Personal Protective Equipment:
non-Respiratory protection
1
Role of PPE
•  PPE is widely accepted and used
–  Employers often require PPE to enter a
worksite
–  Employees often demand safety gear
•  Hierarchy of Controls paradigm
–  Occupational hazards must first be
controlled by engineering administrative
means before relying on PPE
–  PPE is a receiver control
2
OSHA s 8-step PPE process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Determine type of hazard(s) like to occur
Determine adverse effects of unprotected exposures
See if other control options can be used
Determine performance characteristics needed
Determine need for decontamination
Determine ergonomic constraints presented
Determine cost of various options
Make the selection
3
Employers are responsible for:
•  Performing a "hazard assessment" of the workplace to
identify and control physical and health hazards
•  Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees
•  Training employees in the use and care of the PPE
•  Maintaining PPE -- replacing worn / damaged PPE
•  Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the
effectiveness of the PPE program
4
Employees should:
• 
• 
• 
• 
Properly wear PPE,
Attend training sessions on PPE,
Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and
Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE
5
Hazard assessment
• The hazard assessment should begin with a survey of the
facility to develop a list of potential hazards in these categories:
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Impact
Penetration
Compression (roll-over)
Chemical
Heat/cold
Harmful dust
Light (optical) radiation
Biologic agents
Sources of electricity
Sources of motion or impact
• 
• 
• 
• 
High temperatures
Chemicals used in the workplace
Sources of harmful dusts
Optical radiation: welding,
brazing, cutting, high intensity
lights, etc.
•  Potential falling or dropping
objects
•  Sharp objects that could poke,
cut stab or puncture.
•  Biologic hazards such as blood
or other potentially infected
material
6
OSHA PPE requirements
29 CFR subpart I
1910.133 Eye and face protection.
1910.134 Respiratory protection.
1910.135 Head protection.
1910.136 Foot protection.
1910.137 Electrical protective devices.
1910.138 Hand Protection.
OSHA requires PPE to meet ANSI standards:
•  Eye and Face Protection: ANSI Z87.1-2003 (USA Standard for
Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection).
•  Head Protection: ANSI Z89.1-2003.
•  Foot Protection: ANSI Z41.1-1991.
•  Special standards for optical radiation
There is no ANSI standard for gloves: OSHA recommends selection
based on tasks and construction characteristics of the glove material.
7
Training Employees to Use PPE
•  Employers are required to train each employee who use PPE
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Employees must be trained to know at least the following:
When PPE is necessary.
What PPE is necessary.
How to properly put on, take off, adjust and wear the PPE.
The limitations of the PPE.
Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.
Employers must make sure employees demonstrate an
understanding of the PPE training and the ability to properly
wear and use PPE before they are allowed to perform work
requiring the use of the PPE.
8
Specific PPE types
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Eye and face protection:
Head Protection
Foot Protection
Electrical Protective Devices
Hand Protection
Hearing Protection
Protective Clothing
(Chemical Protective Clothing and Respiratory
Protection)
9
10
Head Protection
•  Most head injuries occur to workers
who were not wearing head protection
11
Head Protection
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Helmets or hard hats should:
Resist penetration by objects
Absorb the shock of a blow
Water-resistant and slow burning
Have clear instructions on adjustment and
replacement of the suspension and headband
–  Shock-absorbing lining suspending shell ~1 away from the head:
absorbs impact and gives ventilation
•  Must meet ANSI Standard Z89.1-2003 (Protective
Headgear for Industrial Workers)
12
Types of Head Protection
•  Hard hats are divided into three industrial classes:
•  Class A hard hats provide impact and penetration
resistance
•  along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200 volts).
•  Class B hard hats provide the highest level of protection
against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and
burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide
protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying/
falling objects.
•  Class C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact
protection but offer no protection from electrical hazards.
•  Bump hats for use in areas with low head clearance
–  These are not designed to protect against falling or flying objects and are
not ANSI approved.
13
Head Protection: Care Considerations
•  Remove and replace hard hats if they have:
•  Perforation, cracking, or warping of the brim or shell;
•  Indication of exposure to heat, chemicals or UV light (loss of
surface gloss, chalking or flaking)
•  Always replace a hard hat if it sustains an impact
•  Suspension can be changed if excessive wear is noticed
•  Never drill holes, paint or apply labels to headgear
•  Do not store headgear in the rear window shelf of a car:
sunlight and extreme heat can damage them
14
Head Protection
•  ANSI Z89.1 (2003)
–  Specifications: Adjustable headbands, sweat band, Shell supported by a
suspension cradle and/or padding
–  Testing
»  Force transmission , Apex Penetration, Energy attenuation
»  Off-center penetration (revised in 2003)
»  Electrical
–  Classifications of head protection
»  Type I – impact on top only
»  Type II – top or off-center impact
»  Class G - limited voltages
»  Class E - high voltages
»  Class C - no voltage protection
15
Foot Protection
•  Toe and foot injuries account for 5% of all
disabling workplace injuries. Workers not
wearing safety shoes have 75% of all
occupational foot injuries.
16
Foot and Leg Protection
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Situations where employees should wear foot / leg protection include:
Heavy objects such as barrels or tools might roll or fall in feet
Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that can pierce ordinary shoes
Exposure to molten metal that might splash on feet or legs
Working on or around hot, wet or slippery surfaces
Working when electrical hazards are present
•  Safety footwear must meet ANSI minimum compression and impact
performance standards in ANSI Z41-1999 (American National
Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear)
–  As of March 2005, ASTM F2413 standard supersedes the ANSI Z41 standard
17
Foot and leg protection choices
•  Leggings protect the lower legs and feet from heat hazards such as
molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps allow leggings to be
removed quickly.
•  Metatarsal guards protect the instep area from impact and
compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic, these guards
may be strapped to the outside of shoes.
•  Toe guards fit over the toes of regular shoes to protect the toes from
impact and compression hazards. They may be made of steel,
aluminum or plastic.
•  Combination foot and shin guards protect the lower legs and feet,
and may be used in combination with toe guards when greater
protection is needed.
•  Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles
that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing,
paving and hot metal industries. The metal insoles in some safety
shoes protect against puncture wounds.
18
Special Purpose Shoes
•  Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to
prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for
explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from
workplace electrical hazards.
•  Electrically conductive shoes provide protection against the buildup
of static electricity. Workers in explosive and hazardous locations such
as explosives manufacturing facilities or grain elevators must wear
conductive shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity buildup.
•  Electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes are nonconductive and will
prevent the wearers feet from completing an electrical circuit to the
ground. These shoes can protect against open circuits of up to 600
volts in dry conditions.
•  Foundry Shoes insulate the feet from extreme heat and keep hot
metal from lodging in shoe eyelets, tongues or other shoe parts.
19
Protective Clothing
•  Protective clothing may be worn to shield against heat, chemicals,
etc.
•  Select clothing according to hazard and worksite conditions
–  Size
»  ANSI/ISEA 101-199 standard
–  Chemical compatibility
»  Addressed later in the course
–  Breathability
»  Heat stress consideration
•  Many OSHA standards apply
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
Carcinogens (asbestos, arsenic, etc.)
Abrasive blasting
Hazardous waste operations
Welding
Saw and paper mills
Fire fighting
Working over water (flotation)
Signaling (visibility)
20
Protective Clothing
•  Need to protect workers from
– 
– 
– 
– 
Temperature extremes
Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids
Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials
Hazardous chemicals
•  Variety of protective clothing available for specific hazards.
•  Employers are required to ensure that their employees wear
equipment for the parts of the body exposed to possible injury
•  Clothing types
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
Coveralls
Splash ("acid") suits
Totally-encapsulating chemical-protective suit ("moon suits")
Firefighters "turnout" gear
Protective sleeves
Aprons
Shoe covers, etc.
21
Protective clothing materials
•  Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide
protection against dust and splashes.
•  Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing
temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and
protects against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating
surfaces.
•  Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against
cuts and bruises when handling heavy, sharp or rough
materials.
•  Leather used to protect against dry heat and flames.
•  Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics:
When chemical or physical hazards are present, check
with the clothing manufacturer to ensure that the material
selected will provide protection against the specific hazard.
22
Chemical protective clothing
analysis
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Job classification or task
Process or task summary
Potential or actual chemical hazards
Physical properties of chemicals
Potential or actual physical hazards
Chemical contact periods
Type of potential contact
Body zones of potential contact
23
24
25
26
Hand and Arm Protection
•  Hand and finger injuries account for 18% of
all disabling injuries and about 25% of all
industrial work place accidents
27
Types of Gloves
There are many types of protective gloves
Leather gloves protect your hands from
rough surfaces.
Special insulated gloves can
provide protection from hot
objects.
Cut-resistant gloves prevent or reduce
cuts from knives or sharp edges.
5
28
Types of Gloves
Anti-vibration gloves reduce the
effects of excessive vibration from
hand-tools and machinery.
Disposable gloves protect
against blood and germs in
healthcare.
Various kinds of chemical resistant
gloves prevent contact with chemicals.
6
29
Hand and Arm Protection
•  Some factors that influence selection of protective gloves:
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Type of chemicals handled.
Nature of contact (total immersion, splash, etc.).
Duration of contact.
Area requiring protection (hand only, forearm, arm).
Grip requirements (dry, wet, oily).
Thermal protection.
Size and comfort.
Abrasion/resistance requirements.
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Gloves materials fall into 4 groups
Leather, canvas or metal mesh
Fabric and coated fabric gloves
Chemical- and liquid-resistant gloves
Insulating rubber gloves
–  (See 29 CFR 1910.137)
30
31
Electrically Insulated Gloves
Certified Linesman s Gloves
These specialty gloves are used
to handle live wires or energized
electrical equipment.
They must be electrically tested
every 6 months.
They can t be used if not
tested within past 12 months.
Check for obvious signs of wear
or holes before using.
7
32
Leather, Canvas or Metal Mesh Gloves
•  Sturdy gloves made from metal mesh, leather or canvas provide protection against
cuts and burns. Leather or canvass gloves also protect against sustained heat.
•  Leather gloves protect from sparks, moderate heat, blows, chips and rough objects.
•  Aluminized gloves provide reflective and insulating protection against heat and
require an insert made of synthetic materials to protect against heat and cold.
•  Aramid fiber gloves protect against heat and cold, are cut- and abrasive-resistant
and wear well.
•  Synthetic gloves of various materials offer protection against heat and cold, are cutand abrasive-resistant and may withstand some diluted acids. These materials do not
stand up against alkalis and solvents.
•  Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves Fabric and coated fabric gloves are made of
cotton or other fabric to provide varying degrees of protection.
•  Fabric gloves protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions. Not sufficient for
use with rough, sharp or heavy materials. (add plastic coating)
•  Coated fabric gloves made from cotton flannel with napping on one side. Coating
the un-napped side with plastic transforms these into general-purpose protection with
slip-resistant qualities. Check with the manufacturer to determine effectiveness
against specific chemicals and conditions.
33
Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves
•  Usually, the thicker the glove material, the greater the chemical resistance
•  Chemical-resistant glove materials: rubber: natural, butyl, neoprene, nitrile and
fluorocarbon (viton); plastic: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol and
polyethylene. (may be blended or laminated)
•  Butyl gloves: a synthetic rubber used for many chemicals, such as peroxide,
rocket fuels, highly corrosive acids (nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid and
red-fuming nitric acid), strong bases, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and
nitro-compounds. Butyl gloves resist oxidation, ozone corrosion and abrasion, and
remain flexible at low temperatures but don t perform well with aliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated solvents.
•  Natural (latex) rubber gloves are comfortable and feature outstanding tensile
strength, elasticity and temperature resistance. Protect workers from most water
solutions of acids, alkalis, salts and ketones. Latex gloves have caused allergic
reactions in some individuals. (Hypoallergenic gloves available)
•  Neoprene gloves: synthetic rubber offers good pliability, finger dexterity, high
density and tear resistance. Protect against hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alcohols,
organic acids and alkalis.
•  Nitrile gloves: a copolymer that can stand up to heavy use and provides
protection from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene and
perchloroethylene; also good for oils, greases, acids, caustics and alcohols but are
generally not recommended for use with strong oxidizing agents, aromatic
solvents, ketones and acetates.
34
Care of Protective Gloves
•  Gloves should be inspected before each use to ensure
•  that they are not torn, punctured or made ineffective
–  Visual inspection
–  inspection by filling the gloves with water and rolling
•  Discolored or stiff gloves may need replacement
•  Reuse of chemical-resistant gloves should be
evaluated carefully, taking into consideration the
absorptive qualities of the gloves.
•  A decision to reuse chemically-exposed gloves should
take into consideration the toxicity of the chemicals
involved and factors such as duration of exposure,
storage and temperature.
35
Gloves and chemical protective clothing
factors to consider
Degradation
–  harmful change in one or more physical properties of a
protective material when subjected to a chemical
•  Penetration
–  the flow of chemicals through closures, zippers, seams,
pinholes, etc.
•  Permeation
–  movement of a chemical through a protective material
36
Factors to consider (continued)
•  Permeation rate
–  the amount (mass) of chemical per unit time for an area of
material once steady state has been achieved. Units are
usually expressed as mg of chemical per square meter of
material per minute (or second).
–  Permeation tests are usually conducted for up to 8 hours.
If no breakthrough, usually expressed as BT> 480 min.
•  Breakthrough time
–  time for a chemical to pass through a protective material
37
3 Steps for material testing
•  Sorption of the chemical on the surface
•  Diffusion of the chemical through the material
•  Desorption of the chemical from the
material s inside surface
Challenge and collection chambers used
–  Collection chamber is swept with a gas or liquid to
present the chemical to a sensitive analytical instrument.
38
39
40
Permeation
•  Measures of Permeation
–  Breakthrough Detection Time
»  When the chemical is first detected
»  Varies according to instrument sensitivity
–  Steady-state permeation rate
»  Results usually reported as µg/cm2/min
–  Tested for continuous and/or intermittent exposure
–  Standard testing methods
»  ASTM F 739-99a (continuous contact)
»  ASTM F 1383-99a (intermittent contact)
41
42
Glove selection
• 
• 
• 
• 
Chemical toxicity
Permeation parameters for chemical/glove
Nature of exposure
Physical factors associated with job
–  cut resistance and tearing
–  manual dexterity and flexibility
–  temperature extremes
•  Cost
43
Eye and face protection
•  Eye injuries accounted for 5% of all disabling
work injuries, estimated $300 million annual
cost.
•  60% of workers with eye injuries were not
wearing protective eyewear.
44
Eye and Face Protection
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Examples of potential eye or face injuries include:
Dust, dirt, metal or wood chips from chipping, grinding, sawing, hammering, etc.
Chemical splashes from corrosive substances, hot liquids or solvents
Objects swinging into the eye or face, such as tree limbs, chains, tools or ropes.
Radiant energy from welding, lasers or other radiant light
Considerations for suitable protection:
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
Specific workplace hazards.
fit and comfort
Unrestricted vision and movement
Durable and cleanable
Unrestricted use of any other PPE
The eye and face protection must clearly identify the manufacturer
•  Comply with ANSI Z87.1-2003
–  Testing, marking, selection, care and use of protectors to prevent eye and face injuries
–  Revisions in 2003 introduced a two-tiered, performance based classification. Under the old
standard, protectors bearing a Z87 mark provided the highest level of impact protection.
Under the new standard, protectors marked Z87 only provide protection against Basic
Impact forces and high Impact protectors have a Z87+ or high impact mark.
45
Eye and face protection
•  29 CFR 1910.133, Eye and Face Protection
–  Side protection when hazard from flying objects
–  Prescription eye protection or devices must fit over glasses for employees
who wear glasses
–  Eye and face PPE shall be distinctly marked
–  Lenses for protection against radiant energy must have an appropriate
shade number for the work being performed
–  Protective eye and face devices shall comply with ANSI Z87.1-2003,
"American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye
and Face Protection,"
46
How can eye injuries be prevented?
Always wear effective eye protection.
To be effective, eye wear must appropriate for the
hazard encountered and properly fitted.
Better training and education.
BLS reported that most workers were hurt while doing their regular jobs.
Workers injured while not wearing protective eye wear most often said they believed it
was not required by the situation.
Even though the vast majority of employers furnished eye protection at no cost to
employees, about 40% of the workers received no information on where and what kind of
eyewear should be used.
Maintenance.
Eye protection devices must be properly maintained.
Scratched and dirty devices reduce vision, cause glare and may contribute to accidents.
47
Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart
Source
IMPACT - chipping, grinding,
machining, drilling, chiseling,
riveting, sanding
Assessment of Hazard
Protection
Flying fragments, objects, large
chips, particles, sand, dirt, etc.
Spectacles with side protection,
goggles, face shields…for severe
exposure, use face shields over
primary eye protection
HEAT - furnace operations,
Hot sparks, splash from molten
pouring, casting, hot dipping, and metals, high temperature
welding
exposure
Goggles or safety spectacles with
special-purpose lenses and side
shields. Many heat hazard require
a face shield in addition to safety
spectacles or goggles.
CHEMICALS – acid and chemicals Splash, irritating mists
handling degreasing, plating, and
working with blood.
Goggles - shield eyes against
liquid or chemical splash,
irritating mists, vapors, and
fumes.
Face Shields - secondary shield
the entire face for chemical
hazards.
DUST Woodworking, buffing, and Harmful Dust
general dusty conditions
Goggles-protect the eyes against
airborne particles and dust
OPTICAL RADIATION welding,
torch-cutting, brazing, soldering,
and laser work
Radiant energy, glare, and intense Select filter lenses: begin with a
light
shade too dark to see the welding
zone. Then try lighter shades until
you find the minimum protective
shade to view of the welding zone
48
Description and use of Eye/Face Protectors
Glasses
Protective eyeglasses are made with
•  safety frames
•  tempered glass or plastic lenses
•  temples and side shields
They provide eye protection from moderate impact and particles encountered in
job tasks such as:
•  carpentry
•  woodworking
•  grinding,
•  scaling, etc.
Safety glasses are also available in prescription form for those persons who need
corrective lenses.
49
Description and use of Eye/Face Protectors
Goggles
Vinyl framed goggles of soft pliable body
design provide adequate eye protection from many
hazards.
These goggles are available with
•  clear or tinted lenses
•  perforated, port vented, or non-vented frames.
Single lens goggles provide similar protection
to spectacles and may be worn in combination with
spectacles or corrective lenses to insure protection
along with proper vision.
Welders goggles provide protection from sparking, scaling, or splashing metals and
harmful light rays. Lenses are impact resistant and are available in graduated shades of
filtration.
Chippers/Grinders goggles provide eye protection from flying particles. The dual
protective eye cups house impact resistant clear lenses with individual cover.
50
Description and use of Eye/Face Protectors
Face Shields
These normally consist of an adjustable headgear and
face shield of tinted or transparent acetate or
polycarbonate materials, or wire screen.
Face shields are available in various sizes, tensile
strength, impact/heat resistance and light ray filtering
capacity.
Face shields will be used in operations when the entire
face needs protection and should be worn to protect
eyes and face against flying particles, metal sparks, and
chemical/biological splash.
51
Description and use of Eye/Face Protectors
Welding Shields
These shield assemblies consist of vulcanized fiber or
glass fiber body, a ratchet/button type adjustable
headgear or cap attachment and a filter and cover plate
holder.
These shields will be provided to protect workers eyes
and face from infrared or radiant light burns, flying
sparks, metal spatter and slag chips encountered during
welding, brazing, soldering, resistance welding, bare or
shielded electric arc welding and oxyacetylene
welding and cutting operations.
52
Laser Operations
•  Laser light radiation can be extremely dangerous to
the unprotected eye and direct or reflected beams can
cause permanent eye damage. Laser retinal burns
can be painless, so it is essential that all personnel in
or around laser operations wear appropriate eye
protection.
•  Laser safety goggles should protect for the specific
wavelength of the laser and must be of sufficient
optical density for the energy involved.
•  Safety goggles intended for use with laser beams
must be labeled with the laser wavelengths for which
they are intended to be used, the optical density of
those wavelengths and the visible light transmission.
53
Selecting Laser Safety Glass
54
Hearing Protection
•  29 CFR 1910.95 requires hearing protection for
employees exposed above 85 dB
–  Hearing protectors are labeled with the NRR (noise reduction
rating). Refer to 1910.95 for guidance.
•  Above 120 dBA conduction of noise to the inner ear starts
to defeat plugs, muffs, etc.
•  Types of protection devices:
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
special helmets
ear muffs and cups
ear plugs (aural and superaural)
fitting by medical people is advisable
superaural caps held in place by bands - less effective
•  Combination muffs and plugs
•  Above 1000 Hz - little difference between type
55
Hearing Protection
•  Types:
–  Ear plugs usually best for continuous exposure situations
»  Formable (foam)
»  Premolded
»  Custom molded
–  Canal cap protectors are convenient when noise areas are
frequently entered and exited
»  Intra-aural
»  Supra-aural
–  Ear muffs may be better for high frequencies, can be
combined with ear plugs for extra protection
56
Safety Eyewashes and Showers
•  OSHA standard CFR 1910.151, First Aid
–  " Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious
corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the
eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate
emergency use."
•  ANSI Z353.1, Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment
–  Emergency showers and eyewash units must be readily accessible
»  Accessible within 10 seconds
»  Located as close to a hazard as possible (always within 100 ft.)
»  Locations well lighted and identified with a highly visible sign
57
Safety Eyewashes and Showers
•  ANSI Z353.1, (cont.)
–  Flowrate
»  Showers require at least 30 gpm
»  Eyewash units must provide at least 0.4 gpm to both
eyes for 15 minutes
»  Valves remain activated until intentionally shut off
–  Tested weekly
–  Hand operated drench hoses and eyewash bottles may be
used to supplement but not replace eyewash and
emergency shower equipment
58
The END
59