EARLY
MEDIEVAL ART
CAROLINGIAN . OTTONIAN . ROMANESQUE
John Beckwith
206 illustrations, 53 in colour
AltT & DESiGN CENTRE
VALLETTA..
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T&H
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THAMES AND HUDSON
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Contents
Page
6 Acknowledgements
8 Map
9 Introduction
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II CHAPTER ONE
The Revival of the Imperial Tradition
81 CHAPTER TWO
The Consolidation of the Imperial Tradition
153 CHAPTER THREE
Diffusion and Development
221
Notes
253
List of illustrations
264 Bibliography
266 Index
_ . ,--, i
MCA-=> ! /
Index
Numbers in italics refer to illustrations
Aachen, 29. 38, 68, 70, 78, 82, 93. 10J; palace
chapel of Charlemagne, 1,3,5. II-12, 14,
145; ivory bookcover from, 26. 34-;
Gospel book at, 31, 33. 38, 39, 43; ivory
situla in Cathedral Treasury, 119. 136
Aachen Antependium, 14-5
Ada (artist), 38. 42, 56
Adalbero, Archbishop of Reims, 82, 83
Adalbert. Abbot, his church at Bremen, 160,
17 1
Agnes ofPoitou, Queen, 122, 124-, 169, 183
Alcuiu, 16, 28-30, 52, 74Alexis Master, the. 184, 194Alfonso VI, of Spain, 161, 209
Almcria, 208
Alton Towers Triptych, 168, 180
Angers, Life of St Aubin executed at, 175, ISr
Angilbert, Abbot of Centula, 18, 38
AngoulCmc Cathedral, 164Anselm, Abbot of Bury, 195
Anselm III, Archbishop of M ilan, 160
Ansclm of Bec. St (Archbishop of Canterbury), lp, 192
Arnulf of Carinthia, gold portable altar of.
42. So, 80
Autun, 171, 212; carving in Cathedral of
Saint-Lazare, 202, 214
'Auxerre, Church of Saint-Germain, 17, 22,
24
Averbode Gospel Dook, 180
A vesnes Gospel Book, 194
Badajoz, 208
Balbulus, Notker, Gesta Karofi, 74
Dalfour ciborium, 198
Bamberg, 120; the Bamberg Bible, 50, 61;
the Cathedral, 86, 1 I I
Basil n, Menologion of, 104
13asilcwsky Situla, 111 , 112, 129-30
Basle, 120; the Cathedral, 156
Basle Antependium, 133, 144- 5
Beatus, Commentaries of, 196,206- 7
Dernard ofClairvaux, St, 85. 162.218
Demo, Abbot of Reichenau-Mittelzell, 87
Bernward, Bishop of Hildesheim, 82, 83, 85,
86, 145- 6, 198; silver crucifix made for,
139. 149 (see also Hildesheim)
266
Berzc-Ia-Ville, wall-paintings at, 174, 174,183
Beverley Minstcr, 174
Bobbio, 29-30, 62
Brauweiler, Abbey Church of, 172
Bremen, Abbot Adalbert's Church at, 160,
171
Bremen. Book of Pericopes (see Echternach)
Brinay, 183
Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne, 86-7
Bruno. Duke ofLotharingia, 82
Burgo de OSUla. Beatus's Commentary in
Cathedral of, 196,207
Bury Bible, 186, 194-5
Bury St Edmunds, 19 1
Caen; La Trinite, 158; Saint-Etienne, 150,
151,158
Cahors, Cathedral of, 164, 204Callixtus n, Pope, 164, 165, 184
Canterbury: school of illumination, 191, 192,
198; Cathedral crypt carvings, 198
CarIoman, Abbot of Saint-Amand, 72, 74
Casale Monferrato, Cathedral of, 165
Castd Sant'Elia, Basilica of, 188
Cathars, 165
Cefalu, 188
Centula : Abbey Church of (Saint-Riquier).
12, 14, 18,20,22 ; lllonastery of, 38
Cesena, drawing at, 178, 186
Charlemagne, II, 14, 17, 18, 27-31, 38, 39,
52. 69, 70, 80, 93. 136. 145
Charles, King of Aquitaine, 72, 74Charles (Il) the Bald, Emperor, 17, 22, 24,
52, 56, 69; Prayer Book of 40,48 ; First
Bible of (see Vivian, COWIt); Coronation
Sacramentary of, 56, 60, 66, 68; court
school of, 68-72, 78; Second Bible of, 62.
72, 74 (See also Codex Aureus of St Em11leralll
Charles III, Emperor, 74. 78-80
Charlieu, stone tympanum in Church of
Saint-Fortunat, 204, 218
Chartres, 21 8; Portail Royal at, 168, 190,212
Chichester, 198
.
Chuonradus, lI8
Citcaux. 192
Clement 11, Pope, 120, 123
C!uny, 120, 171, 198,202,209; plan of third
Abbey Church, 154, 161-2; capitals from
Abbey nr, 161. 172, 21 4 ; tymp,anum from
Abbey III, 201, 214
Codex AI/rells Eplemacellsis, 105, 120, J22,
123, 134
Codex Aurells of Lindau (see Lindau)
Codex Aureus of St Emlllcram, 43, 61. So,
70-2,80, !IS, Il6
Codex Aurells of Speyer C athedral, 103, 104.
122-4, 194
Codex Caesareus for Goslar Cathedral, 123.
183
Codex Egberti, 82,97-8. 102- 4, 123 , 146
Codex Wittikindeus, 77, 93, 126
Cologne, 78, 96, 120, 198; the Cathedral, 15,
20,22; as art centre. 97, 138; churches of,
86-7; Gospel book for the Cathedral (see
Hillinus Codex); manuscripts produced at,
Il8-9; ivory relief from C hurch of St
Gereon . 123, 138; wood carving in the
Cathedral. 141, 142, ISO, rS2 ; Se Maria im
Kapitol, 156, 160; Gospel Book ofSt Pa.ntaleon, 163, 174
Compiegne, 57, 68
Conr3d H, Emperor, I23, 124, 128, IS3, t54,
169
Const:mtinople, 38, 41, 11 8. 145; the Chrysotriclinion at, II, 12.14,38; Menologion
of B3sil H, 104; Church of the Holy
Apostles, 164
Corbie, 20, 68
C6rdoba, 208; the Great Mosque, 165
Coronation Gospels of the H oly Roman
Empire. 30, 36, 39. 41- 3, 62, 64
Coronation Sacrament3ry (see Charles the
B'ld)
Corvey, Abbey Church of, I J, 20,22
Crown of the H oly Roma n Empire, 108,
127-8
Dagulf's Psalter, ivory bookcovers of, 25,
34.38
Deria, 208
Dionysius the Areopagite, 71
Drogo. Archbishop of Metz, Sacramentary
of. 53. 5 4, 62, 64
Durham Cathedral, 152, 153, 159-60,200
Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims, Gospel book of,
)2. 43-4
Eburnant, 97. 98
Echternach, 152; scriptorium at, 62, 97. 120,
122, 124, 133, 184; ivory carving at, 146,
150; Book ofPericopes from, J02, 122, 123
Egbert, Archbishop of Trier, 82. 83. 102, n6.
127, 134, 149; Psalter, 80, 82. 97-8, 102
Einhard, 29
Ekkehard. Casus Sancli Calli. 77, 78
Ely Cathedral, 159. 198
Enger, collegiate church at, 174
Engilhardus, Archbishop of Magdeburg,
126-7
Erigena, J ohn Scotus, 71, Il7
Essen: convent of the Holy Trinity, 86;
Golden Virgin of, J 29, 14-2
Eugenius lII, Pope, 85, 186
EVQlIgelium LolIgum, 65, 66, 77-8
Farfa, scriptorium at, 184
Ferdinand 1, of Le6n and Castile, ivory carving for, 197,207
Ferrara Cathedral, 190
Figeac, Sacr:uuencary of, 207
Flenry, 14. 16, 29
Floreffe Bible, 180
Folchard's Psalter. 6J, 74Fontevrault, Abbey Church of, 164-5
Fulbert of C hartres. 83 , 1I8
Fuida, 29, 62, 98; Abbey Church of, 11, ]8;
C athedral of, 18; Codex Wittiki"derts
executed at, 77, 93
Fulk Ncrra. Count of Anjou, 170
Galliano, Church of San Vincenzo at, 7J,
75. 9 2
Geotrrey of Maine, Abbot of St Albans, 194Gerbert of Aurillac. Abbot of Bobbio (later
Pope Sylvester H) , 82-3, 134; quoted 104,
106
Germigny-des-P res, Theodulf's oratory at,
7. 8, 9, 14--6
Gernrode. convent of St Cyriakus at, 68, 69,
70, 87- 8
Gero, Archbishop of Cologne, 86, 93, nB,
14 2, ISO
Gero Codex. 78, 79. 92- 3. 98
Gilabertus, stone figure by, 200, 2 1 2
Gisela, Empress (wife of Conrad (1), 122-4
Gisela of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria., r43
Giscla of Hungary (sister of Henry 11), 143;
Cross of, 130, 131, 143
Gislebertus. Master, 171, 212; carving by,
202, 2 14
Gloucester, 160; candlestick from monastery
of St Peter, 187, 198
Godefroi de Clarre, 179
Godescalc. Evangelistary o f. 22, 23, 30-2, 38
Goldbach. St Sylvester's Chapel at, 74. 92
f
Golden Virgin of Essen. 129, 142
Goslae. 120; Codex Caesnrells for the Cathedral. 123, 183
Gospels of Liessies (su Liessies)
Gotfredus, Archbishop of Milan, situla given
by. 1J 0, 129
Gothic Majesty, Master of the, J 83, 195
. Granada, .2.08
Gregory (l) the Great. Pope, 69, 103, 192
(see also Moralia in Job)
Gregory of Montana, Abbot of Moissac, 206
Hadrian I, Pope, 30, 3 I , 34. 69
Harding, Stephen. Bible of. 192
Hartwic (theologian), 1I8
Henry lIt Emperor. 83, 1.20, 136, 144; his
Book of Pericopes. 38, 89. 93. 94. 96, 48,
111-3; Sacramemary of, 92, 95, 1l3. 11 5
Henry nr. Emperor, 81, 120, 122-4. 169. 183,
18.
Henry IV, Emperor, 154, 156. 177
Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, 85. 195
Herefordshire, sculpture in. 198
Heribert, Archbishop of Cologne. 118, 120
Hildcsheim, Church ofSt Michael at, 85, 86;
its bronze doors. 135, 136, 138, 145; bronzc
collll1Ul in, '34. J37. 146, 149
Hilduin, Abbot of S!lint-Derus, 17, 71
Hillinus Codex, 100, IIS
Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, 52, 69
Hirsau, 1.2.0; imperial abbey of, 154, 156
Hitda. Abbess of Meschedc, Gospel Book of,
98,99.101 , II9
Hugh, St, Abbot of Cluny, 161 . .
Hugo, Master, executed Bury Bible, 186, 194
Humbert, Abbot of Echternach, 1.2.0, 122
Innocent Il, Pope, 16.2., 186
Jerusalcm, Dome of the Rock at, 16
Johannes ltaLicus (or JohalUlcs pictor), t03
Jumieges, None-Dame de, IS6
Justinian, Emperor, 36, 164
Koblenz, Church of St Kastor at. 156
Konstanz, 90
Kues, Abbey of, 135
Kunigunde, Empress, 83, 1I3, 144
Lambeth Bible, 194
Lechfeld, Battle of, 81
Le Puy, Church of Saint- Michel d' Aiguilhe,
16S
Libri CaroU"i , 16, 29. 44
268
Liege, 78, 177; ivory relief from. J24, 138;
brass font for Church ofNocre-Damc-des_
Fonts, J69, 170, 178
Liessies, Gospels of, J82, 192, 194
Limburg an der Haardt, Benedict ine abbey
at. 143, J44, IS3, 154, 156
Limoges: Church of Saint-Martial, 163;
Sacramentary of the Cathedral of SaintEtienne, 176, 183-4
Lincoln, 198
Lindau, Codex AI/rells of, 4', So
Liuthar, 97. 106
Lomello, Church of Santa Maggiore, 156
Lorsch, scriptorium at, 93, 97; Lorsch Gospels, ivory bookcover of, 28, 29, 70, 34.
36, 37, 93
Lothair If, of Lo tharingia, 177 ; rock-crystal
o f, 59. 62, 68; Cross of, 125, 128, 142
Lothair, Gospels of. 49, 56--7
Louis (I) che Pious, Emperor, 43
Luxeuil,29
Magdeburg. 81; the Cathedral. 85-6. 88
Magdeburg AntependiulU. J 06, 107, 1.2.6-7,
130,181
Mainz, 82, 96; the Cathedrnl, 86, 145. IS4.
160; artistic production at, 136, 138; ivo ry
relief possibly from, 122, 136
Malles. oratory of San Benedetto, 19. 25-6
Malmesbury Abbey, limestone carving at,
191,200
Mannoutier Sacramentary, 51. 52, 61- 2
Matilda, Abbess of Holy Trinity, Essen, 82,
86; first Cross of, 126. 127. 138, 141-2
Meersen, Tteaty of. 68
Meissen, Church of St Mauritz, 162, 171-.2.
Merseburg, 81; the Cathedral, 174
Metz, 78, 103; workshop at, 29. 57, 62, 64-6.
68, 191 ; ivory bookcovers from, 55, 57.
58, 26, 65--6
Miegcville Tympanum. Saint-Sernin. 193,
'94,204Milan, 11, 9.2., 152, 189; ivory panels fr.om.
109,116,128-9,1]2; ivory diptych from,
113, 114, 129-30; Sant'Ambrogio, 115,
1]2, 146,160; San Nazzaro Maggiore. 160
Milo, Abbot of Saint-Amand, 72
Minden. 174
Modena; the Cathedral of, 160; Wiligchno's
school at. J89, 198
Moissac, 189, .2.02-3; doorway of the Abbey
Church, 195, 198, 165, 168, 206-9, 213;
tombstone of Abbot Durandus, 202
Montecassino, monastery of, 188
..
Monza, 62; ivory diptych at, 27, 34
Morafia in Job (St Gregory's), initial from,
Psychomachia of Prudent ius, 72,90
Purchardus, 1I8
181, [92
M outier- Gr.mdval Bible, 45, 52, 53
Miistair, 92; fresco in C hllfCh ofS tJohn the
Baptist, 18, 24-5
Ragan.1ldus, Abbot of Marmoutier, 6 1
Raillier of Huy, ISO, 180,205; brass font by,
Nevcrs,34-
J69, 170, 178
Niccolb, marble rdicfby, 180, 189-90
Nicholas ofVerdun, ISO, 178, 179
NiederOliinster nunnery. Rcgensburg,
143
N orwich Cathedral, 159
Natker Bishop of Liege, 83. 13B, 177
Quedlinburg, 81; convent of St Maria auf
dem Miinzenberg, 88
1 1 S.
Odo of Metz, 1 r
Ogo, Abbot of Sf Maximin. Trier. 26
Duo I. Emperor. BI, 82, 96, 127. 128, 141,
169
OttO 11, Emperor. 82, 87, 103. 130, 171;
ivory panel with inscription of, 109. u8-9
Octo 111, Emperor, h, 83. 92, 96, 103. 104,
lIB. 130, 133. 136; Gospel Book of, 85. 86,
88, 90, 91, 104, lOO-lI; second Gospel
Book of, 87. 106
Octo, Duke of Bavaria, 141
Ovicdo,207
Padcrborn Cathedral, portable altar in , J 66,
175
Palermo, 209
Pantaleon, St, Gospel Book of, 16;, 174
Paris, Count of, 8r
Paris, 78
Parma, 184 ; the Cathedral, 160
Paul the Deacon, 30, l a)
Pavia, Church of San Michele, 160
Pedro de Rada, Archbishop of P:uuplona,
162
Pepin, King of the Franks, 16
Pcrigueux, Cathedral of Saint-Front, 164
Peter, Abbot of Hautvillers, 43
Peter, Abbot of St Peter at Gloucester,
Candlestick given by, 187,198
Pcter of Pisa, 28, 30
Peter the Vencrable, prior ofVczelay, 215
Peterborough Cathedral, 159
Piacenza Cathedral, 160, 190
Pisa Cathedral, 157, 158, 165
Potirone, Psalter executed at, 177, 186
Ponthion. Council of, 7l
Poppo, Abbot of Stavelot (later Archbishop
of Trict). ]20, 122, 153
Priim, 78; Regino of (quoted) 80
Raveru13, 11; San Vitale. 2. <I , 12; Palace
of the Exarchs, 6, 12; Maximian's C hair,
J6
Reading Abbey, 198
Regensburg, 115, 120, 152; productions of,
113,143,184
Registrum Cregorii, Master of the, 81, 8;, 84,
102-4, 119, 123, 136, 178
Rcichenall : artistic production at, 96-8, 102,
lIS- 20, 126-7, 144, 184 ; Book of Homilies from, 98; Book of Pericopcs from
(see Gero Codex)
Rcichenau-Mittelzell, Abbey of St Mary :md
St Mark , 87
Reichenau-Obcrzell, C hurch of St Georgc,
7 1 ,88,90
Reims, 78. 8.2; ivory bookcover from, 37,
47: as artistic cen tre, 29, 43. 4$, 50, 68, 191;
scriptoriulll at, 52. 57, 70
Rcn aud I, Count of Burgundy. 169
Ripoll, Church of Santa Maria, 162
Rivolta d' Adda, Church of San Sigismondo,
160
Rada Bible, 209
Roger, Abbot of M oissac, 202-3
Roger of Hehnarshausen, 183; portable altar
by, 166, 175
Rome, II, 24, 25,30, 52,146,209; St Peter's
Dasilica, 18; Bible in San Paolo fuori le
MUIa, 52; as pilgrim centre, 84-5; Santa
Maria in Dominica, 92; Santa Sabina, 146;
artistic sterili ty in 11th century, 184 ; rcvival of artistic traditions, 1.86, 188
Ronccray nunnery, 170
Rudolf, King of Swabia. bronze tomb-cover
of, 164, 174
R udolph of Rhcinfclden, 169
Rllodprecht, 97. 98
Rutger, Abbot of Fulda, r8
SI AJballS, 19 1, 195; PS:l.itcr of, 194
Saint-Amalld, Monastery of, 70, 72, 74
Saint-Denis, Abbey of, 16-17. 68, 72. 117.
166, 190.198,2 18 ; plan of the Church , ID;
Missal of. 171, 181
St Emmeram , monastery of, Rcgcnsburg, 80,
115 (see also Codex Allrells of St Emm cram)
Saint-Front, 164
5t Gall, Monastcry of, 2<), 62, 90, 93, lI S,
136; plan of a monastic complex from.
16, 22; productions of, 74, 76-8; Psalterillm
Allre/im. 64, 76
Saint-GerJUain-des-Prcs, 74 ; Mis~l, 172, 181
Saint-Gilles, Provence, 168
Saint-GilIcs de M ontoire, 183
St ] utien, monaster y o f, 170
Saint-Julien-de-Jonzy, stone tympanum at,
205,218
Sain t- Mcdard-de- Soissons, Gospels of, 24,
32, 42, 70
St N icho!as, abbey of, 170
Saint-Savill, fresco in the Church of, 17),
181, 183
Saim-Sever, Apocaly pse o f, 206
Salomoll, Abbot of St Gall, 74 , 76, 1)6
San C allisto. B ible of, 44, 52
San Millan de Cogola, 207
Santiago de Compostela, 155. 156, 162-3.
165, 198, 212
Seville. 208
Siegfried, Abbot of Gorze, 81
Sijcna, 209
Silos, C h\lrch o f Santa Domillgo at, 212
Slllter, Claus, 179
Souillac. church of, 204; carving at. 199, 212
Speycr, 120, 174; COde:l: AI/fellS of the Cathedral. 1 03. 1 0 4, 122- 4 ; the Cathedral. 147.
148,149, 154, 156, 160-2
'Stavclot, 78; portable altar from, 167. 17'), 180
Stephen Il, Pope, 69
Strasbourg Cathedral, 153, 156
Sutri, Council of, 120
Sylvester 11, Pope (see Gerbert of Aucillac)
Tewkesbury, 160
Theodulf, B ishop o f O rleans, 29, 30; his
orator y. 7, 8,9, 14--6
Theophano, Abbess of H oly Trinity convent,
Essen, 86, 171
Theophallo, Empress, 83, 87, 130, I H
Thiofrid, Abbot of Echternach, 124
Toledo, 208, 209
Toul, 103
Toulouse: Saillt-Sernin , 162, 163, 190 ;
marble relief in Saillt-Sernin, 192, 2 00,
202; the Miegevillc T ympanulU , 193,
194, 204-5; Saint-Etiennc, 190; stone
fig ure in Saint-Etienne, 200, 212
Tours, 29, 52, 70, 78, 123, 146; scriptOriUlli
at, 52-3, 55-7, 59, 61-2; C hurch of SaintMartin, 162, 163
Trastevcrc, Icon of the Virgin ill Santa M :lria,
21,3 1,103
Trier, 1 r, 38, 62, 78, ')6-8, 102, 103; Abbey
Church of St Maximin, 20, 26, 86; importallt :lrtistic centre, 1)3-8, 141, 146,
ISO; ivor y reliefS fro m, 117, 11 8,122,
114-6 ; Reliquary of the Foot o f St Andrew
from, 12 1, 134; crucifix fro m, 140, 1 3 4 .
149; the Cathedral, 145, 146, 153- 4, 160
T uotilo, I J6j covers of EV(lIIXe/illnJ Longum
by, 65, 66, 77-8; ivory bookcover, 67, 78
U lrich, I3ishop of Augsburg, 81, 82, 84
Uota, Abbesses of N iedcrmtimter, n 6 ;
Gospel book ofrhe second Abbess, 97, 132,
1I6-18, 143, 180
U rban 11, Pope, 16 1
Urrech t Psalter. 34, 35, 36. 39, 44-5, 47, 48,
50, 68, 108, 1 9 1
Valencia, 208
Venice, churches of, 164
Verdun, 103
Verona, 84; Church of Santo Zeno, 190
Vezelay, 171 , 212, 218; carving at Abbey
C hurch of Sainte-Madeleine, 203, 215
Vienne, stone capital in Church of SaintAndre-Ie-Bas, 2 06,2 18
Vivian, Count, Bible o f (or First Bible ot
Charles the Bald), 47, 48, 52-3, 56, 57, 123
Volkold, Bishop of Meissen, 82.
Waulsort or Vasor, Abbey of, 68
W erden, Abbey of Helmstcdt: limestone
relief, 159, 171 j bronze Christ, 165, 174
Wemher von Habsburg, Bishop of Strasbourg, 153
W estminster Abbey, 158--9
Wibald, Abbot ofStavelot, 177, 179
W iligelmo, 190. 198; marble relief by, 179,
. 89
WiUiam the Conqueror, 156
Willigis, Archbishop ofM ainz, 82, 83, 86, 145
Wimpfcling (quoted 154)
Winchester: the Cathedral, 159; school of
illumination, 192, 195; Winchester Bible,
183. 185, 195 ; enamel plaque, 189, 190,
'98
York : great library at, 28; stone carving in
Minster. 188,200