{5' / OGb|nfO{ klg rfF8} g}
af]nfpg] 5' . /fhf gx'ifnfO{ klg of] ;dfrf/ k'Uof] ls
j[x:kltn] zrLnfO{ cfÇgf] glhs cfpgaf6 /f]s]sf
5g\ . oBlk gx'if wdf{Tdf lyof] tfklg P]Zjo{ k|fKt
x'gfn] cledfgsf] bf]ifaf6 pm b"lift x'g uPsf] lyof] .
k|yd p;n] zrL;Fu ;+of]usf] OR5f u¥of], ta b'i6
;"Idefj pTkGg eof] . km]l/ p;sf] OR5fdf lj£g
xfNgfsf] sf/0f j[x:kltsf] lt/:sf/ :y"ntfdf k|fKt
eP/ b'i6fTdf k|fKt ug{ nfUof] . gx'if j[x:klt;Fu
l/;fPsf] b]v]/ b]jtf / Clifx¿n] p;nfO{ /f]Sb}
30
eg]— x] /fhg ¤ tkfO{Fsf] qmf]w cg'lrt 5 . csf{sL
kTgLnfO{ sfdjf;gfn] x]g'{ cg'lrt xf] . zrL kltj|tf
gf/L x'g\ . h;n] kltj|tf gf/LnfO{ e|i6 ug{ rfx]sf]
5 p;n] kflki6 eP/ cfÇgf] abgfd u/]sf] 5 . tkfO{F
wdf{Tdf eP/ o:tf] g;f]Rg'xf];\ . oL jfSoaf6 gx'if
qmf]lwt eP / pgn] eg]— s] uf}td ClifsL kTgL
clxNof OGb|sf nflu k/fO{ lyOgg\ < uf}td lhpFbf] 5Fb}
sk6 u/]/ OGb|n] pgnfO{ e|i6 u/]gg\ < tkfO{Fx¿n]
p;nfO{ lsg /f]Sg' ePg < tkfO{Fx¿ Joy{ d]/f] cj1f
ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . d /fhf x'F, d]/f] ;xfotf ug'{
tkfOF{x¿sf] st{Jo xf] . o:tf] ;'g]/ ;a} b]jtf r'k
eP . tLdWo] Pshgfn] eg]— xfdL zrL sxfF hfG5f}F
/ pgnfO{ ;D´fpg] k|oTg u5f}F{ . o;f] eg]/ b]jtfx¿
j[x:klt;Fu uP/ eg]— x] u'? ¤ xfdLn] gx'ifnfO{ cg]s
k|sf/af6 ;D´fof}F t/ pgL cfÇgf] w'gsf] cufl8 s;}n]
eg]sf] klg ;'Gb}gg\ . ;a}sf] sNof0fsf] nflu tkfO{F
zrLnfO{ g} ;D´fpg'xf];\ ls pgn] gx'ifnfO{ cfÇgf]
klt dfg]/ pgsf] ;fydf ljjfx u¿g\ of tkfO{F s'g}
bf];|f] pkfo ug'{xf];\ . /fhf / k|hfsf] dg ldNgfn] g}
zflGt eO/xG5 . j[x:kltn] b]jtfx¿nfO{ ;D´fP/
zfGt u/] . pgn] zrL sxfF uP/ eg]— x] zrL ¤ tF
gx'if sxfF uP/ s]xL ;do dfu, To; ;do;Dd s'g}
g s'g} lj£g pkl:yt x'G5 . j[x:klt uPkl5 gx'if
ToxfF cfOk'u] . ta zrLn] ljgok"j{s pgL;Fu elgg\—
x] /fhg ¤ d Ps klt 5Fbf5Fb} bf];|f] klt j/0f ug{
;lSbg, o;sf/0f d klxnf OGb|nfO{ vf]H5', olb pxfF
lhpFbf] kfOg eg] tkfO{FsL kTgL ag'Fnf . tkfO{F dnfO{
sDtLdf P3f/ lbgsf] ;do lbg'xf];\ . olb olt lbgdf
klg kQf nfu]g eg] tkfO{FnfO{ d cfÇgf] klt :jLsf/
u¿Fnf . of] s'/f gx'ifn] dfg] . pgn] ;f]r] ls OGb|
a|Åd xTof/f ePsf] 5, ca pgL OGb| /xg ;Qm}gg\ .
olb pgL hLljt eP klg d p;nfO{ dfg]{5' . zrLn]
;+b]xljgflzgL pk>'lt b]jLsf] cf/fwgf ul/g\ ta
b]jLn] k|s6 eP/ zrL;Fu elgg\ ls ltdL xfd|f] ;fy
lxF8 . o;f] eg]/ b]jLn] zrLnfO{ lxdfno kj{tsf] kf/L
pQ/sf]0fdf nlug\ hxfF ;/f]j/sf] aLr åLkdf Pp6f
tnfp lyof] hf] ;o of]hg nDafO{sf] lyof] / To;df
sdn km'ln/x]sf] lyof] . wfuf] ;dfg ;"Id¿k wf/0f
u/]/ OGb| ToxfF /xGy] .
b]jLn] zrLnfO{ OGb| b]vfOlbOg\ / OGb|;Fu elgg\—
tkfO{F ToxfF uP/ gx'ifnfO{ :ju{af6 lgsflnlbg'xf];\ .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
OGb|n] eg]— pm Clifx¿sf] cfx'lt kfP/ w]/} alnof]
ePsf] 5 . of] ;do n8fO{Fsf] xf]Og . d o'4 u/]/
p;nfO{ lhTg ;lSbg . zrLn] dfu]sf] ;do ha ;dfKt
x'g hfG5 t p;n] gx'ifnfO{ eGg'k5{ ls ;a} k|sf/sf]
jfxg d}n] b]]v]F . tkfO{F OGb| x'g'ePsf] 5 o;sf/0f
s'g} cfZro{o'Qm jfxgdf r9]/ dsxfF cfpg'xf];\ ta
d tkfO{FnfO{ cfÇgf] klt agfpFnf . jfxgsf kz'
lbJo¿kwf/L Xi6k'i6 a|Åd1fgL x'g'k5{ cyjf tkfO{F
Clifd'lgx¿sf] sfFwdf /fv]sf] kfNsLdf a;]/ d]/f]
glhs cfpg'xf];\ . olt ;'g]/ zrL / b]jL kms]{/
cfP / OGb|n] eg] cg';f/ zrLn] gx'if;Fu pk/f]Qm
s'/f ul/g\ . gx'ifn] zrLsf] k|fy{gf :jLsf/ u/] /
Clifx¿nfO{ kfNsLdf hf]t]/ To;df a;]/ OGb|f0fLsf]
ghLs uP . kfnsLdf hf]t]sf Clifd'lgx¿df cu:To
d'lg klg lyP . k/dx+; Clifx¿n] ldlxg]tsf] sfo{
slxNo} u/]sf lyPgg\ . pgLx¿ kfNsL af]Sg] h:tf]
sfd s;/L ug{ ;Sy] ¤ km]l/ klg tL zfGt efjn]
kfNsL p7fP/ ;':t–;':t lxF8\g nfu] t/ /fhf gx'ifdf
zrL;Fu e]6\g] cft'/tf k|an lyof] . o;sf/0f p;n]
Clifx¿nfO{ zL3| lxF8\gsf nflu eGof] . Clifx¿
cfÇgf] lx;fan] l56} lxF8]sf lyP t/ gx'ifsf] cft'/tfsf]
sf/0f tL w]/} l9nf] eO/x]sf lyP . p;nfO{ 7"nf] /L;
p7\of] / p;n] cu:To d'lgnfO{ nft df¥of] . cu:To
d'lg zfGt lyP t/ gx'ifsf] qmf]w pgdf k|j]z u¥of]
/ k|ltWjlg ¿k qmf]w pDn]/ cfof] . cu:To d'lgn]
elQm ljz]if
>fk lbP— tF ;k{ eP/ w/tLdf ´/, tFnfO{ bz xhf/
jif{kl5 :ju{ k|fKt x'g]5 . gx'ifsf] kfk ;+:sf/ h'g
:y"ntfdf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] Tof] d'lgnfO{ nft dfgf{n]
bf]ifaf6 k"0f{ eP/ kfSof] / kmn lbgdf k|j[Q eof] .
o;sf/0f /fhf gx'if ;k{ eP/ w/tLdf ´¥of] . OGb|
;fd' ha of] va/ k'Uof] eof] ta pgL hnaf6 lg:s]/
cfÇgf] kbdf cfP/ cf?9 eP .
OGb|n] lqlz/fnfO{ df/]/ h'g kfk u|x0f u/] To;sf]
k'0o k|an ePsf] sf/0f kfk ;"Id efjdf /Åof] . ha
bf];|f]k6s j[qf;'/;Fu o'4sf] nflu pgL uP ta kfksf]
bf]ifsf] sf/0f xf/] . km]l/ 5nåf/f ;GwL ugf{sf] sf/0f
pgsf] kfkdf j[l4 eof] . km]l/ ljZjf;sf] sf/0f clws
j[l4 x'gfn] ;a} kfk kfs]/ kmn lbgnfO{ tTk/ eP /
OGb|nfO{ kfksf] hng x6fpgsf] nflu hndf k|j]z
ug'{k¥of] . /fhf gx'if z'e sd{jfnf lyP . ha pgsf]
k'0o kmn lbgsf] nflu tTk/ eof] ta lga{n eP klg
Clifd'lgx¿sf] zlQmaf6 OGb| eP, oxfF;Dd pgsf]
z'e sd{ lyof] . P]Zjo{ k|fKt x'gfn] kfk ;+:sf/ a9\g
yfNof] . k|yd k/kTgLtkm{ kfkb[li6 km]l/ Clifd'lgnfO{
t'R5 ;D´g', bf];|f] u'? j[x:kltsf] lt/:sf/, t];|f]
Clifd'lgx¿nfO{ kfNsLdf hf]Tg' zf:q lglif4 lyof],
rf}yf] cu:To d'lgnfO{ nft dfg'{, kfksf] 38f k"0f{
el/Psf] sf/0f gx'ifnfO{ ;k{ x'g' k¥of] . qmdzM
ho u'?b]j ¤
31
;b\u'?b]j k|jrgf+z
o; :tDecGtu{t k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0f bQ
>LdfnLHo"n] cfkm\gf]
cjt/0fsfndf ljleGg
;dodf ljleGg ljifodf
lbg'ePsf] k|jrgnfO{
wf/fjflxs¿kdf k|:t't ug]{
qmddf ‘csy sxfgL lk|t
sL’ ljifosf] k|jrgnfO{
cg'jfb u/L k|sfzg
ul/Psf] 5 .
k|]d d]+ s'5 gxL+ tbjL/,
b'v xL b'v lhGbuL d]+ ldnt] x}+ .
—k|]ddf t s]xL klg kfOGg, k|]ddf t b'Mv g} b'Mv
k|fKt x'G5, j]bgf g} j]bgf k|fKt x'G5, lj/x g} lj/x
k|fKt x'G5 . t/ o; lj/xdf klg Pp6f /; x'G5, d:tL
x'G5 . o; b'Mvdf klg Pp6f cfgGb x'G5 lsgls ;w}F
OR5f, cfsf+Iff alg/xG5 ls d cfÇgf] hLjgsf] clGtd
If0fdf g} eP klg cfÇgf] lk|o;Fu ldn"F .
lkj lagf tf] hLj0ff hu d]+ ef/L hfg,
lkof ldn] tf] hLj0ff gxL+ t/ 5"6] k|f0f .
k|]dLlagf t o; ;+;f/df lhpg ;fx|} sl7g ePsf]
5 . ;f; km]g{ klg a8f] ufx|f] ePsf] 5— lkj lagf tf]
hLj0ff hu d]+ ef/L hfg, lkof ldn] tf] hLj0ff gxL+ t/
5"6] k|f0f=== . lk|o;Fu ldNg] s'g} cfzf /xG5 eg] aNn
hLljt /xg'sf] klg ;f/ x'G5 . olb cfzf g} 5}g eg] a?
k|f0f g} 5'6f];\, o; b]xaf6 d'Qm x'g kfpmF . olb ldNg
;lSbg eg] sDtLdf p;sf] glhs t hfg ;s"F=== p;sf]
glhs a:g ;s"F=== p;nfO{ Ps6s x]g{ ;s"F, hLjgsf]
32
cfgGb lng ;s"F . olb lk|o 5}g eg] hLljt /xg] sNkgf
ug{ ;lsGg .
3/L kns d]+ ljbl;o] Hof]+ d5nL lag gL/,
l5g–l5g b'lvof blUwo] lj/x ljyf tg kL/ .
—slt b'Mv 5 ¤
—slt j]bgf 5 ¤
—k|To]s If0f of] b'Mlvof bUw eO/x]sL 5] . x/ If0f
aln/x]sf] cu'N6f]n] z/L/ 8fld/x]sf] h:tf] nflu/x]sf]
5 p;nfO{ . lj/xn] dnfO{ af/Daf/ 8l;/x]sf] 5 . x/]s
k6s dnfO{ nfUb5 o; lj/xn] dnfO{ hnfP/ v/fgL
kfg]{5 .
l5g–l5g b'lvof blUwo] lj/x ljyf tg kL/===
o; z/L/df Pp6f kL8f 5, / To; kL8fsf]] cfgGb
d}n] lnO/x]sL 5'=== 3/L kns d]+ ljbl;o] Hof]+ d5nL
lag gL/=== Ps If0fdf g} of] ;a} df6f]df ldNg]5 .
h;/L kfgLlagf df5f /xg ;Sb}g, To;}u/L d klg
cfÇgf] lk|otdlagf hLjgsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lSbg . s:tf]
lj8Dagf, d h;nfO{ rfxG5', p;nfO{ kfO/x]sL 5}g===
/ olb kfpg ;lsg eg] t d]/f] hLjgsf] s'g} cy{, s'g}
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
p2]Zo klg afFsL /xFb}g .
nfv xf]lzof/ agfs/ vflns, Os dvd"/ agf b]tf x},
clVtof/ft–P hxfF ;f}+k s] ;a s'5, lstgf dha"/ agf
b]tf x} .
bf}nt–P–bb]{ bf] cfnd b]s/, lbn–P–/Gh"/ agf b]tf x},
lkm/ Ogfot ox ls bb{–P–lbn sf] gf;"/ agf b]tf x} .
afnf]+ k/ s/s] ;'ub]{zf]nf,
xdfgtg g"/ agf b]tf x},
bf] a;/ cf+v sf] t]/f hnjf
dtnf–P–g"/ agf b]tf x} .
dnfO{ s]xL klg rflxGg,
t} k lg o; kL8fn] Xbo
l5ofl5of agfOlbof] . h;/L
Xbo l5ofl5of aGg k'Ubf
To;sf] cGtxLg kL8f ;xg'
kb{5, To;} k|sf/ d}n] o;
bb{–P–lbnsf] kL8fnfO{ ;xg'
kl//x]sf] 5 lsgls ha;Dd
p;nfO{ b]lVbg ta;Dd oL cfFvf t b'lv/xG5g\ . ca oL
cfFvfnfO{ d s] u¿F . d cfÇgf] z/L/nfO{ ;D´fpg ;S5',
d cfÇgf] XbonfO{ ;D´fpg ;S5', t/ oL cfFvfnfO{===
b/; lag b"v0f nfu] g}g,
ha ;] t'd la5'8] k|e' df]/], sax" g kfof] r}g .
;ab ;'gt df]/L 5ltof sf+k] dL7] dL7] a}g,
la/x Joyf sf;"+ sx"+ ;hgL, ax uO{ s/jt P]g .
an g k8≥t kn xl/du hf]jt eO{ 5df;L, /}g
dL/f s] k|e' sa /] ldnf]u] b'v d]6g ;''v b]g .
dL/f elg/x]sL l5g\— ltdLnfO{ slxn] e]6\g kfpFnf,
lsgls d]/f] ;f/f z/L/ hNg nflu/x]sf] 5=== cfkm}df
Jofs'n / lj/xn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf] 5 . o:tf] nfU5 d'6'df
s/f}FtL rln/x]sf] 5=== / km]l/ d of] lj/xsf] Joyf
s;nfO{ eg",F s] eg"F / s;n] a'‰nf o;nfO{ < ca hLjgdf
s'g} /; /x]g, s'g} cfgGb afFsL /x]g=== la/lxg k/ lk+h/
l5gf, lkj sf] sf}g ;'gfj] /]=== p;nfO{ s;n] elgb]nf
d]/f] z/L/ ;'s]/ sfF8f ePsf] 5 . s;n] elgb]nf of]
z/L/ s]jn xf8x¿sf] 9fFrf aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
lj/lxg k/ lk+h/ l5gf, lkj sf] sf}g ;'gfj] /],
lag lkj cug hn] lg; af;/ sf}g pGx]+ ;d´fj] /] .
pm t cfÇgf] 7fpFdf a;]sf] 5, p;nfO{ t yfx} 5}g
ls sf]xL p;sf] kvf{Odf a;]sL 5 . To; k|en' fO{ kQ} 5}g
ls sf]xL eQmn] p;sf] k|tLIffdf cfÇgf] z/L/ hnfO/x]sf]
elQm ljz]if
5 . olb s;}nfO{ o; s'/fsf] 1fg 5}g eg] km]l/ d s;nfO{
eg"F, s;n] a'‰nf < of] t o:tf] kf] x'G5—
sfuf ;a tg vfOof] r'g–r'g vfOof] df+;,
bf] g}gf dt vfOof] df]x]+ lkj ldng sL cf; .
olb d d/]F / d]/f] nfz st} ÇofFlsof] eg] x] sfu,
ltdLn] d]/f] df;'nfO{ r'gL–r'gL vfpm . ltdL;Fu k|fy{gf
5=== bf] g}gf dt vfOof]===
ddfly olt bof u/, ;f/f
z/L/nfO{ vfP klg d]/f b'O{
cfFvfnfO{ eg] gvfOb]pm,
d]/f oL b'O{ cfFvfnfO{ eg]
h:tfsf] t:t} /flvb] p m
lsgls dnfO{ cfzf 5 d
d/]kl5 pm cjZo} cfpF5===
d}n] hLljt 5Fb} p;nfO{
b]Vg g;s] klg d[To'kl5
eP klg pm cfpFbf d}n]
b]Vg kfOFg eg] dnfO{ slt
j]bgf x'G5⁄ o;nfO{ ltdLn] a'‰g ;Sb}gf} .
Pp6L lj/xL0fLsf] s:tf] bzf x'G5 < s'g :t/;Dd
uP/ p;n] ;f]Rb5], / dgnfO{ ;D´fpg] w}o{ p;df slt
5 < p;n] egL— d/]df klg s'g} u'gf;f] 5}g .
d}+ v'b sf] ld6f b"+ O; aft sf sf]O{ ONd gxL+,
ONd tf] ox x} ls d]/] ld6g] s] afb tf] t'd cfcf]uL .
dnfO{ yfxf 5, d hLljt 5Fbf ltdL cfpg] 5}gf},
dnfO{ Jofs'n agfpg]5f} . of] t ltd|f] afgL g} xf] . t/
o; s'/fsf] dnfO{ k"/f ljZjf; 5 ls d d/]kl5 eg] ltdL
kSs} cfpg]5f}=== / To;a]nf d}n] ltdLnfO{ x]g{ kfpg]5',
Tolta]nf d]/f] 56\k6L x6\g]5 . qmdzM
ho u'?b]j ¤
dnfO{ b'Mv nfUb5 ltdLx?n] d]/f]
k|jrg ;'Gb5f} dfq . d]/f] k|jrg
t ;'Gg] eGbf u'Gg] xf], Xbodf ptfg]{
xf], cfkm\gf] /utdf Psfsf/ ug]{ xf],
cfkm\gf] JolQmTjdf Ps/; ug]{ xf] .
— k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnLHo"
33
c;n agf}“,
OdfGbf/ agf}“,
;GtltnfO{ lbzf
lgb]{z u/f}“ .
g]kfn ;/sf/
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
;"rgf ljefu
34
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
cf/tLsf] dxŒj
sxfF;Dd 5 eGg] tYoaf6 xfdL k"0f{tM ljd'v /xgfn]
o;af6 k|fKt x'g] oyf]lrt nfe k|fKt ug{af6 klg xfdL
jl~rt g} 5f}F . cf/tLh:tf] kfjg zAbleq n's]/ /x]sf]
u"9td 1fg;fu/nfO{ cWofTd lj1fgsf] ;xof]uaf6
:kz{ ub}{ zg}zg} o;leq 8'Ag ;Sg'df g} dfgj hLjgsf]
;fy{stf n's]sf] x'G5 . cf/tL s]jn lghL{j zAbx¿sf]
;+of]hg dfq geP/ Xbodf cfÇgf] Oi6b]jnfO{ :yfkgf
ug]{ Ps dxfoGq xf], lziosf] cGt/Xboaf6 k|:km'l6t
k'sf/ xf] u'?k|ltsf] . jf:tjdf cft{ zAbaf6 g} cf/tL
zAbsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . cf/tL Ps lziosf] nflu
;Dk"0f{ cf/fwgf xf] . b'O{ rf/j6f zAbx¿nfO{ /l6/xg'
dfq cf/tL x'g ;Sb}g . lziosf] cGt/Xboaf6 lgl:sg]
s?0ffk"0f{ cft{gfb h;n] u'?nfO{ lziosf] df´df
pkl:yt x'g afWo u/fpF5, To:tf] cTo'Qd dxfdGq g}
cf/tL h:tf] kfjg zAbleq n's]/ jf:tjdf cf/tL xf] . ho u'?b]j ¤
dfgj hfltnfO{ pRrtftkm{ cu|;/ /xg k|]l/t
ug]{ ljzfn uugr'DaL lxdfno kj{tx¿sf] sfvdf
cjl:yt kfjge"ld g]kfn, hf] jf:tjdf tk:jL, ;fws,
l;4 dxfTdf Pj+ ;Hhgx¿sf] clt lk|o lqm8f:yln
jf egf}F tkf]:yln xf] . o; e"ldn] k/d 1fgL eujfg\
a'4, g]kfnLx¿sf uj{sf k|ltd"lt{ >L >L dxfof]uL
lzj uf]/Ifgfy, a|Ådf08gfos k/dk"Ho k/dx+;
:jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh -8f= gf/fo0f bQ
>LdfnLHo"_ sf] kfjg r/0f:kz{ ug]{ ;d]t ;f}efUo
k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . of] xfdL ;a}sf] nflu uj{sf] ljifo
xf] . o:tf ch/, cd/, k/d cf/fWo lbJofTdfx¿k|lt
Pj+ cfÇgf Oi6b]jx¿k|lt >4f, ;dk{0f bzf{pg] ljljw
dfWodx¿dWo] cf/tL ufg klg Pp6f xf] . b}jL s[kf,
/x]sf] u"9td 1fg;fu/nfO{ cWofTd lj1fgsf]
;xof]uaf6 :kz{ ub}{ zg}zg} o;leq 8'Ag
;Sg'df g} dfgj hLjgsf] ;fy{stf n's]sf]
x'G5 .
u'? s[kf k|fKt u/L cfÇgf] dfgj rf]nfnfO{ wGo–wGo
agfpgsf] nflu ckgfOg] cGo ljljw dfWodx¿ eP
klg cf/tLnfO{ Pp6f cToGt} ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
cf/tL ug]{ rngsf] af/]df vf]hL k:g] xf] eg] ;To,
q]tf, åfk/ tLg} o'udf / c´} eGg' kbf{ oL tLg} o'usf]
hGdeGbf klg cl3sf] ;dodf klg cf/tL ug]{ k|rng
ljBdfg lyof] . cfÇgf] Oi6b]j, s'nb]j, u'?b]jnfO{
l/´fP/ clei6 kmn k|fKt ug{] cToGt ;/n, ;xh
dfWod cf/tLn] cfÇgf] dgdf u'lD;P/ /x]sf b'Mv,
bb{, zf]s, kL8f, ck"0f{ OR5f, cfsf+Iffnufot s'g} klg
clenfiffx¿ ;DalGwt b]jLb]jtfx¿ jf u'?;Qf;Dd
k'¥ofpgsf] nflu ckgfOg] ljlwjt\ lqmof g} ;du|df
eGg'kbf{ cf/tL xf] .
cf/tLsf] jf:tljs :j¿k / zlQmsf] kx'r
F slt /
elQm ljz]if
l;4f>d
f
y
:
+
;
fg
m cg';Gw sf/L rflxPdf
Q
l
z
s
cfWoflTd aGwL sg' } klg hfg
;| D
zlQm sG] b
M
g'{xf];\
kqfrf/ u
o'lg6
'z ]R5f ;f]n]
e
m s]Gb|
lQ
z
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4
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sf7df8f}F
f,
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kmf]gM rg).n!–p@, [email protected]
ssk.o
35
x:t/]vf lj1fg
cfkm\gf]] xft
cfkm} x]/f}“
o; :tDecGtu{t x:t/]vf lj1fgcg';f/ dflg;sf]
xftdf /x]sf ljleGg kj{tx¿sf] af/]df xfdLn] rrf{
ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F . k|To]s kj{tsf] cfÇg} dxŒj / :jefj
/x]sf] x'G5 h;cg';f/ o; c+sdf rGb| kj{tsf] af/]df
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . of] n]v k9]/ tkfO{F klg cfÇgf] xftdf
/x]sf] xif{n / g]kRo"g kj{tsf] l:yltaf/] cWoog u/L
cfÇgf] :jefjaf/] hfGg ;Sg'xG' 5 . o; :tDesf] af/]df
s'g} k|ltlqmof eP xfdLnfO{ k7fpg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
xif{n
jf:tjdf x]g]{ xf] eg] of] c¿
u|xx¿sf] ck]Iff w]/} anjfg\ Pj+
;dy{ x'G5 . xftdf o;sf] If]q
Xbo tyf dl:tis /]vfsf] aLrdf
x'G5 . ;xL ¿kdf o;sf] If]q sfG5L
cf}Fnfsf] tn, a'w kj{teGbf s]xL
tn cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; u|xsf] k|efj Xbo tyf
dl:tisdfly ljz]if¿kdf kb{5 .
h'g JolQmsf] xftdf of] kj{t a'wsf]
tn tyf Xbo Pj+ dl:tis /]vfsf]
aLrdf x'G5, Tof] JolQm ljZjk|l;4
j}1flgs / ul0ft1 aG5 . c0f',
k/df0f', 6]lnlehg cflb hl6n
oGqx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf /rgfdf
o:tf] JolQm k"0f{tM ;kmn x'G5 . olb
o; kj{tsf] pef/ sd 5 eg] o:tf]
JolQm d]lzg/L;DaGwL sfo{x¿df
?lr lng] tyf o:t} :yfgx¿df
gf]s/L u/]/ ;Gt'i6 x'G5 .
olb o; kj{tdf lqsf]0f jf
36
rt' e ' { h sf] lrÅg 5 eg] Tof]
JolQmn] cfZro{hgs¿kdf k|ult
ub{ 5 tyf cfÇgf sfo{ x ¿af6
ljZj:t/Lo ;Ddfg k|fKt ub{5 .
;dfhdf p;sf] ;Ddfg x'G5 /
p;nfO{ cfÇgf] hLjgdf ck]Iff u/]
eGbf a9L ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . olb
xif{n kj{taf6 s'g} /]vf ;flxFnL
cf}Fnflt/ hfG5 eg] Tof] JolQm
hLjgdf ljZjk|l;4 x'G5 . olb
xif{n kj{tsf] ´'sfj a'w kj{tlt/
ljz]if ¿kdf 5 eg] o:tf] JolQmn]
cfÇgf] k|ltefsf] b'¿kof]u ub{5 /
Ps k|sf/n] To:tf] JolQm cGt/f{li6«o
7u jf n'6]/f x'g hfG5 . o:tf]
JolQm Xbo /f]uaf6 klg af/Daf/
kLl8t /xG5 . olb xif{n kj{t
g]kRo"glt/ ´'s]sf] 5 eg] o:tf]
JolQmnfO{ k"0f{t ef]uL ;D´g'kb{5 .
o:tf] JolQm Ps kTgLaf6 ;Gt'i6
geP/ e6\ls/xG5 . p;sf] u[x:y
hLjg Ps k|sf/n] aaf{b x'G5,
p;nfO{ kTgL tyf 5f]/fk|lt klg
s'g} k|sf/sf] df]x /xFb}g . hLjgdf
cfjZostfeGbf a9L Jo;gdf lnKt
/x]/ o:tf] JolQmn] cfÇgf] :jf:Yo
tyf ;f}Gbo{nfO{ laufb{5 .
g]kRo"g
of] u|x k[YjLeGbf cToGt} 6f9f
/x]sf] x'gfn] k[YjLaf;Ldf o;sf]
k|efj cToGt} sd kb{5 t/ klg
o;sf] k|efj dfgj hLjgdf hlt
kb{5, Tof] :yfoL x'G5 / cfkm}df
cfZro{ h gs kl/0ffd b] v fpg]
x'G5 .
xftdf o; u|xsf] If]q dl:tis
/]vfeGbf tn tyf rGb| If]qeGbf
dfly x'G5 . olb of] If]q cyjf of]
kj{t ljz]if ¿kdf p7]sf] 5 eg]
Tof] JolQm >]i7 ;+uLt1, slj cyjf
n]vs x'G5 . olb o; kj{tdf /]vf
b]lvG5 eg] / olb Tof] /]vf efUo
/]vf;Fu ldNb5 eg] Tof] JolQm
hLjgdf cTolws dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf
k'Ub5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
olb o; kj{tsf] ´'sfj rGb| If]qlt/ ljz]if ¿kdf
5 eg] o:tf] JolQmsf] hLjg b'Mvdo x'G5 tyf p;sf]
u[x:y hLjg aaf{b x'G5 . o:tf] JolQm ;gsL, z+sfn'
tyf qm"/ k|sl[ tsf] dflgG5 . olb g]kRo"g kj{t ljsl;t
eP/ xif{n;Fu ldNb5 eg] To; JolQmn] hLjgdf
lgZro g} wgsf] nfnrdf s;}sf] xTof ub{5 eGg]
a'´'g kb{5 . o:tf] JolQm cfÇgf] sfo{x¿k|lt nfkjf{xL
x'G5 tyf sfo{ eO;s]kl5 k5'tfO/xG5 .
olb o; kj{tdf qm;sf] lrGx 5 eg] p;sf] k"/f
hLjg u/LaL tyf lgw{gtfdf laTb5 . p;n] cfÇgf]
hLjg cfjZostfx¿nfO{ klg /fd|f];Fu k"/f ug{
;Sb}g . qmdzM ho u'?b]j ¤
k|frLg u"9 ljBfx¿sf] k|fdfl0fs
k|of]u / ljz]if hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
;lsg] ljZjsf] Ps dfq klqsf
…d+q–t+q–o+q lj1fgÚ
vf]hL vf]hL k9f}“ .
gofFjif{ @)^^ sf]
cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ u|fxs
ju{df ;':jf:Yo, bL3f{o' Pj+
;kmntfsf] xflb{s d+undo
z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .
g]kfn 6]lnsd kl/jf/
xflb{s wGojfb
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf] k/ds[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{b:j?k :jf:Yo tyf
cfo'j]{bsf] If]qaf6 ;dfh sNof0fsf sfo{x? ug{ o'lge;{n PsLs[t :jf:Yo
cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; kmfpG8]zg(UIHRDF)gfds ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] s'/f oxfFx?nfO{ ;xif{ hfgsf/L u/fpF5f}F . pQm ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{
qmddf k|ToIf / k/f]If?kdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ cfTdg\x?nfO{ Xbob]lv
g} wGojfb JoQm ub{5f}F .
;fy} /f]6 dxf]T;j @)^^ sf] kfjg cj;/df k/dcf/fWo ;b\u'?b]j >L
>L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf] k/d s[kfn] ;f/f hut\df ;'v, zflGt, ;d[l4 /
cf/f]Uotf 5fcf];\ egL k|fy{gf ub{5f}F .
o'lge;{n PsLs[t :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; kmfpG8]zg
(UIHRDF) kl/jf/, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no aNv' rf]s, sf7df8f}“ .
kmf]g M (*$!(!%)!), (&$!!#%!(^
elQm ljz]if
u'?jf0fL
ltdL d]/f] lzio xf} / s}of}–F s}of}F ztfAbLb]lv
g} ltdL d]/f] lzio xf} . oL lbUkfn, oL b]jtf,
of] w/tL / of] cfsfz o; tYosf] ;fIfL
5. ltdL dnfO{ 5f]8\g klg t ;Sb}gf} lsgls
s}of}–s}of}F hGdsf] ;DaGw 5, ltdL d lagf
/xg} ;Qm}gf} lsgls s}of}F–s}of}F ztfAbLx?sf]
of] aGwg xf] . d ltdL;Fu lj5f]l8PF eg]
ltd|f] cfFvfaf6 c>'s0f emb{5 . ltdL d]/f]
cfnf]rgf ug{ ;Sb5f}, daf6 6f9f /xg]
k|oTg ug{ ;Sb5f} t/ dnfO{ Ps If0f klg
la;{g ;Sg] 5}gf} . d la;{g nfos JolQmTj
klg xf]Og lsgls d ltd|f] Xbosf] ulx/fOdf
a;]sf] 5' . o;sf/0f ltdL cfkm"n] cfkm"nfO{
lrg, ltd|f] / d]/f] ;DaGwnfO{ a'em, daf6
‘pC0f’ x'g] oxL Ps dfq pkfo 5 .
@)^^ Ho]i7 dlxgfdf kg]{ rf8kj{
Ho]i7 % ut];Dd /f]6 dxf]T;j
Ho]i7
Ho]i7
Ho]i7
Ho]i7
# ut]
$ ut]
% ut]
^ ut]
uf]/vsfnL k"hf
>L lzj uf]/If xjg
tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg
tfGqf] Q m dxfnIdL xjg,tfGqf] Q m
ljGWojfl;gL xjg, ck/f PsfbzL
Ho]i7 & ut]
lbJo u'? dxf]T;j,tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL
xjg, tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof; xjg
Ho]i7 * ut]
k|bf]if j|t
Ho]i7 !% ut] s'df/ ifi7L
Ho]i7 !& ut] uf]/vsfnL k"hf
Ho]i7 @) ut] lgh{nf PsfbzL
Ho]i7 @@ ut k|bf]if j|t
k|To]s a[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]—u'? k"hg
k|To]s lbg ;f“´ %M)) ah]—cf/tL
37
cfo'j]{b
lkgf;sf] cfo'j]{lbs pkrf/
cTolws jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf sf/0f, Ct' /
;dofg';f/sf vfgkfgdf c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f cfhsfn
dflg;x¿ lkgf; /f]uaf6 kLl8t ePsf kfOG5g\ .
sltkodf of] /f]u s]xL ;dosf nflu 7Ls eP h:tf]
nfu] klg km]l/ kl5 alN´g], af/Daf/ ;tfO/xg], w]/}
;do;Dd pkrf/ ubf{ klg 7Ls gx'g] x'G5 . cfo'j]{b
lrlsT;fdf lkgf; /f]usf] ;/n pkrf/ kfOG5 h;sf]
cg';/0f ul/Pdf o:tf /f]ux¿af6 klxn] g} aRg ;lsG5
eg] nfu]sf /f]ux¿nfO{ klg lgsf] kfg{ ;lsG5 .
s] xf] t lkgf; <
k6s–k6s ?3f, vf]sL nflu/xg], gfs aGb x'g,]
6fpsf] ef/L eP/ b'Vg] Pj+ gfsaf6 kx]Fnf] l;Fufgh:tf]
b'u{lGwt ;|fj ;|fljt x'g] cj:yf g} lkgf; xf] .
cg'xf/sf x8\8Lx¿l:yt xfjf el/Psf vf]lkN6fx¿df
x'g] ;+qmd0fsf] sf/0f o:tf] cj:yf cfpF5 .
lkgf; s;/L nfU5 t <
!= a9L dfqfdf ?3f, vf]sL nflu/xgfn] . ?3f,
vf]sLsf] ;dodf bxL, df5f tyf cGo lr;f] kbfy{x¿sf]
cTolws ;]jg ugf{n] .
@= kl/>d gugf{n], a9L dfqfdf lbpF;f] ;'Tgfn]
Pj+ w"jfF w"nf]sf] ;Dks{df a9L dfqfdf al;/xgfn]
cflb .
lkgf;df lgDg nIf0f / lrx\gx? b]lvG5g\ M
!= 6fpsf] ef/L eP/ b'V5 -k|foM cfwf 6fpsf]
b'V5_ / cN5L nfU5 . ;+qmldt vf]lkN6fdfly bafa lbFbf
b'V5 .
@= gfs aGb x'G5, gfs] af]nL cfpF5 .
#= gfsaf6 kLkldl>t b'ul{ Gwt kx]nF f] l;Fufgh:tf]
kbfy{ ;|fljt x'G5 .
$= af/Daf/ vf]sL nflu/xG5 .
%= uGw 1fg ljsf/ x'G5 .
38
k/LIf0f M
la/fdLn] atfPsf] nIf0fsf] cfwf/df g} sl/a
sl/a lkgf; /f]u lrGg ;lsG5 t/ klg olsg ug{ lgDg
hfFrx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= PS; /] lk=Pg=P;= (Water's view)
@= /fOgf];sf]kL
s;/L pkrf/ ug]{ <
cf}ifw lrlsT;f M lkgf;sf] pkrf/sf nflu
cfo'j]{bdf jl0f{t cf}iflwx¿ M
r"0f{ M lkKknL r"0f{, s6kmnflb r"0f{, dl/r r"0f{,
Jof]ifflb r"0f{, lqs6' r"0f{ cflb .
j6L M nj·flb j6L, Jof]ifflb j6L, vlb/flb j6L
cflb .
g:ofy{ t]n M if8\laGb' t]n, c0f' t]n, kf7flb t]n
cflb .
cjn]x M lrqs xl/tsL, Rojgk|fz cflb .
lgld{t /;f}iflwx? M dxfnIdLljnf; /;, nIdLljnf;
/;, d[To'~ho /;, /fdjf0f /;, gf/bLo nIdLljnf; /;,
lqe'jgsLlt{ /;, ;~hLjgL j6L, uf]bGtL e:d, k~rfd[t
/; cflb .
pk/f]Qm cf}iflwx¿dWo] /f]usf] cj:yf x]/L b'O{ jf
b'O{eGbf a9L of]ux¿ lj1 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lnP/ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
kYoM n3' Pj+ ;'kfRo cGgx¿ h:t} M d'+u, d';'/f]sf]
bfn, tftf] kfgL, xn'sf Jofofd cflb .
ckYo M ul/i7 ef]hg, lr;f] kfgL Pj+ lk|mhdf
/flvPsf vfB kbfy{x¿, lr;f] kfgLn] g'xfpg', wflkP/
cfP/ PSsf;L lr;f] kfgL vfg', lbpF;f] ;'Tg', j]u wf/0f,
tfhf dBkfg cflb jlh{t 5g\ .
— 8f= /fh]Zj/ cof{n
-n]vs cfo'j]{b SofDk; tyf cfo'j]{b lzIf0f
c:ktfn sLlt{k'/df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5_
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
;b\u'?b]jx?sf] bz{g o;/L klg ¤
ut jif{sf] kmfu'g dlxgfdf ePsf] sf=;=;= …sÚsf]
tflndsf] s'/f xf] . klxnf] lbgsf] tflnddf dnfO{ cfFvf
nfUof] . dnfO{ cfkm" sxfF k'u]5' h:tf] kf] eof] . To;a]nf
d t k'/fgf] afg]Zj/df /x]sf] cf>ddf kf] u'? sfo{ ub}{
/x]sL lyPF . ;+Gof;L :j¿kdf cfpg'eP/ u'?b]jn] dnfO{
…ltdLn] lsg d]/f] :d/0f u/]sf] < eg, d t ltdL;Fu
g} 5'Ú eGg'eof] . Tolta]nf d t Wofgdf g} lyPF . d}n]
u'?b]jnfO{ egF]— …d}n] xh"/nfO{ :d/0f ugf{sf] sf/0f
xh"/nfO{ g} yfxf 5, d}n] eGg' kb}{g xf]nf .Ú
ut jif{s} efb| dlxgfdf dxfnIdL xjgsf] lbg lyof] .
d b}lgs¿kdf # ah] k"hf, kf7, hk, cf/tL l;WofpF5' .
cl3Nnf] lbg dnfO{ clncln 6]G;g lyof] . 6]G;gsf
s'/fnfO{ dgdf lnP/ d}n] Wofg u/]F . k"hf sf]7fdf d]/f]
tgfjnfO{ /fv]F . u'?b]jx¿nfO{ ;D´]/ cfFvf lrDngf
;fy k"hf sf]7fdf g} u'?b]jx¿ cfpg'eof] . pxfFx¿n]
…tF dfq} ;a}hgfsf] lrGtf lnP/ a:g], t]/f] lrGtf ug]{
sf] 5 <Ú eg]/ eGg'eof] . …cab]lv t}Fn] s;}sf] klg kL/
gu/, t]/f] t d 5'Ú egL 6fpsf]df xft /fvL cfzLjf{b
lbg'eof] . pxfFn] …cfh dxfnIdLsf] xjg 5Ú eg]/ klg
:d/0f u/fpg'eof] .
@)^% ;fn df3 dlxgfsf] @! tf/Lv lyof] .
sfo{qmddf k/dk"Ho ;b\u?' b]jx¿sf] lbJo kfb'sf k"hgsf]
elQm ljz]if
qmddf hk ug{] a]nfdf d}n] dfnf glnPsf] x'gfn] Wofg
ug{ a;]F . t/ Tolta]nf d}n] eg] Wofg} ug{ ;lsg lsgls
cfFvf aGb u¥of] ls u'?b]jx¿ cl3–kl5 rf/}lt/ cfP/
a:g'x'G5, km]l/ xf]Og ls eg]/ cfFvf lrDnFbf u'?b]jx¿
cfpg'x'G5 . pxfFx¿n] …t}Fn] Wofg ug'{ kb}{g, d]/f] :d/0f
dfq} u/Ú eGg'eof] . d}n] cfFvf lrlDng} ;lsg / Wofg
klg ul/gF .
dnfO{ clnslt dfq kL/ kbf{ u'?b]jx¿n] g} ;kgfdf
ePÚlg Wofgdf ePÚlg bz{g lbg'x'G5 . u'?b]jx¿nfO{
b]vk] l5 dnfO{ eg] ?g cfOxfN5 . )^$ ;fnsf] s'/f xf] .
lbg ;D´g ;lsg . /flt ;kgfdf d]/f] 3/sf] ;a}eGbf
dflyaf6 u'?b]jn] d a;]sf] sf]7fkl§ x]l//xg'ePsf]
lyof] . u'?b]jn] ;]tf] klx/g klxl/g'ePsf] lyof] /
lz/df km]6f afFWg' ePsf] lyof] . d}n] aflx/ cfP/ x]/]F .
pxfFn] …tF 8/fpg' kb}{g, d}n] t]/f] 3/sf] /]vb]v u/]sf]
x'FÚ eGg'eof] .
oL afx]s cGo cg'e"ltx¿ klg 5g\, ltgnfO{ klg
cg's"n ldn]df atfpFb} hfg]5' . cg'e"lt n]Vg] qmddf
ePsf ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf q'l6x¿nfO{ u'?r/0fdf /fVb} labf
x'G5'— ho u'?b]j ¤
— ¿kf cof{n
3§]s'nf], sf7df8f}F .
39
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jsf]
cjt/0f ofqf
o; :tDecGtu{t k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+;
:jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] /x:o
g} /x:on] el/Psf] cjt/0f ofqfnfO{ qmdzM
k|sflzt ub}{ cfPsf 5f“} . cfzf 5 o;af6
kf7sju{ nfeflGjt x'g'x'g]5 .
pb\e6 bfz{lgs tyf pRrtd ;+uLt1
k/dk"Ho u'?b]j cd/s+6sdf Pp6f cUnf]
lznfdf a:g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] Pp6f 9'+uf p7fP/
lziox¿;Fu …of] s] xf] <Ú eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] . ;a}n]
pQm 9'+ufnfO{ cfÇgf] xftdf lnP/ eg]— of] t 9'+uf
xf] . u'?b]jn] ;D´fpg'x'Fb} eGg'eof]— of] ;a yf]s
x'g ;Snf t/ 9'+uf eg] x'g} ;Sb}g . pxfFn] lzio
lgd{nb]jnfO{ 9'+uf p7fP/ pleg eGg'eof] / pQm
9'u+ fnfO{ lglg{di] f b[li6n] x]g{ nfUg'eof] . s]xL ;dokl5
g} pQm 9'+uf h'xLsf] km"ndf ablnof] . u'?b]jn] :ki6
kfg'e{ of]— xfd|f] b[li6kydf h] 5g\, Tof] cfkm}df ;Dk"0f{
xf] t/ To;sf] of] ;Dk"0f{tf g} csf]{ b[li6df ck"0f{tf
xf] lsgls xfdLn] h] hlt s'/f b]Vb5f}F Tof] To;sf]
Pp6f efu dfq x'G5 . o;nfO{ ha xfdLn] ;Dk"0f{tfdf
;dfj]z ub{5f}F ta b]lvPsf] j:t'sf] ljnLgLs/0f x'g
hfG5 . u'?b]jåf/f xfd|f] b[li6kydf k/]sf j:t'sf]
k"0f{tf / ck"0f{tfsf] cb\e't JofVof ePsf] 5 . To;}
k|sf/n] hLjg–bz{gdfly :ki6 kfb}{ pxfFn] eGg'eof]—
‘hLj’ dfofdf u|:t 5† ‘jg’ a|Ådaf6, cfgGbaf6,
d'Qmfj:yfaf6 el/Psf] 5, o;}nfO{ g} ‘hLjg’ elgG5 .
clt ;/n efiffdf olt u"9 /x:o :ki6 ug'{ jf:tjdf
k"Ho u'?b]jsf nflu dfq ;Dej 5 . k"Ho u'?b]j
8f= gf/fo0f bQ >LdfnLHo" jt{dfg o'usf clåtLo
bfz{lgs x'g'x'G5 . pxfFaf6 bz{g r]tgf k|fKt ug'{
hLjgsf] pknlAw xf] .
k"Ho u'?b]jh:tf] ;+uLt1 cfhsf] ;+;f/df sf]xL
5Fb} 5}g . pxfFn] k|f0f w'g ahfpg'x'Fbf, ufpg'x'Fbf
40
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
t xhf/f}F–xhf/sf] eL8nfO{ cfkm};Fu ?jfpg'x'G5,
xF;fpg'x'G5, grfpg'x'G5 . rfx] Tof] cgfxt gfb xf];\ jf
cfxt gfb xf];,\ u'?b]j t b'jd} f lgi0fft\ x'gx' G' 5 . cfhsf]
o'udf tLg} k|f0fsf] cy{, lrGtg tyf To;sf] pkof]u
s;}n] hfGb}g t/ u'?b]jsf nflu s]xL klg c;Dej
5}g . :juL{o ;+uLtsf] cfgGb pg} ;+uLt1n] lbg ;Sb5g\
h;n] ufGwf/ u|fdnfO{ hfg]sf 5g\ tyf w/tLdf Nofpg]
;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . ;g\ !(*( df nvgpmdf u'? k"l0f{df
kj{ ;DkGg ePsf] a]nf u'?b]j cjw xf]6]ndf a:g'ePsf]
lyof] . /ft l5lKkO;s]sf] lyof] . xf]6n] df nvgpm zx/sf
7"n7"nf clkm;/, cfO{=P=P;= kbflwsf/L cflb a;]sf
lyP . b]j ;+uLtdfly rrf{ eO/x]sf] lyof] . u'?b]jn]
;a}sf] OR5f a'´]/ tanf, xf/df]lgod cflbnfO{ cfÇgf]
r/0fd'lg /fVg'eof] / kfpnfO{ sk8fn] 9flslbg'eof] .
ta k|f/De eof] ;+uLt, ;a}hgf To;df nLg eP . rf/
306f s;/L laTof], s;}nfO{ yfxf g} ePg .
clxn] o; w/tLdf cf] 9 jeGbf tnsf cGo
hfltx¿sf] 1fg w]/} sd dflg;nfO{ yfxf 5 . k"Ho u'?b]j
tL JolQmTjx¿dWo] Ps o:tf] JolQmTj x'g'x'G5 h;n]
oL ;a} hfltx¿sf] ul/df / dlxdfnfO{ arfO/fVg'eof] .
oL hfltx¿ d'Vo ¿kdf j]b dGqf]Rrf/0f cflbdf k|o'Qm
5}6f}F /f]6 dxf]T;j / gjjif{ @)^^ sf] z'e–pknIodf
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy tyf
k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] s[kf,
cg'sDkf:j?k ;d:t eQmhg tyf ;fws–;flwsfx?df
k"0f{ ef}lts Pj+ cfWoflTds pGglt k|fKt xf];\ eGg]
xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf
k|fyL{M
cfdfM uf}/Lb]jL 1jfnL
g/]Gb| 1jfnL
ljgfos 1jfnL
ljwfg 1jfnL
OGb' 1jfnL
ljej 1jfnL
x'G5g\ .
u'?b]j;Fu g[To tyf d'b|fx¿sf] 1fg cGotd 5
h;sf] yfx kfpg ;Dej 5}g . oL d'b|fx¿sf] tflŒjs
lrGtg, g[Todf pkof]u /f]u lgjf/s Ifdtf cflbsf] 1fg
Ps dfq pxfFnfO{ 5 .
k"Ho u'?bjsf] r/0fdf a;]/ olb ;+uLtsf] ljlwjt\
1fg k|fKt ug{ jf uGwj{ bLIff k|fKt ug{ ;lsPdf of]
hLjgsf] g} pknlAw aGb5 . qmdzM ho u'?b]j ¤
uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]z
[email protected]
dGq tGq
oGq
lj1fg;DaGwL
g]kfns}
klxnf] /]l8of]
sfo{qmd
elQm ljz]if
:yfg
kf]v/f
lrtjg
wgu9L
;'v]{t
uf]/vf
e}/xjf
bfª 3f]/fxL
kfNkf
l;Gw'nL
bfª ndxL
kf]v/f
bdf}nL
sf]xnk'/
lrtjg
bdf}nL
;Nofg
;do
;f]daf/ laxfg %M)%—%M$%
;f]daf/ laxfg %M))—%M$)
;f]daf/ laxfg %M#)—^M))
;f]daf/ laxfg %M!%—%M$%
;f]daf/ laxfg %M))—%M#)
laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M$%
laxLaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M))
laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M#)
laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M#)
z'qmaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M))
laxLaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M))
laxLaf/ laxfg %M@%—%M%%
laxLaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M))
;f]daf/ laxfg %M))—%M$)
a'waf/ laxfg %M)%—%M#%
laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M#)
:6]zg
df5fk'R5«] Pkm Pd
sflnsf Pkm Pd
lbg]z Pkm Pd
/]l8of] e]/L Pkm Pd
/]l8of] uf]/vf Pkm Pd
¿kGb]xL Pkm Pd
/]l8of] dWoklZrd Pkm Pd
/]l8of] d'lQmgfy Pkm Pd
l;Gw'nLu9L Pkm Pd
/]l8of] b]pv'/L Pkm Pd
/]l8of] ;/f°f]6 Pkm Pd
bdf}nL Pkm Pd
sf]xnk'/ Pkm Pd
lqj]0fL Pkm Pd
dfbL;]tL Pkm Pd
/]l8of] ;Nofg Pkm Pd
d]ufxh{
(!
(%=@
(#=*
(*=^
(@=*
!)@
(!=$
()=*
!)#=^
!)%=*
!)$=^
($=@
!))=@
!))=^
!)%=*
!)!
41
of]u
.. of]ulZrQj[lQlg/f]wM ..
sNkgf ugf]{;\ t s;}sf] 5f]/fn] k9]g, s;}sf]
>LdtLn] eg]sf] dflggg\, clkm;df xflsdn] ufnL u/],
C0f lbPsf] k};f lkmtf{ ePg, ljb]z hfg] k|of; ul/of] le;f
nfu]g=== o:tf x/]s 36gf;Fu} s;sf] lbdfu gtfTnf <
s;sf] dg cl:y/ gxf]nf < ;/;tL{ x]g]{ xf] eg] cfhsf]
;f/f ljZj g} o:tf xhf/f}F k|sf/sf dfgl;s tgfjaf6
kLl8t ePsf] kfpF5f}F . ;dfhdf lj/n} o:tf dflg;x¿
e]l6G5g\ hf] dfgl;s tgfjx¿af6 c5'tf] xf];\ . ;of}F
ct[Kt OR5f, cfsf+Iffx¿ / ;d:of g} ;d:ofx¿sf]
y'k|f] clg knkndf afwf / c8\rg ¤ s;nfO{ g}/fZotf
-Frustration_ / cj;fb -Depression_ gxf]nf <
cfhsfnsf] km];g¿kL z/L/ dsf{pg] of]uaf6
s]xL 6f9f hfcf}F=== of]usf] df}lns :j¿k cyf{t\ d"n
:j¿ksf] vfsf k|d'v tLg k|frLg u|Gyx¿af6 k|fKt ug{
;S5f}F— != k|frLg pklgifb\, @= >Ldb\eujb\uLtf / #=
kft~hnof]u;"q .
ljleGg ;Gbe{x¿df of]u]Zj/ eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn]
uLtfdf phfu/ ug'{ePsf] 5–
‘t+ ljBfb\ b'Mv;+of]uljof]u+ of]u;+l1td\===’
–-uLtf ^÷@#_
cyf{ t \ ;Dk" 0 f{ k| s f/sf b' M v / o;sf
sf/0fx¿af6 ljof]u x'g' g} of]u xf] . uLtfd} plNnlvt
bf];|f] kl/efiffg';f/–
‘=== of]uM sd{;' sf}znd\’ –-uLtf @÷%)_
cyf{t\ sd{df s'zntf Nofpg] tŒjsf] gfd g}
of]u xf] . sd{df To:tf] s'zntf cfcf];\ h;sf] dfWodaf6
xfdL o; ;+f;fl/s df]x / aGwgaf6, t[i0ffaf6 5'6sf/f
kfpg ;sf}F, k|s[ltdf nLg x'g ;sf}F . ;f/f ljZj g}
tgfj u|:t x'g', zflGt, cfgGb gx'g', df]x–aGwgdf
afFlwg'sf] d"n sf/0f g} cfÇgf] sd{df s'zntf geP/
xf] . sd{ ubf{ o:tf] xf]lzof/ x'g'k¥of] ls xfdLn] u/]sf]
sfo{ aGwgsf] sf/0f gagf];\, sd{ ubf{ cfÇgf] Ifdtf
/ bIftfcg';f/sf] xf];\ h;af6 jt{dfg\ / eljiodf s'g}
Jojwfg v]Kg gk/f];\ . oxL g} of]usf] d"n dd{ xf] .
oxL dd{ ;dft]/ sd{ ul/of] eg] dflg; b'MvL x''g' kb}{g,
;kmn eP klg 7Ls, c;kmn eP klg 7Ls . lgisfd
sd{af6 g} ;f/f ljZj tgfj/lxt x'g ;S5 / tgfj/lxt
dg–dl:tisaf6 ul/Psf x/]s cfWoflTds tyf ;f+;fl/s
lqmofsnfkx¿df ;kmntf / lgvf/tf cfpg] ;Defjgf
a9L x'g] eof] eg] k/dfTdf;Fusf] of]udf ;'udtf x'g]
42
eof] . To;}n] ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] sf}zntf k|of]u u/]/
lgisfd efjn] ul/Psf] sd{ g} of]u xf] . t/ sltkon]
uLtfsf] o; lbJo kl/efiff df]8]/ ;+s'lrt agfP/ klg
a'‰g ;S5g\ cyf{t\ cfÇgf ;DalGwt sfdx¿df s'zntf
Nofpg'nfO{ dfq of]u xf] eGg] klg cy{ nufpg ;S5g\ .
t/ o; kl/efiffsf] dd{ To:tf] xf]Og .
‘cgfl>tM sd{kmn+ sfo{+ sd{ s/f]lt oM . ;
;+Gof;L r of]uL r ===== g Åo;+Go:t;ÍNkf] of]uL ejlt
sZrg’ –-uLtf ^÷!–@_
kmndf cgfl>t eP/ sd{ ug]{ JolQm g} jf:tjdf
of]uL xf] / ;+Gof;L klg xf] .
‘=== ;dTj+ of]u pRot]’ –-uLtf @÷$*_
cyf{t\ kmnsf] t[i0ffaf6 /lxt eP/ sd{sf] l;l4
/ cl;l4df ;d efj /fVg' g} of]u xf] .
‘of]ulZrQj[lQlg/f]wM’ – -kft~hn of]u;"q
!÷@_
‘tbf b|i6'M :j¿k]j:yfgd\’ – -of]u;"q !÷@_
lrQ cyf{t\ dgsf j[lQx¿nfO{ gfz ug'{ g} of]u
xf] . ha lrQsf j[lQx¿sf] gfz x'G5, lg/f]w x'G5 To;
;do cfTdf cfÇgf] d"n :j¿kdf cjl:yt x'G5 . pQm
lrQj[lQx¿sf] lg/f]w s]jn j}/fUo cyf{t\ ;f+;fl/s
j:t'x¿sf] ef]u u/]/ klg To;k|lt cgf;Qm /x]/ x'G5 .
kft~hn of]u;"qdf plNnlvt o; Znf]sn] g} of]usf] d"n
cy{ ´NsfpF5 . rfx] cf;gsf] cEof; u/f}F, k|f0ffofdsf],
Wofgsf] jf cGo cfWoflTds lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cEof;
u/f}F tL ;a}sf] d"n nIo g} lrQj[lQlg/f]w xf] . dgsf
;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf ljsf/x¿, ljifo cf;lQmx¿ gfz ug'{
xf], ;To, c;To, 7Ls, a]7Lssf] lgSof}{n u/]/ ;To
:j¿kdf nfUg k|]l/t ug'{ xf] . ha dgdf s'g} ljsf/,
cf;lQm / lrGtg x'Fb}g ta k|s[lt;Fusf] ;fdLKotf
a9\b5, j}/fUosf] aLh pd|g yfNb5 ta To; cb[Zo
k/d tŒj;Fusf] ;fo'Hotf a9\g yfNb5 / jf:tjdf g}
of]usf] åf/ v'Ng k'Ub5 .
zÍ/frfo{n] klg of]unfO{ ;dflw, ;dfwfg tyf
lrQ ;dfwfgsf] ¿kdf jl0f{t ug'{ePsf] kfOG5–
‘of]uf] o'lQmM ;dfwfg+, ;dfwfg+ of]uM, of]u+ dgM
;dfwfg+ . of]uM lrQ;dfwfgd\ .’ To;}n] of]usf] clGtd
;f/ g} lrQsf j[lQx¿sf] lg/f]w ug'{ xf] .
ho u'?b]j ¤
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
cflTds lgj]bg
cfTdLo kf7sju{,
‘uf]/If lglvn jf0fL’ klqsf oxfFx?nfO{ s:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 < cg]s afwf, c8\rg Pj+ ;d:ofx?sf
afjh'b klqsfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} k|a'4, kf7sx?sf] s;Ldf cfkm"nfO{ 3f]6\b} z'4tf Pj+ :t/Lotfdf qmdzM
j[l4 ub}{ hfg] xfd|f] ;+sNk Pj+ k|of; /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ef}ltstfdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf] cfhsf] ;dfhdf
Pp6f cfWoflTds klqsfnfO{ lgoldttf lbg' / cfgf] v'§fdf pleg ;Sg] agfpg' eg]sf] lgZro klg
c;Dejh:tf] nfUb5 . t/ k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf] cfzLjf{bn] of] c;DejnfO{ ;Dej agfpg] sfo{
tkfOF{x?af6} eO;s]sf] 5 . klqsfnfO{ o'uf}F–o'u;Dd hLjGt /fvL cfpFbf] k':tfnfO{ xfd|f] cfWoflTds
w/f]x/sf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg tkfO{F, xfd|} sfFwdf cfPsf] 5 .
k|To]s JolQm :jo+ cfWoflTds kydf cu|;/ eO{ cfgf] kl/jf/, 6f]n, l5d]s, ;dfh, ufpF, ;x/,
lhNnf, c~rn x'Fb} ;Dk"0f{ b]z clg ;Dk"0f{ ljZjnfO{ g} cWofTddo agfpg] dxfg\ cleofgnfO{ d"t{?k
lbg klqsf ;a}eGbf ;zQm dfWod aGg ;S5 . ctM klqsf ;b:otf lj:tf/sf] sfo{qmddf oxfFx?sf]
;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5f}F .
klqsfsf] laqmL d"No ¿= #).– dfq ePsf]n] tkfO{Fn] slDtdf b;j6f klqsf dufP/ cfkm\gf gftf–
uf]tf, 5/l5d]sdf afF8\g ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{Fsf] 3/, 6f]n, l5d]s jf gftfuf]tfdf sxLF klg k"hf–cfhf, xjg,
ljjfx, j|taGw, ;Ktfx, hGdlbg, d]nf, kj{, dxf]T;j cflb x'Fb}5g\ eg] ToxfF klqsfsf] :6n /fv]/ o;sf]
dxTjaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf ;fy} jflif{s ;b:otfsf nflu k|]l/t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
o;sf cnfjf 6f9f–6f9f /x]sf cfkm\gf gftf–uf]tf, ldqhgx?nfO{ x'nfsdfkm{t klqsf k7fpg
;Sg'x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ cflTds ;DaGw cem k|uf9 x'g hfG5 .
of] klqsf oxfFx?sf] cfkm\g} ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kmnfpg], km'nfpg] / km}nfpg] lhDdf klg oxfFx?s}
xf] . o;}n], ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx?df xfd|f] cflTds lgj]bg 5— cfkm"nufot slDtdf kfFrhgf jflif{s ;b:o
agfpg] ;+sNk cfhs} lbgb]lv u/f}F .
oxfFx? ;a}sf] ;xof]un] klqsfsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof lg/Gt/?kdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg]5 h;n] ubf{ klqsfnfO{
cem :t/Lo Pj+ cfsif{s agfpg d2t ldNg]5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}F .
jflif{s ;b:otfsf] nflu ?= #%).– -cIf/]kL ?= tLg ;o krf; dfq_ xfdLnfO{ k7fpg'xf];\ .
To;kl5sf] afFsL sfd xfdL ug]{5f}F .
cGtdf, cfTdLo kf7sju{x?df ljgd| cg'/f]w 5 ls klqsfsf] :jo+n] cWoog u/f}F Pj+ cfkm\gf]
kl/jf/ tyf Oi6ldqnfO{ klg k9\g cg'/f]w u/f}F . o;sf cnfjf cGo kfFrhgf JolQmnfO{ k9fpg] k|of;
u/f}F .
;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bfg 1fg bfg xf], tkfO{Fsf] ;fgf] bfgn] s;}sf] hLjgdf gofF df]8 cfpg ;S5,
hLjgdf ;bfaxf/ 5fpg ;Sb5 . To;}n] k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf] dxfg\ of]hgfnfO{ d"t{?k lbFb} rl/tfy{
u/fpg cfhb]lv u'? sfo{df ;xefuL agf}F / o; of]hgfnfO{ cf–cfgf] t/Lsfaf6 ;xof]u u/f}F .
klqsfsf] laqmL xfd|f] p2]Zo xf]Og, clkt' k/dk"Ho ;b\u?
' b]jx?sf] c;Ld cg'sDkfn] k|To]s hg–hgdf
uf]/If lglvn pmhf{sf] ;~rf/ u/L cfWoflTds o'usf] k'gM lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] .
c:t' .
elQm ljz]if
43
cf>d ultljlw
dfl;s xjg sfo{qmd
uf]=lg=Hof]=lb=ljBf>dsf] rf}yf] jflif{sf]T;j
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] k/d s[kf,
cg'sDkf Pj+ cfzLjf{b:j¿k @)^^ ;fnsf]
j}zfv dlxgfdf l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n]
dfl;s xjg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ eJo¿kdf
;DkGg u¥of] . xjg sfo{qmdx¿cGtu{t
j}zfv ! ut] tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg
sfo{qmd nugv]nl:yt j6's e}/j dlGb/
k|f+u0fdf, j}zfv @ ut] tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL
xjg sfo{qmd nugv]nl:yt dxfnIdL
dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf, j}zfv # ut] tfGqf]Qm
aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd kf6g s'De]Zj/
l:yt aunfd'vL dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tyf
j}zfv & ut] >L lzj uf]/If xjg sfo{qmd
kz'klt d[u:ynLl:yt u'? uf]/vgfysf]
dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf ;DkGg eof] . pk/f]Qm
xjg sfo{qmdx¿dWo] tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j
xjg sfo{qmd laxfg &M)) ah]b]lv *M))
ah];Dd tyf cGo xjg sfo{qmdx¿ laxfg
*M)) ah]b]lv (M)) ah];Dd ;~rfng
ePsf] lyof] .
ut dlxgfaf6 dfl;s xjg sfo{qmdx¿
klg z'ef/Desf] ljleGg jif{df k|j]z u/]sf
5g\ . h;df ut j}zfvaf6 tfGqf]Qm
aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd !) cf}F jif{df,
>L lzj uf]/If xjg sfo{qmd * cf}F
jif{df, tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg sfo{qmd &
cf}F jif{df tyf tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg
sfo{qmd 5}6f}F jif{df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ .
o:t} dfl;s xjgs} z[ª\vnfdf ;Dks{
sfof{no /fd3f6 kf]v/fsf] cfof]hgfdf ut
j}zfv @ ut] a'waf/ :yfgLo ljGWojfl;gL
dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm ljGWojfl;gL
xjg sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] eg] otf ;Dks{
sfof{no tgx'Fsf] cfof]hgfdf j}zfv # ut]
laxLaf/ :yfgLo j]b Jof; u'kmf kl/;/df
tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof; xjg sfo{qmd
;DkGg eof] . oL xjg sfo{qmdx¿ klg
laxfg *M)) b]lv (M)) ah];Dd ;~rfng
ePsf lyP .
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, g]kfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;~rflnt uf]/If
lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dn] ut j}zfv % ut] cfÇgf] rf}yf]
jflif{sf]T;j xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy eJo sfo{qmdsf aLr dgfof] . ljBf>d
k|f+u0fdf laxfg !!M)) ah] k|fy{gf, ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] :t'lt jGbgf tyf
;/:jtL :t'ltaf6 z'ef/De ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf u'? k"hg, ;/:jtL
k"hg, ehg–sLt{g, k'/:sf/ ljt/0f, clegGbg, k|ult ljj/0f cflb
qmdx¿ x'Fb} lbpF;f] $M)) ah] ;dfkg ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ljBf>dsf] tkm{af6 lgldQ k|wfgfWofks ;fws
dgf]x/ clwsf/Ln] :jfut dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . ljleGg sIffdf
cWoog/t ljBfyL{ efO–alxgLx¿n] ehg, l/ldS;, /fOD;, lxGbL
g]kfnL uLtx¿, g[To cflb k|:t't u/]sf lyP . ut z}lIfs ;qdf z}lIfs
tyf ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL eO{ pTs[i6 ePsf
5fq–5fqfx¿nfO{ sfo{qmddf ;f=k= !, @, # / $ sf ;b:oHo"x¿n]
k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ljBf>dsf] cIfosf]if :yfkgfy{ ;xof]u
ug'{x'g] ;fws ;flwsfx¿nfO{ clegGbg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf
ljBf>dsf ljleGg gofF kl/jlt{t kIf, k|zf;lgs ljifox¿sf
af/]df klg pkl:yt cleefjs tyf cGo dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fOPsf] lyof] .
ljBf>dsf] ut ;fndf ePsf k|ult ljj/0f tyf cGo ljifo
k|:t't ug'{x'Fb} ;fj/kGyL g+= # sf ;b:oHo"n] ljBf>dn] cfw'lgs tyf
cfWoflTds lzIff k|bfg ul//x]sf]n] eljiodf ;dfhnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{
;Sg] bIf hgzlQmx¿ pTkfbg s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljBf>dnfO{ kl/eflift
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cGTolt/ ljBf>dsf pk–k|wfgfWofks
ljgf]bk|;fb a/fnn] pkl:yt kfx'gf, ljBfyL{nufot sfo{qmd ;kmn kfg{
;xof]u ug'x{ g' ] ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ug'e{ Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkgkl5 k|;fb u|x0fsf] qmd klg /flvPsf] lyof] .
44
u'?;]jf bnsf] cfsl:ds k|lzIf0f
ut r}q @( ut] u'?;]jf bnsf nflu cfsl:ds k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . gofF jif{sf] cfudgsf] s]xL lbg cufl8
z'? ePsf] o; k|lzIf0fnfO{ ljleGg ;qdf ljefhg ul/Psf]
lyof] . k|lzIf0fdf ;+:yfsf] cfufdL sfo{ of]hgfsf af/]df
k|sfz kfl/Psf] lyof] . ;+:yf ;fj/ kGyL z}nLaf6 c1ft gfy
kGyL z}nLdf k|j]z u/]sf] ;Gbe{df z}nLut ¿kdf ;+:yfdf
cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g] hfgsf/L k|lzIf0fdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pQm
k|lzIf0fdf ljz]if Wofgsf] ljlw klg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
cf>d ultljlw
z'esfdgf ;lxtsf] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd
sf;; ª / r sf] tflnd
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] c;Ld s[kf, cg'sDkf Pj+
cfzLjf{b:j¿k ;~rflnt l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] @)^^
;fn j}zfv ! ut] ;Dk"0f{ tflnd k|fKt sfo{stf{x¿sf
nflu z'esfdgf ;lxtsf] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg
u¥of] . uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dsf] k|f+u0fdf
;~rflnt pQm sfo{qmd laxfg !!M)) ah] k|fy{gf, :t'lt
jGbgfaf6 z'? eO{ ehg–sLt{g, g[To tyf k|lzIf0fsf
;fy cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] .
k|lzIf0fdf ;+:yfsf] ca cfpg] ;+u7gfTds :j¿k
c1ft gfy kGyL -c=gf=k=_ sf] z}nLdf x'g] ePsfn]
To;sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ sfo{stf{x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f
ug'{kg]{ / o;sf nflu cfkm"nfO{ tof/L cj:yfdf
/fVg'kg]{df k|lzIfsHo"x¿n] hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
k|lzIf0fsf] qmddf ;fj/ dft[sfHo"n] gofF jif{sf]
z'esfdgf lbg'x'Fb} cfufdL lbgdf u'?sfo{ z'? ug'{cl3
k" j { l gwf{ l /t ;+ V ofdf dGq hk -hk x' g g;Sg]
v08df Wofg_ ug'{kg]{ ;b\u'?b]jaf6 k|fKt cfb]z k9]/
;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
o:t}, ;fj/ kGyL g+= # sf ;b:oHo"n] gofF ;+/rgfsf]
af/]df ljljw hfgsf/L lbg'xbF' } c=gf=k= z}nLdf ;+u7gdf
Jofks km]/abn x'g;Sg] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn]
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] dfl;s k|sfzg uf]/If lglvn
jf0fLsf] af/]df ljleGg hfgsf/Lx¿ klg k|bfg ug'e{ Psf]
lyof] .
o;}u/L, ;fj/ kGyL g+ @ sf ;b:oHo"n] ‘;b\u'?b]j
cjt/0f lbj;’ tyf ‘/f]6 dxf]T;j’sf] dxŒjsf] af/]df
af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . oL sfo{qmdx¿ xfd|f nflu dxfkj{
ePsfn] oL kj{x¿nfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfÇgf] tkm{af6
h] hlt ug{ ;lsG5 ug'{kg]]{ tkm{ pxfFn] cf}FNofpg'ePsf]
lyof] .
k|lzIf0fsf] clGtd ;qdf ;fj/ kGyL g+= ! sf
;b:oHo"n] cfWoflTds v'/fs k:sg'ePsf] lyof] . x/]s
k|sf/sf cfWoflTds ljifoj:t'x¿ k|bfg ug{ l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb| ;Ifd /x]sf] / o;sf] nflu sfo{stf{x¿n]
cfkm"df ePsf Go"gtf, sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ qmdzM
x6fpFb} hfg'kg]{df pxfFn] hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
ck/fÅg #M)) ah] sfo{qmdsf] cGt ul/Psf]
lyof] .
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] c;Ld s[kf, cg'sDkf
Pj+ cfzLjf{b:j¿k l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] x/]s
dlxgf ljleGg tx / tKsfdf /x]/ u'?sfo{ ug]{
sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ txut¿kdf tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f
k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] qmddf ut j}zfv @) / @! ut]
sfo{stf{ ;xfos ;d"x ª / rsf nflu lålbjl;o¿kdf
bf];|f] tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .
tflnddf ;xefuL x'g b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfx¿af6
sfo{stf{x¿ cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . tflnd sfo{qmd
laxfg ^M#) af6 z'ef/De ePsf] lyof] . k|fy{gf /
;b\u?' b]jx¿sf] :t'lt jGbgfaf6 z'ef/De ePsf] tflnd
sfo{qmddf k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ljifodf k|lzIf0f
k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] aLr–aLrdf ljleGg
ehg tyf g[Tox¿ klg k|:t't ul/Psf lyP .
sfo{qmddf u'? k"hgsf] qmddf klxnf] lbg sf;;
ªaf6 sfo{stf{x¿ s[i0fs'df/L kf}8]n, k|]d s'df/L
l;Ub]n, v];/Lk|;fb kGt, xl/dfof s]=;L=, tyf sf;;
raf6 sfo{stf{x¿ o'j/fh a:g]t, lji0f' >]i7, cr{gf
kGt, clgtf lwtfnn] k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo kfpg'ePsf]
lyof] eg] bf]>f] lbg ªaf6 bnaxfb'/ >]i7, /fdgfy
/fhynf, ;'GtnL s]=;L=, ;'ldqf e§ tyf raf6
d+unfnIdL >]i7n] pQm ;f}efUo k|fKt ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
sfo{qmddf k|fKt u|]l8ª cg';f/ sf;; ªaf6
sf;; 3df @& hgf sfo{stf{x¿ k|df]zg x'g'ePsf]
lyof] eg] sf=;=;= raf6 ªdf ^! hgf sfo{stf{x¿
k|df]zg x'g'ePsf] lyof] .
elQm ljz]if
hGd !((@ kf}if !&
b]xfGt @)^% d+l;/ &
:juL{o ljs'nfn k|wfgf·
xfd|f klt÷a'af ljs'nfn k|wfgf·sf] c;fdlos :juf{/f]x0f
ePsf]df pxfFsf] cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGtsf nflu k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] r/0fsdndf ;elQm k|fy{gf ub{5f}F .
kTgL– wgdfof k|wfgf· 5f]/f– cflzif k|wfgf·
5f]/L– jiff{ k|wfgf·
45
cf>d ultljlw
a;'Gw/f -sf7df8f}“_M cIfo t[tLofsf] kfjg lbg
cyf{t\ ut j}zfv !$ ut] l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| g]kfnn]
;ft' / ;Vv/ kfgL ljt/0f u¥of] . ;f“´ cf/tLkl5 pQm
k|;fb ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
Dx}kL -sf7df8f}“_M l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| Dx}kL
cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|n] ut j}zfv * ut] cfÇgf] k|yd
jflif{sf]T;j dgfpg] qmddf cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb| /
of]ufDa/ 1fg]Zj/L -Dx}kL clhdf_ sf] dlGb/df nfv
aQL ck{0f u¥of] .
;fgf]e¥ofª -sf7df8f}“_M l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|
;fgf] e¥ofª cf/tL sIfn] ut j}zfv !! ut] :joDe"sf]
;kmfO ug'{sf ;fy} ToxfF aQL afn]/ sfo{qmd ;DkGg
u¥of] .
g/b]jL -sf7df8f}“_M l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| g/b]jL
k|rf/ k|;f/ s]Gb|n] ut j}zfv !$ ut] cIfo t[tLofsf]
lbgdf g/b]jLl:yt s+s]Zj/L dlGb/ kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO
sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .
sLlt{k/' -sf7df8f}_“ M l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, cf/tL
;~rfng s]Gb|, sLlt{k'/sf] cfof]hgfdf ut r}q @( ut]
cfo'j]{b SofDk; sLlt{k'/df k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd ;DkGg
eof] . ;+uLtdo / g[Todo jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg pQm
sfo{qmddf xjgsf] j}1flgstf ;DaGwdf b[io ;fdu|L
;d]t b]vfOPsf] lyof] .
;'j0f{ cj;/
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL klqsf
Pp6f ;Dk"0f{ klqsf ePsf]n]
kf7s ju{x?sf] ljz]if cg'/f]wdf
o;sf k'/fgf c+sx?nfO{ ;+sng
u/]/ x/]s jif{sf] leGbfleGb}
a08n ljz]if 5'6df pknAw
u/fOPsf] 5 . oL c+sx?
;Lldt dfqfdf -:6s /x'~h]n
;Dd_ dfq} pknAw x'g] ePsf]n]
cfh} cfkm\gf] k|lt ;'/lIft
/fVg'xf]nf .
;Dks{—
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ljt/0f
sIfdf lbpF;f] @M))
ah]b]lv ^M)) ah];Dd
;f}/kfgL -uf]/vf_M l;=z=s], ;Dks{ sfof{no
;f}/kfgL tyf o'lge;{n PsLs[t :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg tyf
' m cfof]hgfdf
ljsf; kmfpG8]zg(UIHRDF) aNv'sf] ;+oQ
ut j}zfv !( ut] >L z}nk'qL df=lj=,kfFrv'jf, b]p/fnL
uf=lj=;=, uf]/vfdf cfo'j]{b :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;DkGg eof] .
cfo'jb{] tyf Pnf]Koflys cf}iflwx¿ klg lgMz'Ns ljt/0f
ul/Psf] lyof] pQm sfo{qmddf dxŒjk"0f{ hl8a'6Lx¿sf]
aa/dxn -sf7df8f}“_M l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|
k|bz{gL, ltgLx¿sf] kl/rosf / k|of]usf] af/]df klg
hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . ;fy} lel8of]dfkm{t cfo'j]{b aa/dxn cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|n] ut r}q @$ ut]
/ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL, Wofg, cf/tL / l;4f>d zlQm cfÇgf] k|yd jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df ehg–sLt{g Pj+
s]Gb|;DDaGwL r]tgfd"ns hfgsf/Lx¿ klg k|bfg bLkfjnLsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .
ul/Psf] lyof] .
46
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
u'? uLtf
cfTdLo kf7sju{, u'?sf] dlxdf / dxŒjsf] af/]df zf:qn] pNn]v u/]sf
ljifox¿nfO{ hg;dIf phfu/ ub}{ u'¿k|ltsf] ;Rrf efj / elQm hfu[t
ug]{ p2]Zon] o; :tDecGtu{t cy{;lxt k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}“ .
Pj+ ljwf] dxfo'StM
;j{q jt{t] ;bf .
t:dft\ ;j{k|sf/]0f
u'?elSt+ ;dfr/]t\ ..!%(..
efjfy{ M a'l4dfg\ ;fws ;j{q :jfTd a'l4n] o'Qm eP/
x/]s k|sf/n] u'?sf] cf/fwgf ub{5 . ;fwssf nflu u'?sf]
cf/fwgf Tolt g} cfjZos 5 hlt Pp6f ;fgf] lzz'sf
nflu cfdf lsgls u'?n] klg cfdfn] ´}F lziosf] nfng
kfng ug'{x'G5 . u'?n] lzionfO{ lzz'nfO{ ´}F jftfj/0f
lbP/ g} ;fwgf kydf cu|;/ u/fpg'xG' 5 / la:tf/} la:tf/}
p;nfO{ p;sf] nIo;Dd k'¥ofOlbg'x'G5 . o:tf] s[kfsf
nflu lzion] ;b}j pxfFk|lt s[t1 x'g'k5{ .
wGof dftf lktf wGof]
uf]q+ wGo+ s'nf]b\ejM .
wGof r j;'wf b]lj
oq :ofb\ u'?elQmtf ..!^@..
efjfy{ M h'g s'ndf u'?eQmn] hGd lnG5, p;sL
cfdf wGo l5g\, afa' k'0ojfg\ x'g\, uf]q / s'n b'j} wGo
5g\, Tof] :yfg wGo 5 hxfF u'?sf] rrf{ x'G5 . …ol:dg\
lj1ft] ;j{+ lj1ftd\ ejltÚ, u'?TjnfO{ a'l´;s]kl5
a'‰g nfos c¿ s]xL afFsL /xFb}g lsgls u'?TjeGbf
>]i7 s'g} tŒj 5}g . o; tŒjnfO{ hfGg] JolQm :jo+ t
;f}efUozfnL x'G5 g}, To;;Fu hf]l8Psf] x/]s ;f+;fl/s
kbfy{ jf JolQm klg wGo–wGo x'G5 .
u'? ;Gtf]if0ffb]j
d'Qmf] ejlt kfj{lt .
cl0fdflbif' ef]Qm[Tj+
s[kof b]lj ¤ hfot] ..!^)..
efjfy{ M u' ? v'zL x'g'ePdf hLj ;f+;fl/s
aGwgx¿af6 d'Qm x'G5 / u'?sf] s[kfn] cl0fdf, nl3df
cflb cGtxLg l;l4x¿sf] ef]Qmf x'g hfG5 . cl0fdf
cflb l;l4x¿ u'?sf zlQm x'g\, u'? k|;Gg x'g'ePdf tL
l;l4x¿ :jtM g} lziodf cfpF5g\ . t;y{ u'?s[kf g}
kfpg] k|of; ug'{k5{ . To;f] ePdf lzio hGd–d[To'sf]
rSs/af6 d'Qm x'G5 .
cgGt sf]l6 hGdfgfd\
k"hf sd{ j|tfboM .
t] ;j]{ lgikmn+ oflGt
u'? lgGbf ;bf]Gd'vfM ..!^#..
efjfy{ M u'? lgGbf ug]{ ;fws jf lziosf cgGt
hGdx¿df u/]sf k"hf, hk, tk, o1 Pj+ ljleGg z'e
sd{x¿af6 k|fKt ;x;|sf]l6 k'0o If0fe/df g} gi6 eP/
hfG5 . of] /x:onfO{ ;w}F ofb /fVg'k5{ lsgls lziosf
nflu u'? lgGbf ;jf{lws xflgsf/s 5 . t;y{, lzion]
;b}j lgd{n, :jR5 Pj+ >4fo'Qm efjn] u'?sf] Wofg,
lrGtg Pj+ :d/0f ul//xg'kb{5 .
u'?b]{jf] u'?w{df]{
u'/f} lgi7f k/+ tkM .
u'/f]M k/t/+ gfl:t
lqjf/+ syofld t] ..!^!..
efjfy{ M u'? g} b]jtf x'g'x'G5, u'? g} wd{ x'g'x'G5,
u'¿k|lt lgi7fjfg\ x'g' g} k/k tk xf] / u'?eGbf dfly
s]xL klg 5}g— d oxL s'/f k6s–k6s elg/x]sf] 5' .
…u'?b]j k/a|ÅdÚ o; >'lt jfSosf cg';f/ u'? / a|Åddf
leGgtf 5}g, cleGg ePs} sf/0fn] u'?Tj g} ;a}lt/ JofKt
5 . t;y{ b]jtf, bfgj, dg'io cflbdf k|f0f¿k u'?Tj g}
5 . ctM lziosf nflu u'?sf] cf/fwgf ;b}j ck]lIft
5, oxL s'/f d af/Daf/ bf]xf]¥ofO/x]sf] 5' .
z/L/ldlGb|o+ k|f0fM
rfy{M :jhg aGw'tf .
dft[s'n+ lkt[s'n+
u'?/]j g ;+zoM ..!^$..
efjfy{ M z/L/, OlGb|o, k|f0f, wg–;DklQ, :jhg,
:jaGw'–afGwj, dft[s'n, lkt[s'n oL ;a u'?s} nflu
x'g\ . ;b\u'? k|fKt ePkl5 oL ;d:t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u
u'?sf] ;]jfy{ ug'{k5{ cGoyf oL ;a} hLjgdf dxŒjxLg
x'g hfG5g\ . t;y{, logLx¿sf] ;b'kof]u ;Tsfo{df g}
5 . u'? hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{ cË x'g'x'G5, pxfF lagfsf]
hLjg /;xLg / pkof]uxLg x'g hfG5 . t;y{, hLjgsf]
k|yd tyf clGtd vf]h u'? g} x'g'x'G5 .
ho u'?b]j ¤
elQm ljz]if
47
ljz]if l/kf]6{
;b\u'?b]j cjt/0f lbj;
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf] k/d s[kf, cg'sDkf Pj+ cfzLjf{b:j?k l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0f bQ >LdfnLHo"sf] &^ cf}“ cjt/0f lbj; tyf l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] !) cf}“
jflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmd ut j}zfv * ut] -tbg';f/ clk|n @! tf/Lv_ uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dsf]
k|f+u0fdf eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg u¥of]. b'O{ r/0fdf ljeflht pQm sfo{qmd laxfg (M)) ah] k|fy{gf tyf
uf]/If lglvn :tjgsf] ;fd'lxs kf7af6 z'ef/De eO{ klxnf] r/0fcGtu{t u'? kfb'sf k"hg, dGqhk,
xjg, nIobLk k|HHjng, cf/tL cflb qmdx? ;DkGg ePsf lyP. sfo{qmddf u'? kfb'sf k"hg ug]{
;f}efUo k|;fb ljt/0fsf] cleef/f jxg ub}{ ;fws ;flwsfx? dLgf yfkf, dLgaxfb'/ yfkf, ef]h/fh
/]UdL, ;'lgtf /]UdL, dx]z cfrfo{, ljlbt cfrfo{, cfzf yfkf, s';'d yfkf, gGbdfof l;6f}nf, r~rnf zdf{,
ljdnf kf08], u0f]zaxfb'/ kf08], ;f]gL bjf8L, df]gL bjf8L, dw's'df/L /fodfemL / dw'dlt /+lhtn] k|fKt
ug'{ePsf] lyof].
sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] z'ef/Dedf ;fj/ dft[sfHo"n] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 :jfut dGtJo /fVg'ePsf]
lyof]. bf];|f] r/0fsf cGo qmdx?df :jfut g[To, bLk k|HHjng, ehg–sLt{g, g[To, ;+:yfut k|ltj]bg,
k|jrg, ljz]if Wofg cflb /x]sf lyP . :jfut g[To nlntk'/ ;Dks{ sfo{non] k|:t't u/]sf] lyof].
;+:yfsf] bzf}F jflif{sf]T;jsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf bzj6f bLof]x? ;fj/ kGyL ;b:oHo"x?n] afNg'eof]. l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb|sf] nflu ljutsf] jif{ s:tf] /x\of] eGg] ;Gbe{df ;fj/kGyL g+= # sf ;b:oHo"n] k|ltj]bg k9]/
;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof]. g[Tosf] qmddf eQmk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no tyf aa/dxn cf/tL ;~rfng s]Gb|af6
cf–cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf g[Tox? k|:t't ePsf lyP. eQmk'/sf] ci6dft[sf g[Ton] klg sfo{qmddf ljz]if
cfsif{0f lbg ;kmn eof].
k|jrgsf] qmddf ;fj/kGyL g+ @ sf ;b:oHo"n] ;b\u'?b]j cjt/0f lbj; tyf uf]/If k|s6 lbj;sf]
dlxdf / ul/dfaf/] k|sfz kfb}{ b'j} kj{ j}zfv dlxgfdf k/]sf]n] o;sf] ljz]if dxŒj /x]sf] atfpg'eof].
Pp6f /f]6 ck{0f ubf{ l;+u} k[lyjL bfg u/] a/fa/sf] k'0o ldNg] ePsfn] o; sfo{df sf]xL g5'6\g cfu|x
ug'{eof]. sfo{qmdsf] clGtd ;qlt/ ;fj/kGyL g+= ! sf ;b:oHo"n] ;ft hgf gfy kGyL of]uLHo"x?
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf] dxfg\ of]hgf ;kmn ug{ l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfpg'ePsf]
/x:of]b\3f6g ug'{x'Fb} ljz]if d'b|f Wofgsf] ljlw cEof;dfkm{t a'emfpg'ePsf] lyof]. sfo{qmdsf] cGTolt/
ufOPsf] x\ofkL ay{ 8]=== sf] w'gdf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx? g[Todo x'Fb} d:tLdf em'Dg'ePsf] lyof] ;fy} ;f]
ehg sfo{qmdsf] cfsif{0fsf] ?kdf klg /x]sf] lyof].
;fj/ kGyL g+= # sf ;b:oHo"n] ;~rfng ug'{ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf @%)) eGbf a9L ;fws
;flwsf eQmhgsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof]. sfo{qmd ck/f≈g $M)) ah] cf}krfl/s?kdf k|fy{gf u/]/
;dfkg ul/Psf] lyof].
;f]xL lbg a;'Gw/fl:yt cf>d ejgdf ;fFem cf/tLkZrft\ ehg–sLt{gsf ;fydf bLkfjnL ul/Psf]
lyof]. l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;Dks{ sfof{nodf ;f] lbg ljljw sfo{qmdsf ;fy bLkfjnLsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof].
48
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
elQm ljz]if
49
;fj/ ;+/rgfaf6 k|fKt
lbJo ;fwgfTds ;"qx?
dGq ;fwgfsf] If]qdf cl3 a9]/ pRrtf xfl;n ug{ rfxg] ;Dk"0f{sf nflu cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ ;"qx¿ h;sf] cIf/zM kfngf
ugf{n] dfq ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5, o:tf lbJotd ;"qx¿ >L ;fj/ ;+/rgf zlQm s]Gb|åf/f k|sflzt tyf of]uL lzjzlQmZj/fgGb
Pj+ of]uL sd{jL/fgGbåf/f /lrt u|Gy ‘dGq ;fwgf—pmWj{;+ult’sf] v08 3 -;fj/ ;+/rgfaf6 k|fKt lbJo ;fwgfTds ;"qx¿_
kf7sju{sf] nfefy{ qmdzM k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F . xfdLnfO{ cfzf Pj+ ljZjf; 5, oL ;"qx¿n] oxfFx¿sf] ;fwgfTds
pRrtf k|flKtdf cjZod]j 7f]; of]ubfg lbg]5g\ .
dGq ;fwgfdf cufl8 a9\g] k|To]s ;fws ;flwsfn]
;+3if{zLntfnfO{ kf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hlt ;+3if{;Fu h'Wb}
cufl8 a9\g ;Sof], Tolt g} ;fwgfdf ;kmntf klg
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj hLjg ;+3if{do 5, k|ltknsf]
;+3if{;Fu ;D´f}tf ub}{, ;fdgf ub}{ xfdL cufl8 al9/x]sf
x'G5f}F . ;fwgfdf cufl8 a9\g] k|To]s ;fws ;flwsfn]
o; s'/fnfO{ a'‰g'kb{5 ls ;+3if{ xfd|f] hLjgsf] cleGg
cË xf] eg]/ .
hf] s]xL u5'{ eg]/ cufl8 a9\5, s]xL k|flKtsf]
p2]Zo, nIo /fvL cufl8 a9\5, p;}n] w]/} ;+3if{sf]
;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . 3/df a:g]n] xf]Og, aflx/ pq]/ sfo{
ug]{n] g} ;+3if{sf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . cfÇgf] nIodf cu|;/
x'g]n] g} ljleGg b'Mv–si6, cK7\of/fx¿;Fu n8\g'kg]{
x'G5 . h] lrhsf] k|flKt klg ;+3if{af6 g} x'g] ub{5 .
;+3if{lagfsf] k|flKt klg c;Dej g} x'G5 . o;}n] xfd|f]
b}lgs hLjgsf ljleGg ljifoj:t'x¿df klg ljleGg
;+3if{x¿ g} n's]sf x'G5g\ . ef}lts ;+;f/sf] k|To]s
If]qdf cf–cfÇg} lsl;dsf] ;+3if{sf] ;fdgf JolQmx¿n]
:jfefljs¿kdf u/]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f ls;fgn] v]tdf
ug]{ ;+3if{ cfÇg} lsl;dsf] x'g] ub{5 eg] Jofkf/Ln]
Jofkf/df ug]{ ;+3if{, g]tfx¿n] /fhgLltdf ug]{ ;+3if{,
j}1flgsx¿n] gofF–gofF cljisf/sf] nflu ug]{ ;+3if{b]lv
lnP/ ;dfhsf ljleGg If]qsf JolQmx¿n] ug]{ ;+3if{ klg
cf–cfÇg} k|sf/sf] x'g] ub{5 eg] dGq ;fwgfdf cufl8
a9\g] JolQmn] klg cfÇg} k|sf/n] oL ;+3if{x¿ kf/ ub}{
cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ x'G5 .
;fwgfdf cufl8 a9\g] ;fws ;flwsfn] c¿n] eGbf
a9L g} ;+3if{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hf] ;fws aGg rfxG5, p;n]
;+3if{b]lv 8/fpg' x'Fb}g, ;+3if{nfO{ ;w}F ;fyL agfpg'kb{5 .
;fwsx¿nfO{ nfUg ;S5 xfdLn] g} ;fwgf ug]{, xfdLnfO{
g} ´g\ 7"nf7"nf ;+3if{, xfdLnfO{ g} 7"nf7"nf cK7\of/fx¿,
b'Mvsi6x¿ ¤ xf], hf] s]xL u5'{ eg]/ dxfg\ nIodf
50
;+3if{zLntf
cufl8 a9\5, p;n] ;+3if{x¿sf] k/LIff lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
k|To]s ;+3if{n] JolQmnfO{ alnof] agfpF5, ;fx;L agfpF5,
;dfhnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fnfO{ kl/jt{g ul/lbG5 / ;dfhsf]
oyfy{ w/ftnsf] klg kl/ro lbG5 . ;fwgfsf] ann]
;+3if{nfO{ cfÇgf] cg's"n agfpFb} cufl8sf ;+3if{;Fu
h'Wgsf] nflu tDtof/ x'g'kb{5 .
dGq ;fwgfdf cufl8 a9\bf JolQmn] aflx/L ;+;f/df
dfq} geO{ cfkm}leq klg ;+3if{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . aflx/L
;+3if{ cfGtl/s ;+3if{sf] t'ngfdf uf}0f x'g ;S5 . cfÇgf
1fg]lGb|ox¿;Fusf] ;+3if{, OlGb|ox¿;Fusf] ;+3if{, ljrf/–
efjgf, cf;lQm, sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x;Fusf] ;+3if{,
cfÇg} dg;Fusf] ;+3if{, o:tf ;+3if{x¿ ub}{ ltgnfO{
cfÇgf] jzdf /fVb} xfdL cufl8 a9\g'kb{5, clg dfq}
;fwgfdf ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] dGq
;fwgfdf cufl8 a9\g]x¿ slxNo} efUg' x'Fb}g . ;+3if{ ug{
g;Sg]x¿ t ;fws x'g} ;Qm}gg\, pgLx¿n] k|flKt klg
ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . ;fwgfdf ;kmntf eg]sf] w]/} 7"nf] s'/f
xf] . ;–;fgf s'/fdf clN´g], ;–;fgf s'/fdf cflQg]x¿n]
;fwgfdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] cfkm"nfO{
;+3if{zLn agfpFb} w}o{jfg\ eO{ cufl8 a9f}F, ;fwgfdf
;kmntf k|fKt u/f}F . ho u'?b]j ¤
gof“ jif{ tyf /f]6 dxf]T;j @)^^ sf]
kfjg cj;/df ;d:t eQmhgx?df
xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf .
k|f]= /fhs'df/ v8\sf
;'of]{bo a'S; P08 :6]zg/L ;]G6/
RofDxfl;+x !, eQmk'/, kmf]g g+= ^^!%*)%, (*$!%!&&@@
oxfF ;a} lsl;dsf sfkL, kq klqsf tyf cGo :6]zg/L
;fdu|Lx¿ kfOg'sf ;fy} :s"n SofDk;sf kf7\o k':ts
/ clkml;onL ;fdu|Lx¿ ;"ky d"Nodf kfOG5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7
tkfO{“ 5'6\g'ePsf] t 5}g<
tflGqs Wofgsf k|yd r/0f, bf];|f] r/0fsf sIffx? wdfwd
;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\. cfh} gfd n]vfO{ cfkm\gf] :yfg
;'/lIft /fVg'xf]nf.
k|yd r/0f— uf]/If lglvn jf0fL klqsfsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?sf
nflu v'nf .
bf];|f] r/0f— k|yd r/0fsf] Wofg ;DkGg ul/;Sg] ;fws
;flwsfx?sf nflu .
af“sL s'/f cf>dsf] s]G∫Lo sfof{no jf ;Dks{ sfof{nox?df
cfP/ a'‰g ;Sg'x'g]5 .
xfn Wofg ;~rfng eO/x]sf / lgs6 eljiodf x'g] :yfgx?—
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no a;'Gw/f, ;Dks{ sfof{nox? eQmk'/ -s6'~h]_, nlntk'/
-nugv]n_, sfe|] -ag]kf_, sf:sL -kf]v/f /fd3f6, ljGWojfl;gL,
n]vgfy a8x/]_, uf]/vf -uf]/vf ahf/, nIdLahf/_, l;Gw'kfNrf]s
-afx|la;]_, tgx'“ .
cf>ddf pknAw ;]jfx¿
of]u, Wofg, lxKgf]l6Hd, cflb af/] cWoog, cg';Gwfg Pj+ k/fdZ{ ;]jf .
dGq ZlQmåf/f xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ljljw ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg .
kmf]6f] y]/fkLsf] dfWodaf6 c;fWo /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ .
dGq tGqsf] dfWodaf6 ;fwgfdf cl3 a9\g rfxg] ;fws ;flwsfx¿nfO{ ljZ]if dfu{lgb]{Zg .
k"0f{ k|fdfl0fs¿kdf ljZ]if k|lqmofåf/f k|f0f–k|ltli7t oGq, dfnf, cf;gnufot ;fwgfsf nflu cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf .
k/dk"Ho ;b\u?' b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf]
af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg Pj+ hfgsf/L rfxg]x¿sf nflu uf]/If lglvn k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf .
ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/sf nflu ljZ]if tflGqs lxlnª\sf] Joj:yf .
elQm ljz]if
51
hf“bf hf“b}
‘h;sf] zlQm p;}sf] elQm’ eGg] pvfg xfd|f] ;dfhdf clxn] klg k|rlnt /x]sf] 5. elQmsf] s'/f
ubf{ jf:tjdf hf] zlQmjfg\ 5, p;}sf] elQm ul/Psf] xfdL kfpF5f}F. zlQmxLgx?sf] elQm sxLF s;}n]
klg u/]sf] kfOFb}g. b]jtf eGgf;fy g} zlQmsf] k'~h, zlQmsf] ;|f]t eGg] xfdL a'em\b5f}F. To;}n] klg
cfkm\gf Oi6b]jtf, s'nb]jtf, u'?x?sf] elQm ug]{ k|rng xfd|f] ;dfhdf k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} ljBdfg
/xFb} cfPsf] kfpF5f}F. zf:qn] elQmsf k|sf/x?sf] af/]df ljleGg ?kn] JofVof u/]sf 5g\. elQmsf]
af/]df w]/} rrf{ kl/rrf{x? ePsf 5g\ t/ zf:qn] j0f{g u/]cg';f/s} elQm / efj s;/L pTkGg ug]{< s]
u¥of] eg] dflg; ;Rrf eQm aGg ;S5< ;Rrf eQm aGg] s8L s] xf]< To;sf] af/]df eg] Tolt phfu/
u/]sf] kfOFb}g. hxfF klg elQm o:tf] k|sf/sf] x'g'kb5{, oL oL k|sf/sf elQmaf6 eujfg\ v'zL x'g'x'G5
eg]/ pNn]v rflxF ul/Psf] x'G5 t/ Tof] elQm ug]{ t/Lsf rflxF cyjf To;nfO{ k|of]ufTds ?kdf s;/L
cjnDag ug]{ eGg] ljifout 1fg lbg] u'?x? eg] ;dfhdf w]/} sd kfOG5 h;n] ubf{ elQm ug'{k5{, elQm
olt k|sf/sf] x'G5, o:tf] x'G5, p:tf] x'G5 eg]/ ;'uf /6fO t ;a}n] /6\g] eP t/ elQm g} ug]{ dflg;
vf]Hg rflxF ;dfhdf clxn] ufx|f] eO/x]sf] 5. h;n] ;Rrf elQm u5{, p;n] oL s'/fx?df s'g} dtna
/fVb}g. zf:qdf s] n]v]sf] 5, s:tf] k|sf/sf] elQm ug'{kb{5 eg]/ zf:qsf] af/]df hfgsf/L g} gx'g]
Pp6f cgk9 JolQmsf] hlt elQm x'G5, h'g k|sf/af6 p;n] cflTds ?kdf elQm u/]sf] x'G5, To:tf]
elQm k9]/ jf 1fg ;'g]/ cyjf syf k'/f0fx?sf] cWoog u/]/ hf] ljåfg\ ag]sf] x'G5, p;af6 To:tf]
elQmsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsFb}g. elQm / ljåtf oL b'O{ rLh Ps} 7fpFdf /xg ;Sb}gg\ lsgls ljåfg\n]
ts{ vf]H5g\, a'l4 n8fpF5g\ / lj1fgsf] s;Ldf 3f]6\g vf]H5g\. t/ elQmdf g t ts{n] sfd u5{, g
a'l4n], g o;nfO{ s;L g} nufpg ;lsG5. of] t cfkm}leq 3l6t x'g] k|lqmof xf]. s;}n] kf7 k9]/
d o:tf] elQm u5'{ eg]/ elQm knfpg] xf]Og, g t JofVofg ;'g]/ g} elQm phfu/ x'g] xf]. of] s;/L
x'G5 jf:tjdf eGg} ;lsGg. k|To]s JolQmdf elQm/; cf–cfkm\g} k|sf/n] hfu[t ePsf] x'G5. Pp6fnfO{
ehg ufpFbf jf ;'Gbf elQm/; hfUof] eg]/ csf]{nfO{ Tof] gx'g ;S5. p;nfO{ k"hf ubf{ elQm/; hfUg
;S5. t;y{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f t lg:jfy{ ;]jf xf] h;n] xfdLdf elQm/; k}bf ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5.
x'g t zf:qdf eujb\elQmsf af/]df w]/} rrf{ kl/rrf{x? ePsf 5g\. To;sf] t'ngfdf u'?elQmsf]
k|;+u eg] sd} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5. cg]s km"na'6\6f el/Psf syfk|;+ux?df clNemFbfclNemFb} hLjgdf
u'?elQmsf] /;f:jfbg ug}{ gkfO{ s}of}F JolQmx?sf] hLjg ;dfKt ePsf] 5. t/ xfdL rfxG5f}F tkfO{F
km]l/ Tof] Oltxf;nfO{ gbf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\. u'?M ;fIfft\ k/a|x\d eGg] jfSosf] cfzonfO{ a'em]/ u'?elQmdf
8'Ag'xf];\ clg x]g'{xf];\ tkfO{Fsf] hLjgdf s;/L kl/jt{g cfpF5, lg/; hLjg s;/L pT;fxk"0f{ x'G5, hf]z
hfFu/ / pd+un] el/P/ cfpF5. u'?Tj ;Qf eg]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;Qf Clif ;Qf, b}jL ;Qf, dg'io ;QfnfO{
;~rfng ug]{ k/d ;Qf xf]. o:tf k/d ;Qfsf k/dflwklt g} ;b\u'? x'g'x'G5. zf:qn] pNn]v u/]sf]
k/a|x\d k/dfTdf x'g'x'G5 eg] cGoq lsg cNemg]< ;f}efUo kfPsf 5f}F eg] o;nfO{ pkof]u ug{ klg
hfGg'k5{ cGoyf ;d'b|df /x]/ klg ;w}F Kof;L /lx/xg]5f}F. ;b\u'?sf cufl8 sf]xL ;fgf 7"nf x'Fb}gg\.
s;}k|lt e]befj pxfFx?n] ug'{x'Gg / h'g eujb\k|flKtsf nflu cg]s lqmofsd{ xfdL hLjge/ ub{5f}F,
tL ;a} s'/f t pxfFn] If0fe/d} k|bfg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 lsgls b}jL ;Qf klg pxfFs} Ozf/fdf ;~rfng x'g]
ub{5. of] /x:onfO{ cfh} a'emf}F / elQm ug'{ 5 eg] k/a|x\d k/dfTdf:j?k ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL
u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhs} u/f}F. c:t'.
52
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ Ho]i7