Experimental Psychology
Arlo Clark‐Foos
y There were none!
y If you wanted to experiment on someone, go ahead
y Ordinary laws still apply
y (You cannot kill an innocent person for your research.)
(Y t kill i
t f h)
y Celsus
y 1st century Egyptian physician
y Research on criminal populations is ok.
l i
i k
y Lessons?
y Edward Jenner (1749‐1823)
y Small pox vaccine
y Johann Jorg (1779‐1856)
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y Self‐administration of 17 different drugs
y Louis Pasteur (1822‐1895)
y Rabies Vaccine & Meister
y Dr. Osler
y Testimony before R l C
Royal Commission
i i
y Is morality absolute?
Josef Mengele
Eduard Pernkopf
y Participants had no choice to experiment or not
y Question of Legality?
y Need guidelines
y Consent
y Informed Participation
y Avoid Risks
y Protect Against Risks
y Qualified Personnel
Q lifi d P
l
y Discontinuation
sco t uat o
y Laid groundwork for medical studies on humans
y Not a law!
y Social science research?
y Ethics continue to be violated
y Problems with this research?
y Vulnerable Populations
y Coercion
y Risk
y 399 African American males
y Problems with this research?
y Informed Participation
y Vulnerable Populations
V l
bl P
l i
y Coercion
y Risk
y Discontinuation
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y Problems with this research?
y Informed Participation
y Risk
Ri k
y Live Cancer Cells
y Senile Patients
y Problems with this research?
y Vulnerable Populations
y Informed Participation
I f
d P i i i
y Consent
y Avoid Risks
y Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
y National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects
y The Belmont Report (1979)
1
1.
Respect for Persons (Autonomy)
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
Respect for Persons (Autonomy)
1.
Immanuel Kant
y
y
y
Individual Mental Capacity
Voluntariness
Implications
y
y
y
y
Informed Consent
Privacy
Discontinuation
Beneficence
2.
y
Risk : Benefit ratio
y
Implications
y
y
Minimize Risk
Qualified Personnel
Justice
3.
y
Treat People Fairly
y
Implications
y
Participant Selection
y Principle A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical acceptability.
to make a careful evaluation of its ethical acceptability
y Principle B: Considering whether a participant in a planned study will j
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g
be a "subject at risk" or a "subject at minimal risk" according to recognized standards is of primary ethical concern to the investigator.
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d d
f
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y Principle C: The investigator always retains the responsibility for insuring ethical practice in research.
insuring ethical practice in research
y Principle D: Except in minimal risk research, the investigator g
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establishes a clear and fair agreement with research participants, prior to their participation, that clarifies the obligations and responsibilities of each.
y Principle E: Methodological requirements of a study may make the use of concealment or deception necessary. Before conducting such a study of concealment or deception necessary
Before conducting such a study the investigator has a special responsibility to:
y Determine if deception is justified by the study's possible scientific, educational or applied value
y Determine whether alternative procedures are available that do not use concealment or deception
y Insure that the participants are provided with sufficient explanation as soon as possible
y Principle F: The experimenter respects the individual's freedom to decline to participate in or withdraw from the research at any time.
y Principle G: Subjects should be informed of any risks posed by the experiment.
y Principle H: After the data are collected the investigator provides participants with information about the nature of the study and attempts to remove any misconceptions that may have arisen.
y Principle I: Where research procedures result in undesirable consequences for the individual participant the investigator has the responsibility to detect and remove or correct these consequences.
y Principle J: Information obtained about the research participant during the course of an investigation is confidential unless otherwise agreed upon in advance.
y Committee of Researchers to Evaluate Your Project
y Required!
R
i d!
y IRB Concerns
y
y
y
y
y
Risk : Benefit
Deception?
Consent Forms
Data & Confidentiality
Q
Qualified Personnel
y What is this project j
about?
y Why are we doing this y Any costs or payments?
y Benefits and Risks?
project?
y Discontinuation
y How will subjects be involved?
y Follow‐Up F ll
U (Debriefing)
y Confidentiality