Usepages231-235toanswerthefollowingquestions.
1. WhatdidNativeAmericanshavethatEuropeanswantedevenmorethangoldorsilver?
2. Itonlytook______yearsforGeorgiatogaincontrolofIndianlandsandremovethetribesfromthestate.
3. ExplaintheIndianviewoflandownership.WhywouldthiscauseconflictwithEuropeans?
4. WhywerethesonsofIndianmothersandwhitefatherslikelytobetribalchiefs?
5. WhatarethefivetribesthatonceheldlandinGeorgia’sboarders?
6. By1764,about______________NativeAmericanslivedwithinGeorgia’sboundaries.Therewere___________
whitesand____________blacks.Mostoftheblackswouldhavebeen___________.
7. Whydon’ttheChoctawsandChickasawsplayasbigapartinthestoryofGeorgiahistoryastheSeminoles,
Creeks,andCherokees?
8. Whichtwotribes,becauseofwheretheylived,hadthemostconflictwithGA?
NATIVEAMERICANCHIEFS-LANDCESSIONS/BATTLES
AlexanderMcGillivray
AlexanderMcGillivray(ca.1750-1793)wasaCreekChiefwhowasofduallinage.HismotherwasaCreekIndianandhisfatherwasaScottishtrader
namedLachlanMcGillivray.LachlanwasamemberoftheScottishHighlanderswhocametoGeorgiawithOglethorpe.Alexanderwasconsidered
tobeafullmemberofbothculturessohereceivedatraditionalEnglisheducationand,duetohismother’sancestry,wasalsoaleaderinCreek
society.In1790,McGillivraysignedtheTreatyofNewYorkwhichcreatedatreatyoffriendshipbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheCreekNation.
ThetreatyalsocededCreeklandtotheUnitedStates,inreturntheUnitedStatespromisedtohonortheboundariesoftheCreeks’remaininglands.
Afterthetreaty,McGillivraycontinuedinhisroleattheCreeks’nationalleaderuntilhisdeathnearPensacola,Floridain1793.
WilliamMcIntosh
WilliamMcIntosh(1778-1825)wasanotherCreekchiefwithaScottishfatherandCreekmother.McIntoshwasalsofirstcousinswithGeorgia’s
governorGeorgeTroopandwasrelatedbybloodormarriagetoseveralprominentGeorgiafamilies.McIntoshinfuriatedhisCreektribesmenby
consistentlysidingwiththeUnitedStatesonseveraloccasions,evenduringtheRedStickWar.Afterthewar,theCreekNationsufferedthrougha
terriblefamineandMcIntoshusedthisopportunitytoregainhisstatusinCreeksocietybybefriendingaU.S.Indianagent.Duetothisalliance,
McIntoshgainedtheinfluentialpositionofallocatingfoodandsuppliestothoseCreeksinneed.McIntoshwasinfavorofchangingthetraditional
Creeklifestylebypromotingthemovetoagricultureandslaveholding.McIntoshledthislifestylehimselfandwastheowneroftwoplantations.
MostCreeksdidnotsupporthisabandonmentoftraditionalways.ThefinalconflictbetweenMcIntoshandtheCreekwashisdecisiontosignthe
SecondTreatyofIndianSprings(1825).McIntosh,alongwithsixotherCreekchiefs,agreedtoselltheremainderofCreeklandinGeorgia,without
thetribe’sconsent,for$200,000.McIntoshreceivedextracashforhispersonallandsinthetreaty.Uponhearingaboutwhattheyconsideredto
beabribe,theCreekNationruledtoexecuteMcIntoshforhisactions.OnApril30,1825,200CreekwarriorscarriedoutMcIntosh’sexecutionat
hishomebyshootingandstabbinghimrepeatedly.Nevertheless,theSecondTreatyofIndianSpringsofficiallyremovedtheCreekfromGeorgia’s
borders.
JohnRoss
JohnRoss(1790-1866)wastheprincipalchiefoftheCherokeeNation.HewasborninpresentdayAlabama,andhisfamilylatermovedtoGeorgia.
Ross,similarlytoMcGillivray,McIntosh,andSequoyahwasalsoofmixedheritage.LiketheCreekchiefs,RossspokeEnglishandpracticedmany
Europeancustoms.RossbecameasuccessfulbusinessmanwhenhebegansellinggoodstotheU.S.GovernmentinwhatbecameChattanooga,
Tennessee.Heusedtheprofitsheearnedtobuyaplantationandcreateaferrybusiness.Rossusedhiswealthandconnectionstowinseveral
governmentalpositionsintheCherokeeNation,eventuallybecomingprincipalchiefin1827.DuringthesametimewhiteGeorgianswerelobbying
toremovetheCherokeefromthestate.WhengoldwasdiscoveredinDahlonegain1828,itallbutassuredthattheCherokeewouldeventuallybe
displaced.However,RosshadfaithintheU.S.Government,primarilytheU.S.SupremeCourt,andbelievedthatthegovernmentwouldprotectthe
most“civilized”tribeintheSoutheast.EvenafterCongresspassedtheIndianRemovalAct(1830)itstillappearedthattheCherokeewouldbeable
tostayinGeorgiawhentheSupremeCourtruledintheirfavorinWorcestervs.Georgia.ThisrulingdeclaredthattheCherokeewereasovereign
nationandwerenotunderthejurisdictionoftheUnitedStatesorthestateofGeorgia.Nonetheless,thisrulingdidnotprotecttheCherokeefrom
removalasPresidentAndrewJacksonrefusedtoenforceit.
NATIVEAMERICANCHIEFS-LANDCESSIONS/BATTLES
AlexanderMcGillivray
Lifespan
Tribeand
position
CedeLand/
ProtectLand
WilliamMcIntosh
JohnRoss
Treaty/Court
Caseand
significance
Opposition/
conflict
Outcome