November 2013 – January 2014, Vol. 4, No. 1; 480-489.
E- ISSN: 2249 –1929
Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences
Available online atwww.jcbsc.org
Section C: Physical Sciences
Research Article CODEN (USA): JCBPAT
Harmful Effects on Human Body Tissues Due to
Electromagnetic Waves of Radio Broadcasting at
Frequency 1566 kHz
Arvind Kumar1*, Vijay Kumar2 and P. P. Pathak3
1*
Department of Physics, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India
2
3
Department of Physics, Uttarakhand Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun
(Uttarakhand) India,
Department of Physics, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)
India
Received: 20 November 2013; Revised: 16 December 2013; Accepted: 23 December 2013
Abstract: The medium frequency waves are used for amplitude modulation (AM)
broadcasting in the frequency range 535 kHz – 1705 kHz. The broadcasting stations are
situated in public living environment. In this manuscript the studies are taken for the
health effects in general public due to electromagnetic radiation at frequency of 1566
kHz. The people who are living near the AM broadcasting antenna may affected by this
electromagnetic energy. So the penetrated electric fields and specific absorption rate
(SAR) are calculated inside human body tissues using their electrical conductivity. The
penetrated electric fields and SAR inside the selected tissues are calculated at 100 m and
150 m distances from antenna and the calculated values inside tissues at various depths
are compared with the given permissible limit by the international agencies such as
international commission for non-ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP), world health
organization (WHO) etc. The results suggested that electromagnetic wave (EMW) of
1566 kHz frequency are harmful for the tissue life of the human body at various
distances from the broadcasting antenna.
Keywords: AM broadcasting antenna, Human body tissues, Electric field, Specific
absorption rate(SAR).
480 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .2014; Vol.4, No.1; 469-473. Harmful...
Kumar et al.
INTRODUCATION
In present times of faster communication, the general public is exposed to many types of radiation
from all types of communication systems like TV, radio and mobile telephone. Generally speaking,
some radiation penetrates and is being absorbed by the human body when it is exposed to it.
Depending on the frequency of radiation, the human body interacts with such a field via induced
fields and thermal effects are resulted. The field generated within the body, the so-called internal field
is determined by the amount by which a body is influenced by electromagnetic fields.The daily
exposure to an electromagnetic environment raises the question of the effects of electromagnetic
fields on human health. The accurate assessment of the currents induced in the human body by an
electromagnetic field is a major issue, not only for its relevance in medical research, but also for its
implications on the definition of industrial standards1.
In this manuscript we have taken the radiated power of radio broadcasting antenna of 1000 kW for
general public exposure. When this high power antenna radiates the electromagnetic energy in the
living environment, these EMW of radiation may become harmful for the health of human body
tissues. When these electromagnetic waves are incident on the human body, they penetrate in to the
human body. The penetrated electric field and SAR are calculated at the various depths inside the
body. The absorption of this energy inside the body may increase the temperature of various body
tissues. On the basis of this absorption of energy, the human body causes many diseases. These
diseases are given in various studies by review of literature.According to Fact Sheet no. 1822 fields at
frequencies above about 1 MHz primarily cause heating by moving ions and water molecules through
the medium in which they exist. Even very low levels of energy produce a small amount of heat, but
this heat is carried away by the body’s normal thermoregulatory processes without the person noticing
it.
A number of studies at these frequencies suggest that exposure even to fields too weak to cause
heating may have adverse health consequences, including memory loss. Fields at frequencies below
about 1 MHz, primarily induce electrical charges and currents which can stimulate cells in tissues
such as nerves and muscles. Electrical currents already exist in the body as a normal part of the
chemical reactions involved in living processes. If fields induce currents significantly exceeding this
background level in the body, there is a possibility of adverse health consequences.
According to Matthes et al.3 the values of optimized source currents are obtained by coupling the
electromagnetic field computation inside the body with an optimization process. In both cases the
electromagnetic field distribution has to be computed in the human body, taking into account all the
peculiarities of the system of the human body that has very unusual values of electromagnetic
properties like electric permittivity, electric conductivity. These properties are not well known and
depend on the activity of the person. The material is an active material at the cell level, in most cases;
the problem is actually a coupled problem: the thermal effect is one of the major effects and it is
affected by the blood circulation, the geometry is complex and generally environment of the human
body has to be taken into account. According to Goldstein et al.4, laboratory studies suggest that
adverse biological effects can be caused by temperature rise in tissue that exceeds 1°C above their
normal temperatures. In addition to the absolute increase in temperature, duration of heating and
thermoregulatory capacity of the body are important determinants of the harmful levels of tissue
heating. High rates of physical activity and warm and humid environments will reduce tolerance to
the additional heat loads. Electromagnetic fields in both extremely low frequency and radio frequency
ranges activate the cellular stress response and studies with model biochemical systems suggest that,
EMF could interact directly with electrons in DNA. While low energy EMF interacts with DNA to
induce the stress response, increasing EMF energy in the RF range can lead to breaks in DNA strands.
481 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .2014; Vol.4, No.1; 480-489. Harmful...
Kumar et al.
It is clear that in order to protect living cells, EMF safety limits must be changed from the current
thermal standard, based on energy, to one based on biological responses that occur long before the
threshold for thermal changes5.
According to Hirata and Shiozawa6 their study attempts to correlate the maximum temperature
increase in the head and brain with the peak SAR value due to handset antennas. The rationale for this
study is that physiological effects and damage to humans through electromagnetic wave exposure are
induced by temperature increases, they found that to be (0.31 C and 0.13 C) for the Federal
Communications Commission Standard (1.6 W/kg for 1 g of tissue), while (0.60 C and 0.25 C) for the
International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Standard (2.0 W/kg for 10 g of
tissue).
According to Lisheng Xu et al. 7 the maximum SAR values increase with the increase in
conductivities of human body tissues and decrease with the increase in relative permittivity’s of
human body tissues. A variation of up to 20% in conductivity and relative permittivity, alone in one or
in both simultaneously always causes a variation of SAR to be less than 10%. As far as the
compliance of safety is concerned, the maxima of 1g averaged and 10g averaged SAR can reach 3.16
and 0.89 W/kg at the input power of 25 mW. The pregnant woman model employed in this study has
just one position of the foetus. It is obvious from these results that the SAR in the foetus is largely
affected by the distance and penetration path from the antenna to the surface on the foetus. However,
position of the foetus varies frequently at advanced stage of pregnancy. Thus, it might be expected
that the distance between the antenna and surface on the foetus is shorter than that in this study 8 .
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The proposed approach is useful to predict the induced electric field around the AM broadcasting
antenna and penetrated electric field inside the body and specific absorption rate (SAR) of the tissues
of the human body. In this manuscript the power of broadcasting antenna, which radiate the
electromagnetic energy at frequency 1566 kHz is taken to be 1000 kW. When the EMW of
broadcasting antenna is incident on the human body, the wave produced by the dipole antenna has a
cylindrical wave front .The incident electric field
around the radio broadcasting tower of
9
power P is given as
√
9.487
√
(1)
where r is the distance of the exposed body from the transmission tower. When a human body is
exposed to the EM wave of electric field, it penetrates into the body. It results into inside or induced
electric field Ez at a given depth z given as10.
=
exp (
)
(2)
where is skin depth, which is the distance over which the field decreases to 0.368 of its
value just inside the boundary at angular frequency , given as
(3)
482 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .2014; Vol.4, No.1; 480-489. Harmful...
⎡ εμ
{(
Kumar et al.
) }
⎤
q=⎢
1+ p2 −1 ⎥
⎣2
⎦
1
2
(4)
p=
where
σ
ωε
(5)
and ω is angular frequency of radiation,
conductivity of biological material.
is the permittivity, µ is the permeability and σ is
Specific absorption rate: The specific absorption rate is defined as the time derivative of the
incremental energy
absorbed by or dissipated in an incremental mass (dm) contained in a
volume element
of a given density (ρ). It can be defined as,
SAR =
d ⎛ dW ⎞
⎜
⎟
dt ⎝ dm ⎠
(6)
SAR =
d ⎛ dW ⎞
⎜
⎟
dt ⎜⎝ ρdV ⎟⎠
By using Poynting’s vector theorem for sinusoidal electromagnetic fields, one gets
SAR =
σE z2
ρ
(7)
is the field inside that material. This
where σ the conductivity of the biological materials, and
relation represents the rate at which the electromagnetic energy is converted into heat through wellestablished interaction mechanisms. It provides a valid quantitative measure of all interaction
mechanisms that are dependent on the intensity of the internal electric field11. The amount of heating
produced in a living organism depends primarily on the intensity of the radiation once it has
penetrated inside the body.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The penetrated electric field and specific absorption rate of the tissues due to the radiation of
frequency 1566 kHz at power 1000 kW are taken for this study. The radiations produce an electric
blanket around the people. These incident electric fields penetrate inside the human body. The
incident electric fields around the AM broadcasting tower are calculated by Eq. (1). These electric
fields penetrate inside the human body and penetrated electric fields inside the tissues are calculated
by Eq. (2). The calculated penetrated electric fields at the distance 100 m, 150 m from the
broadcasting antenna due to 1566 kHz are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The variations of
electric field with respect to the selected tissues are given in Fig. 1 & 2 for the distance 100 m, 150 m
respectively.
Specific absorption rate of the selected tissues are calculated by Eq. (7) and presented in Table 3 & 4
due to the electromagnetic waves of frequencies 1566 kHz respectively at 100 m and 150 m distance.
The variation of SAR with respect to selected tissues at the 100 m, 150 m distance from the
broadcasting antenna given in Figures 3 & 4 respectively. These tables also show that the tissues of
483 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .2014; Vol.4, No.1; 480-489. Harmful...
Kumar et al.
the human body living near at the radio broadcasting tower, absorb the given amount of energy.
According to some international agencies such as WHO, ICNIRP, the specific absorption rate
becomes harmful for general public exposure after 0.08W/ kg, of the whole body weight and for head
and trunk it is 2 W/kg and for limbs 4 W/kg . It means that, if SAR becomes greater to 0.08 W/kg, it
may be harmful for the tissue- life of the human body. The safe limit is taken from ICNIRP
guidelines. When the calculated data of SAR which is given in Tables 3 & 4 is compared with the
safe limits, it is observed that the given frequency 1566 kHz of electromagnetic radiation at 100 m
distance from broadcasting antenna is harmful for the health of bladder, blood, blood vessel, body
fluid, brain white
matter, cerebra spinal fluid, eye sclera, gall bladder, gall bladder bile, gland, heart, lung outer, lung
inner, lymph, mucous membrane, muscle, pancreas stomach, testis and vitreous humor tissues
respectively and at depth 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. For 150 m distance this radiation is harmful for the
health of bladder, blood, blood vessel, body fluid, cerebra spinal fluid, eye sclera, gall bladder, gall
bladder bile, gland, heart, lung outer, lung inner, lymph, mucous membrane, muscle, pancreas
stomach, testis and vitreous humor tissues respectively at depth 0.1 mm - 0.5 mm. The radio
broadcasting tower generally situated in populated area and very near to the general public. Thus the
calculations are made only for 100 m, 150 m distance from the antenna.
Table-1: Penetrated electric fields inside different human tissues at frequency 1566 kHz at 100 m
distance from the broadcasting antenna at radiated power 1000 kW
Tissue of human body
Penetrated electric field ( E z ) in volt per meter ( V/m) at frequency
( f ) = 1566 kHz at depth (0.1 mm - 0.5 mm) from 100 m distance
Bladder
Blood
Blood vessel
Body fluid
Brain white matter
Cerebella spinal fluid
Eye sclera
Fat
Gall bladder
Gall bladder Bile
Gland
Heart
Lung outer
Lung inner
Lymph
Mucous membrane
Muscle
Pancreas
Stomach
Testis
Vitreous Humor
0.1 mm
94.8492
94.8403
94.8471
94.8315
94.8537
94.8271
94.8429
94.8567
94.8381
94.8325
94.8428
94.8482
94.8476
94.8526
94.8428
94.8507
94.8446
94.8428
94.8434
94.8440
94.8315
0.2 mm
94.8284
94.8106
94.8243
94.7930
94.8374
94.7842
94.8157
94.8435
94.8062
94.7951
94.8156
94.8265
94.8252
94.8352
94.8156
94.8314
94.8192
94.8156
94.8169
94.8180
94.7930
0.3 mm
94.8077
94.7809
94.8015
94.7546
94.8211
94.7413
94.7887
94.8303
94.7743
94.7577
94.7885
94.8048
94.8029
94.8179
94.7885
94.8122
94.7938
94.7885
94.7904
94.7920
94.7546
0.4 mm
94.7869
94.7512
94.7786
94.7161
94.8047
94.6984
94.7615
94.8170
94.7423
94.7202
94.7613
94.7830
94.7805
94.8004
94.7613
94.7928
94.7684
94.7613
94.7639
94.7660
94.7161
484 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .2014; Vol.4, No.1; 480-489. 0.5 mm
94.7662
94.7216
94.7558
94.6778
94.7885
94.6556
94.7345
94.8038
94.7105
94.6829
94.7342
94.7613
94.7581
94.7831
94.7342
94.7736
94.7430
94.7342
94.7374
94.7400
94.6778
Harmful...
Kumar et al.
Table-2: Penetrated electric field inside different human tissues at frequency 1566 kHz at 150 m
distance from the broadcasting antenna at radiated power 1000 kW
Penetrated electric field ( E z ) in volt per meter ( V/m) at frequency ( f
Bladder
Blood
Blood vessel
Body fluid
Brain white matter
Cerebella spinal fluid
Eye sclera
Fat
Gall bladder
Gall bladder Bile
Gland
Heart
Lung outer
Lung inner
Lymph
Mucous membrane
Muscle
Pancreas
Stomach
Testis
Vitreous Humor
) = 1566 KHz at depth (0.1 mm - 0.5 mm) from 150 m distance
0.1mm
0.2 mm
0.3 mm
0.4 mm
0.5 mm
63.2260
63.2122
63.1984
63.1846
63.1704
63.22013
63.2003
63.1806
63.1608
63.1410
63.2247
63.2095
63.1943
63.1791
63.1638
63.2142
63.1886
63.1631
63.1375
63.1118
63.2290
63.2182
63.2074
63.1965
63.1856
63.2113
63.1827
63.1542
63.1256
63.0970
63.2218
63.2038
63.1858
63.1677
63.1496
63.2311
63.2223
63.2135
63.2047
63.1958
63.2186
63.1974
63.1762
63.1549
63.1336
63.2149
63.1900
63.1651
63.1402
63.1152
63.2218
63.2037
63.1856
63.1675
63.1494
63.2254
63.2109
63.1965
63.1820
63.1675
63.2250
63.2101
63.1952
63.1803
63.1654
63.2283
63.2168
63.2052
63.1937
63.1820
63.2218
63.2037
63.1856
63.1675
63.1494
63.2270
63.2142
63.2014
63.1846
63.1757
63.223
63.2061
63.1892
63.1723
63.1553
63.2218
63.2037
63.1856
63.1675
63.1494
63.2222
63.2046
63.1869
63.1693
63.1515
63.2226
63.2053
63.1880
63.1707
63.1533
63.2142
63.1886
63.1631
63.1375
63.1118
Penetrated electric field in V/m inside
human body of frequency 1566 kHz
at 100m distance
Tissue of human body
94.9
94.85
94.8
94.75
94.7
94.65
94.6
94.55
Fig. 1
0.1 mm
0.2 mm
0.3 mm
0.4 mm
0.5 mm
Tissues of human body
485 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .2014; Vol.4, No.1; 480-489. Harmfu
ul...
Kuma
ar et al.
W
inside different
d
hum
man tissues at
a the frequenncy 1566 kH
Hz at 100 m distance
d
Table--3: SAR in W/kg
from brooadcasting anntenna at radiated power 1000 kW
Tissue of
o human boddy
Bladder
Blood
Blood vessel
Body fluuid
Brain whhite matter
Cerebellla spinal fluid
Eye scleera
Fat
Gall bladder
Gall bladder bile
Gland
Heart
Lung ouuter
Lung innner
Lymph
Mucous membrane
Muscle
Pancreass
Stomachh
Testis
Vitreouss Humor
S.A.R. in (W/kg) att frequency ( f ) = 1566 kHz
k at depth (0.1 mm - 0.5 mm)
from 1000 m distancce
0.1 mm
m
0.2 mm
0.3 mm
0.4 mm
m
0.5 mm
2.1176443
2.1116716
2.115789
2.114866
2.11
13936
7.541111
7.5336392
7.531677
7.5269554
7.52
22249
2.844115
2.8442745
2.841377
2.8400005
2.83
3864
13.36488
13.33540
13.34322
13.33233
13.3
3215
0.9345887
0.9334266
0.933945
0.9336223
0.93
33303
17.81522
17.77990
17.7829
17.76688
17.7
75083
5.8047
5.8001453
5.7981
5.7948117
5.79
9151
0.2476006
0.2447537
0.247468
0.2473998
0.24
4733
7.8615999
7.8556311
7.851029
7.8457338
7.84
4467
12.466773
12.44569
12.44707
12.437223
12.4
42742
5.4147
5.41116
5.4085
5.4054
5.42
234
3.1626443
3.1661194
3.159746
3.1582993
3.15
56849
3.044015
3.0442579
3.041145
3.0397007
3.03
38276
5.1649883
5.1663092
5.161203
5.1593006
5.15
57421
5.466811
5.466368
5.460551
5.4574116
5.45
54295
2.1652554
2.1664375
2.163496
2.1626114
2.16
61737
4.5696229
4.5667183
4.564739
4.5622889
4.55
5985
5.466811
5.466368
5.460551
5.4574116
5.45
54295
5.2954883
5.2992522
5.289564
5.2866
5.28
83648
5.3528
5.34499
5.3469
5.3440
5.34
411
13.36488
13.33540
13.34322
13.33233
13.3
3215
B Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .20
014; Vol.4, No.1; 480-489. 486 J. Chem. Bio.
Harmfu
ul...
Kuma
ar et al.
Table--4: SAR in W/kg
W
inside different hum
man tissues at
a the frequenncy 1566 kH
Hz at 150 m distance
d
from brooadcasting anntenna at radiated power 1000 kW
Tissue of
o human boddy
Bladder
Blood
Blood vessel
Body fluuid
Brain whhite matter
Cerebellla spinal fluid
Eye scleera
Fat
Gall bladder
Gall bladder bile
Gland
Heart
Lung ouuter
Lung innner
Lymph
Mucous membrane
Muscle
Pancreass
Stomachh
Testis
Vitreouss Humor
S.A.R. in (W/kg) at
a frequency ( f ) = 1566 kHz at depthh (0.1 mm - 0.5
0 mm)
1 m distance
from 150
0.1 mm
m
0.22 mm
0.3 mm
0.4 mm
m
0.5 mm
0.9409974
0.9940563
0.940152
0.9397441
0.93
39327
3.350889
3.3348796
3.346706
3.3446111
3.34
4251
1.2637781
1.2263174
1.262568
1.261966
1.26
61349
5.9386678
5.9933868
5.929067
5.9242559
5.91
19441
0.4152283
0.4415141
0.414999
0.4148556
0.41
14713
7.9116617
7.9909023
7.901883
7.8947335
7.88
87576
2.5793347
2.5577875
2.576407
2.5749334
2.57
73456
0.1100024
0.1109993
0.109962
0.1099332
0.10
09901
3.4932299
3.4490952
3.48861
3.4862663
3.48
8391
5.395889
5.5535222
5.530863
5.5264998
5.52
22123
2.406004
2.4404664
2.403291
2.4019114
2.40
00533
1.4053319
1.4404676
1.404035
1.4033991
1.40
02745
1.3526607
1.335197
1.351335
1.3506997
1.35
50057
2.2950058
2.229422
2.293384
2.2925444
2.29
91699
2.4291175
2.4427786
2.4264
2.4250009
2.42
23615
0.962113
0.996174
0.96135
0.960966
0.96
6056
2.0305513
2.0029428
2.028345
2.0272559
2.02
26169
2.4291175
2.4427786
2.4264
2.4250009
2.42
23615
2.3530046
2.3351732
2.350421
2.3491007
2.34
47788
2.3785542
2.337724
2.375941
2.3746339
2.37
73332
5.9386678
5.9933868
5.929067
5.9242559
5.91
19441
B Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov. 2013-Jan .20
014; Vol.4, No.1; 480-489. 487 J. Chem. Bio.
Kuma
ar et al.
Fig. 4
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.1 mm
m
0.2 mm
m
Vitreous Humor
Tissues of hum
man body
Testis
Stomach
Pancreas
0.4 mm
m
Muscle
Mucous…
Lymph
y p
Lung inner
Lung outer
Heart
H
Gland
Gall bladder bile
Gall bladder
Fat
Eye sclera
Cerebella…
Brain white…
Body fluid
Blood vessel
Blood
0.3 mm
m
Bladder
SAR in W/kg inside human body of frequency 1566 kH
Harmfu
ul...
0.5 mm
m
CONCL
LUSION
The aboove calculatioons and analyysis shows that
t
the radiaation at frequuency of 15666 kHz is harrmful for
the tissuues of humann body at the distance 1000 m, 150 m from
f
broadcaasting antennna. This study
y is done
only for some selected tissues off human bodyy. Study may
y be done forr some more tissues of th
he human
body. Itt may be poossible that the health of
o those tisssues will become more negative. Thus
T
it is
suggesteed that peopples and woorkers shouldd keep away
y from thesee radiators eemitting rad
diation at
frequenccy of 1566 kHz,
k
or we can
c say that these
t
types of
o radiation towers
t
shoulld located aw
way from
the popuulated area.
ACKNO
OWLEDGE
EMENTS
The autthors are graateful to thee Managemeent of Grap
phic Era University, Dehradun, Uttaarakhand
(India) and
a Uttarakhhand Graphicc Era Hill Unniversity forr providing all
a the necesssary facilities at their
campus..
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RENCES
1.
ICNIRP, Heaalth Phys., 19998; 74 (4), 4944–522
2.
Fact Sheet N00. 182, Review
wed May 19988;
3.
R. Matthes, E.
E van Rongenn, M. Repachooli (Eds.), Pro
oceedings of thhe internationnal seminar
Maastricht, The
T Netherlandds, ICNIRP, 1999; (ICNIRP
P 8/99).
4.
L.S. Goldsteiin, M.W. Dew
whirst, M.H. Repacholi, L.
L Kheifets, International
In
JJournal of
Hyperthermiaa, 2003.
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Corresponding author: Arvind Kumar; *Department of Physics, Graphic Era
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