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A-level
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Unit 5 The air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat
Thursday 23 June 2016
Morning
Time allowed: 2 hours
Materials
For this paper you must have:
 a ruler with millimetre measurements
 a calculator.
Instructions





Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box around
each page or on blank pages.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.
Information




The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 90.
You are expected to use a calculator, where appropriate.
You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use scientific terminology accurately.
(JUN16HBIO501)
WMP/Jun16/E6
HBIO5
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2
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1 (a)
What is meant by the phenotype of an organism?
[1 mark]
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______________________________________________________________________________
1 (b)
There is variation between phenotypes in a species.
Two different types of factor can contribute to this variation.
Name these two types of factor.
[2 marks]
1 _____________________________________________________________________________
2 _____________________________________________________________________________
1 (c)
What is meant by allopatric speciation?
[2 marks]
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5
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2
Complete the following passage about photosynthesis by writing the correct word or
words in each of the blank spaces.
[5 marks]
Photosynthesis takes place in organelles called __________________________. There are
two stages to the process.
In the light-dependent stage energy is used in the production of _____________________
and__________________________________________. These two products are used in the
light-independent stage to incorporate ___________________________________ from the
atmosphere into ______________________________________________________________.
As well as producing compounds that are the basis of all food chains, photosynthesis
releases a gas, __________________________________, which is essential to human life.
An increase in the amount of photosynthesis taking place may slow climate change
because _____________________________________________________________________ .
5
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3 (a)
Figure 1 shows the typical carbon footprints for a person in Western Europe and a
person in Africa.
Figure 1
10000
Secondary
contribution
9000
Primary
contribution
8000
7000
Carbon
footprint
/kg CO2
per year
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Western Europe
3 (a) (i)
Africa
Calculate how many times greater the carbon footprint is for a person from Western
Europe than for a person from Africa.
Show your working.
[2 marks]
___________________ times greater
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3 (a) (ii) The proportions of the primary and secondary contributions in the carbon footprints
from Western Europe and Africa are different.
Suggest why.
[1 mark]
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______________________________________________________________________________
3 (b) (i)
In waste management, what do the letters BPEO stand for?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
3 (b) (ii) Suggest two ways in which a household can contribute to the BPEO for waste
management.
[1 mark]
1 _____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2 _____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3 (b) (iii) Waste that cannot be disposed of in any other way is put into landfill sites.
Organic waste in landfill sites can be converted into a fuel.
Explain how.
[2 marks]
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7
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4 (a)
Erythromycin is an antibiotic that binds to the ribosomes of prokaryotic cells, but not to
the ribosomes of eukaryotic cells.
Because of this, erythromycin treats bacterial infections in people both effectively and
safely. Explain why.
[4 marks]
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Between 2004 and 2011, scientists investigated the resistance of two species of
bacteria to the antibiotic cephalosporin. They compared the percentage of patients
infected with resistant forms of the two species of bacteria. Half of the patients were
attending doctors’ surgeries and the other half were in hospital. The scientists’ results
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Percentage of patients infected
with
cephalosporin-resistant
Escherichia coli bacteria
Percentage of patients
infected with
cephalosporin-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria
2004
2011
2004
2011
Patients
attending
doctors’
surgeries
0.9
5.7
0.8
3.1
Patients in
hospitals
1.8
7.8
1.6
5.6
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4 (b)
Suggest why the percentages of patients with antibiotic resistant bacteria
4 (b) (i)
changed between 2004 and 2011
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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4 (b) (ii) were higher in patients in hospital than in patients attending doctors’ surgeries.
[1 mark]
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______________________________________________________________________________
7
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5 (a)
In people with asthma, symptoms occur after histamine binds to the surface of smooth
muscle cells in the walls of the airways leading to the lungs.
Some drugs used to treat asthma are molecules with a very similar shape to histamine.
Suggest how these drugs work.
[3 marks]
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5 (b)
Scientists recorded the number of cases of asthma and the amount of air pollution
between 1976 and 1996. Each year they calculated the percentage changes in cases of
asthma and amount of air pollution compared with the starting values in 1976.
Figure 2 shows these changes.
Figure 2
+400
+350
+300
Cases of
asthma
+250
Percentage
+200
change
from value
+150
in 1976
+100
+50
0
Air pollution
–50
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Year
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5 (b) (i)
A student who saw these data suggested that a decrease in air pollution caused an
increase in the number of cases of asthma.
Give two pieces of evidence from Figure 2 that do not support the student’s
suggestion.
[2 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5 (b) (ii) Suggest two alternative explanations for the increase in the reported number of cases
of asthma between 1976 and 1993.
[2 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7
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6 (a)
Ecologists studied a brown-field site from its creation until 20 years later. On five
occasions, they recorded the types of plants and the number of species of invertebrate
animals present on the site.
Their results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Time from
creation of
site / years
Types of plants
Number of species of
invertebrate animals
1
Mosses
7
2
Mosses and short-lived flowering plants
19
3
Longer living non-woody flowering
plants and grasses
31
10
Grasses, non-woody flowering
plants and shrubs
74
20
Grasses, non-woody flowering plants,
shrubs and trees
123
6 (a) (i)
What is the name given to the series of changes shown in Table 2?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
6 (a) (ii) Trees did not grow on the site until between 10 and 20 years after its creation.
Suggest why.
[3 marks]
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6 (a) (iii) The number of species of invertebrate animals recorded changed during the 20-year
period.
Explain why.
[3 marks]
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6 (b)
The ecologists determined the number of species of invertebrate animals by sampling
areas of the site selected at random.
Suggest two variables the ecologists would have controlled each time they carried out
the sampling.
[2 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9
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7
Ecologists investigated the number of small mammals killed by domestic cats in three
areas of an English town. The cat population density was different in each of the three
areas.
The ecologists’ results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Cat population density
/ number per km2
Number of small mammals
killed by cats per year in
each area
A
<300
2150
B
300 – 500
4950
C
>500
2200
Area
7 (a)
Describe how the numbers of small mammals killed by cats per year vary with the cat
population density.
Suggest explanations for these results.
[4 marks]
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Question 7 continues on the next page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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In another study, ecologists compared the percentages of the populations of different
species of small mammals killed by cats in one area of an English town in one year.
Their results are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Population
Number born Number killed by Percentage of total
per km2
Species of
per km2 per
cats per km2 per population killed by
small mammal at the start of
cats per year
year
year
the year
Grey squirrel
100
145
75
30.6
Wood mouse
2050
28 700
3200
10.4
Bank vole
620
5160
112
1.9
Brown rat
240
1340
114
7 (b)
Table 4 is incomplete. Use data from the table to calculate the percentage of the total
population of brown rats killed by cats per year. Show your working.
[2 marks]
Answer _____________ %
7 (c)
Predation by cats affects the population sizes of these small mammals. On which of the
populations in Table 4 does predation by cats have the greatest effect?
Explain your answer.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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7 (d)
The ecologists collected their data from questionnaires that were filled in by the cats’
owners. The owners were asked to record the number of small mammals of each
species killed by their cats each day.
Suggest one possible source of error with this method of collecting data.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8
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8
Figure 3 shows changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere
(atmospheric CO2 concentration) and the area of ice covering the surface of the sea
(sea ice) around northern Europe between 1950 and 2010.
Figure 3
400
Sea ice
CO2
CO2
concentration
in the
350
atmosphere /
parts per million
300
1950
100
Area of
sea ice /
50
arbitrary
units
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
0
2010
Year
8 (a)
Explain two ways in which human activities may have contributed to the change in
atmospheric CO2 concentration between 1950 and 2010.
[4 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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2 ____________________________________________________________________________
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8 (b)
What term is given to the relationship between the two variables in Figure 3?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
8 (c)
Many scientists believe that the change in atmospheric CO2 concentration may have
caused the change in the area of sea ice between 1950 and 2010.
Suggest why.
[3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
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8 (d)
Grey seals are mammals that feed on fish in the seas around Britain and other parts of
northern Europe. The population of grey seals in these seas has increased in recent
years.
Use information from Figure 3 to suggest one reason why.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10
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9
Scientists recorded the number of new cases of cancer per year in different age groups.
Their data are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4
2500
2000
Number of
1500
new cases
of cancer
per
100 000
1000
people per
year
500
0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89
Age group / years
9 (a)
The number of cases of cancer is recorded as the number per 100 000 of each age
group.
Give one reason why.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9 (b)
The scientists suggested two explanations for the differences between the age groups:


9 (b) (i)
environmental factors
natural selection affecting the frequency of some alleles that lead to cancer.
Explain how environmental factors could cause the differences between age groups
in the number of new cancer cases.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
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9 (b) (ii) Explain how natural selection could lead to the difference in the number of new cancer
cases in different age groups.
[4 marks]
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7
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ESSAY
You should write your essay in continuous prose.
Your essay will be marked for its scientific accuracy. It will also be marked for your
selection of relevant material from different parts of the specification and for the
quality of your written communication.
The maximum number of marks that can be awarded is:
Scientific content
Breadth of knowledge
Relevance
Quality of written communication
10
16
3
3
3
Write an essay on one of the topics below.
Either
10 (a)
The shapes of molecules are important in human life.
[25 marks]
Or
10 (b)
Biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect human health in many ways.
[25 marks]
END OF QUESTIONS
If you want to make a plan write it here.
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Copyright Information
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booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available
for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House,
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