Saint Sebastian
This article is about the Christian saint and martyr. For
the United States Navy ship, see USS St. Sebastian
(SP-470).
“Saint Sebastien” redirects here. For other uses, see
Saint-Sébastien (disambiguation).
Saint Sebastian (died c. 288) was an early Christian
saint and martyr. He was killed during the Roman emperor Diocletian's persecution of Christians. He is commonly depicted in art and literature tied to a post or tree
and shot with arrows. Despite this being the most common artistic depiction of Sebastian, he was, according to
legend, rescued and healed by Irene of Rome. Shortly afterwards he criticized Diocletian in person and as a result
was clubbed to death.[1] He is venerated in the Catholic
and Orthodox Churches.
The details of Saint Sebastian’s martyrdom were first
spoken of by 4th-century bishop Ambrose of Milan
(Saint Ambrose), in his sermon (number 22) on Psalm
118. Ambrose stated that Sebastian came from Milan
and that he was already venerated there at that time.
Saint Sebastian is a popular male saint, especially among
soldiers.[2][3]
1
Life
Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken,[4] Josse
Lieferinxe, 1497–1499, The Walters Art Museum
According to Sebastian’s 18th century entry in Acta Sanctorum,[5] still attributed to Ambrose by the 17th century
hagiographer Jean Bolland, and the briefer account in the
14th century Legenda Aurea, he was a man of Gallia Narbonensis who was taught in Milan and appointed a captain
of the Praetorian Guard under Diocletian and Maximian,
who were unaware that he was a Christian.
then brought the rest of the prisoners; these 16 persons
were also converted by Sebastian.[6]
Chromatius and Tiburtius converted; Chromatius set all
of his prisoners free from jail, resigned his position, and
retired to the country in Campania. Mark and Marcellian,
According to tradition, Mark and Marcellian were twin after being concealed by a Christian named Castulus,
brothers from a distinguished family and were deacons. were later martyred, as were Nicostratus, Zoe, and TiburBoth brothers married, and they resided in Rome with tius.
their wives and children. The brothers refused to sacrifice
to the Roman gods and were arrested. They were visited
by their parents Tranquillinus and Martia in prison, who 1.1 Martyrdom
attempted to persuade them to renounce Christianity.
Diocletian reproached Sebastian for his supposed betrayal, and he commanded him to be led to a field and
there to be bound to a stake so that archers would shoot
arrows at him. “And the archers shot at him till he was as
full of arrows as an urchin,”[8] leaving him there for dead.
Miraculously, the arrows did not kill him. The widow of
Castulus, Irene of Rome, went to retrieve his body to bury
Sebastian succeeded in converting Tranquillinus and
Martia, as well as Saint Tiburtius, the son of Chromatius,
the local prefect. Another official, Nicostratus, and his
wife Zoe were also converted. It has been said that Zoe
had been a mute for six years; however, she made known
to Sebastian her desire to be converted to Christianity. As
soon as she had, her speech returned to her. Nicostratus
1
2
1
LIFE
the people.
Sebastian was also said to be a defense against the plague.
The Golden Legend transmits the episode of a great
plague that afflicted the Lombards in the time of King
Gumburt, which was stopped by the erection of an altar
in honor of Sebastian in the Church of Saint Peter in the
Province of Pavia.
1.2 Location of remains
Reliquary of St Sebastian, around 1497[7] (Victoria and Albert
Museum, London)
it, and she discovered he was still alive. She brought him
back to her house and nursed him back to health. The
other residents of the house doubted he was a Christian.
One of those was a girl who was blind. Sebastian asked
her “Do you wish to be with God?", and made the sign of
the Cross on her head. “Yes”, she replied, and immediately regained her sight.
Sebastian later stood on a step and harangued Diocletian as he passed by; the emperor had Sebastian beaten
to death, and his body was thrown into a privy. But in
an apparition, Sebastian told a Christian widow where
they might find his body undefiled and bury it “at the
catacombs by the apostles.” Because of this, Sebastian is
sometimes known as the saint who was martyred twice.
St. Sebastian (detail), Andrea Mantegna, 1480, Musée du Louvre, Paris
Remains reputed to be those of Sebastian are housed in
Rome in the Basilica Apostolorum, built by Pope Damasus I in 367 on the site of the provisional tomb of Saints
Peter and Paul. The church, today called San Sebastiano
Of the miraculous effect of the example of Sebastian, the fuori le mura, was rebuilt in the 1610s under the paGolden Legend reports,
tronage of Scipione Borghese. Others sources assert that
his body would have been carried from Rome to Saint
Medard Abbey in Soissons, France.
... Saint Gregory telleth in the first book of
his Dialogues that a woman of Tuscany which
Sebastian’s cranium was brought to the town of Ebersberg
was new wedded was prayed for to go with
(Germany) in 934. A Benedictine abbey was founded
other women to the dedication of the church
there and became one of the most important pilgrimage
of Sebastian, and the night tofore she was so
sites in southern Germany.[9] It is said the silver-encased
moved in her flesh that she might not abstain
cranium was used as a cup in which to present wine to the
from her husband, and on the morn, she havfaithful during the feast of Saint Sebastian.[10]
ing greater shame of men than of God, went
thither, and anon as she was entered into the or• Reliquary of Saint Sebastian in Ebersberg
atory where the relics of Saint Sebastian were,
• Silver sculpture from 1450
the fiend took her and tormented her before all
3
•
•
• The cranium
2
In art and literature
arrows was the subject of the largest engraving by the
Master of the Playing Cards in the 1430s, when there were
few other current subjects with male nudes other than
Christ. Sebastian appears in many other prints and paintings, although this was also due to his popularity with
the faithful. Among many others, Botticelli, Perugino,
Titian, Pollaiuolo, Giovanni Bellini, Guido Reni (who
painted the subject seven times), Mantegna (three times),
Hans Memling, Gerrit van Honthorst, Luca Signorelli, El
Greco, Honoré Daumier, John Singer Sargent and Louise
Bourgeois all painted Saint Sebastians. An early work by
the sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini is also of Saint Sebastian.
The saint is ordinarily depicted as a handsome youth
pierced by arrows. Predella scenes when required, often depicted his arrest, confrontation with the Emperor,
and final beheading. The illustration in the infobox is the
Saint Sebastian of Il Sodoma, at the Pitti Palace, Florence.
St. Sebastian tended by Saint Irene, Georges de La Tour c 1645
The earliest representation of Sebastian is a mosaic in the
Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy) dated
between 527 and 565. The right lateral wall of the basilica contains large mosaics representing a procession of
26 martyrs, led by Saint Martin and including Sebastian.
The martyrs are represented in Byzantine style, lacking
any individuality, and have all identical expressions.
Another early representation is in a mosaic[11] in the
Church of San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome, Italy), probably made in the year 682. It shows a grown, bearded
man in court dress but contains no trace of an arrow.[12]
The archers and arrows begin to appear by 1000, and ever
since have been far more commonly shown than the actual moment of his death by clubbing, so that there is a
popular misperception that this is how he died.[13]
As protector of potential plague victims (a connection
popularized by the Golden Legend[14] ) and soldiers, Sebastian occupied an important place in the popular medieval mind. He was among the most frequently depicted
of all saints by Late Gothic and Renaissance artists, in
the period after the Black Death.[15] The opportunity to
show a semi-nude male, often in a contorted pose, also
made Sebastian a favourite subject.[16] His shooting with
Woodblock of St Sebastian from South Germany, circa 1470–
1475
A mainly 17th-century subject, though found in predella
scenes as early as the 15th century,[17] was St Sebastian tended by St Irene, painted by Georges de La
Tour, Trophime Bigot (four times), Jusepe de Ribera,[18]
Hendrick ter Brugghen and others. This may have been
a deliberate attempt by the Church to get away from the
single nude subject, which is already recorded in Vasari
as sometimes arousing inappropriate thoughts among female churchgoers.[19] The Baroque artists usually treated
it as a nocturnal chiaroscuro scene, illuminated by a single candle, torch or lantern, in the style fashionable in the
4
first half of the 17th century. There exist several cycles
depicting the life of Saint Sebastian. Among them are
the frescos in the “Basilica di San Sebastiano” of Acireale
(Italy) with paintings by Pietro Paolo Vasta.
3 PATRONAGE
3 Patronage
Egon Schiele, an Austrian Expressionist artist, painted
a self-portrait as Saint Sebastian in 1915.[20] During
Salvador Dalí's “Lorca (Federico García Lorca) Period”,
he painted Sebastian several times, most notably in his
“Neo-Cubist Academy”. For reasons unknown, the left
vein of Sebastian is always exposed.
In 1911, the Italian playwright Gabriele d'Annunzio in
conjunction with Claude Debussy produced a mystery
play on the subject. The American composer Gian Carlo
Menotti composed a ballet score for a Ballets Russes production which was first given in 1944. In his novella
Death in Venice, Thomas Mann hails the “SebastianFigure” as the supreme emblem of Apollonian beauty,
that is, the artistry of differentiated forms; beauty as measured by discipline, proportion, and luminous distinctions. This allusion to Saint Sebastian’s suffering, associated with the writerly professionalism of the novella’s
protagonist, Gustav Aschenbach, provides a model for the
“heroism born of weakness”, which characterizes poise
amidst agonizing torment and plain acceptance of one’s
fate as, beyond mere patience and passivity, a stylized
achievement and artistic triumph.
Lodovico Carracci's rare treatment of the subject of St. Sebastian
Thrown into the Cloaca Maxima (1612)
In the Roman Catholic Church, Sebastian is commemorated by an optional memorial on 20 January. In the
Church of Greece, Sebastian’s feast day is on 18 December.
As a protector from the bubonic plague, Sebastian was
formerly one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The connection of the martyr shot with arrows with the plague
is not an intuitive one, however. In Greco-Roman myth,
Apollo, the archer god, is the deliverer of pestilence; the
figure of Sebastian Christianizes this folkloric association. The chronicler Paul the Deacon relates that, in 680,
Rome was freed from a raging pestilence by him.
Sebastian’s death was depicted in the 1949 film Fabiola,
in which he was played by Massimo Girotti. In 1976, the
British director Derek Jarman made a film, Sebastiane,
which caused controversy in its treatment of the martyr
as a homosexual icon. However, as several critics have
noted, this has been a subtext of the imagery since the Sebastian, like Saint George, was one of a class of
Renaissance.[21] Also in 1976, a figure of Saint Sebastian military martyrs and soldier saints of the Early Christian
appeared throughout the American horror film Carrie.[22] Church whose cults originated in the 4th century and culminated at the end of the Middle Ages, in the 14th and
Pietro Vannucci Perugino’s painting (c. 1495) of Saint 15th centuries both in the East and the West. Details of
Sebastian is featured in the 2001 movie Wit starring their martyrologies may provoke some skepticism among
Emma Thompson. Thompson’s character, as a college modern readers, but certain consistent patterns emerge
student, visits her professor’s office, where an almost life- that are revealing of Christian attitudes. In Catholicism,
size painting of Saint Sebastian hangs on the wall. Later, Sebastian is the patron saint of archers and of a holy
when the main character is a professor herself, diagnosed death.
with cancer, she keeps a small print of this same painting
of the city of Qormi
of Saint Sebastian next to her hospital bed. The allusion Sebastian is one of the patron saints
[24]
in
Malta
along
with
Saint
George.
Sebastian is also the
appears to be to Sebastian’s stoic martyrdom - a role the
patron
saint
of
Acireale,
Caserta
and
Petilia Policastro in
Thompson character has willingly accepted for the betterItaly,
Melilli
in
Sicily,
and
San
Sebastián
as well as Palma
ment of all mankind. There may be a touch of authorial
de
Mallorca
in
Spain.
He
also
is
the
patron
saint of Rio de
(or directorial) cynicism in making this “saintly” connecBrazil.
Informally,
in
the
tradition
of the AfroJaneiro,
tion.
Brazilian syncretic religion Umbanda, Sebastian is often
In 2007, artist Damien Hirst presented Saint Sebastian, associated with Oxossi, especially in the state of Rio de
Exquisite Pain from his Natural History series. The piece Janeiro itself.
depicts a cow in formaldehyde, bound in metal cable and
He is also the patron of a college named for him in
shot with arrows.[23]
Manila, Philippines which is adjacent to the Parish of San
British pop band Alt-J's video for Hunger of the Pine con- Sebastian.
tains references to the story of Saint Sebastian’s death,
Sebastian is the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Dioadapted to fit the lyrics of the song.
cese of Bacolod, in Negros Occidental, Philippines.
Saint Sebastian is the patron of Knights of Columbus
5
“bird shoot” pageant of the Rhenish town of Liblar which
was sponsored by the Saint Sebastian Society, a club of
sharpshooters and their sponsors to which nearly every
adult member of town belonged.[25]
The St. Sebastian River is named for Saint Sebastian.
It is a tributary of the Indian River Lagoon and comprises part of the boundary between Indian River County
and Brevard County in Florida. The adjacent city of
Sebastian, Florida and St. Sebastian River Preserve State
Park are also named for Saint Sebastian.[26]
4 See also
• The 3 paintings by Mantegna
• Le martyre de Saint Sébastien, Claude Debussy
• Saint Sebastian at the Column
• Military saint
• Gay icon
Saint Sebastian by Peter Paul Rubens (1604), oil on canvas, 120
x 100 cm, Antwerp
5 References
[1] “Arrows of desire: How did St Sebastian become an enduring, homo-erotic icon?". The Independent. 10 February 2008.
[2] http://dcfaithinaction.org/uncategorized/2012/01/22/
the-patron-saint-of-sports/
[3] http://www.accsport.asn.au/acc-information/
spirit-service-awards/st-sebastian-fellowship-award/
about-st-sebastian
[4] “Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken”. The
Walters Art Museum.
[5] Acta S. Sebastiani Martyris, in J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae
Cursus Completus Accurante (Paris 1845), XVII, 1021–
581221; abbreviated in Jacob de Voragine, Legenda Aurea.
[6] Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. A Dictionary of Miracles:
Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic (Chatto and Windus,
1901), p.11.
[7] “Reliquary of St Sebastian”. Metalwork. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
[8] Legenda Aurea
Saint Sebastian by El Greco (1578) in Cathedral of San Antolín,
Palencia
Council #4926 in the Roman Catholic Diocese of San
Jose in California, serving the cities of Mountain View
and Los Altos.
In his 1906 Reminiscences, Carl Schurz recalls the annual
[9] City of Ebersberg website: Kloster Ebersberg (German)]
[10] Thomas Foster Earle,K. J. P. Lowe: Black Africans in Renaissance Europe, p. 191, Cambridge University Press,
2005.
[11] “Vincoli” (JPEG). IT: Unica..
[12] “Catholic Encyclopedia”. 1908..
6
6
[13] Barker, 94–95
[14] Barker, 96–97
[15] Boeckl, Christine M (2000). Images of Plague and Pestilence: Iconography and Iconology. Truman State University. pp. 76–80. ISBN 978-0-943549-85-9..
[16] Barker, Sheila, The Making of a Plague Saint, ch. 4 (pp.
114–7 especially) in Piety and Plague: from Byzantium
to the Baroque, Ed. Franco Mormando, Thomas Worcester Truman State University, 2007,ISBN 1-931112-73-8,
ISBN 978-1-931112-73-4, Google books.
[17] Boeckl, p. 77
[18] Williamson, Mark A (2000). “The Martyrdom Paintings
of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation” (PhD
dissertation). NY, USA: Binghamton University..
[19] Barker, 117
[20] Zwingenberger, Jeanette (2011). Schiele. New York:
Parkstone International. p. 154. ISBN 9781780421957.
[21] “How did St Sebastian become an enduring, homo-erotic
icon?". UK: makayla Independent. 10 February 2008..
[22] “Trivia”. “Carrie”. IMDb. 1976. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
[23] “Damien Hirst”. MCA Denver..
[24] http://www.qormisbparish.org
[25] Carl Schurz, Reminiscences (3 vols.), New York: McClure
Publ., 1907, vol. 1, chap. 2, pp. 46–8; chap. 3, pp. 81–3.
[26] Sebastian Tales
6
External links
• The Life & Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, Saint &
Martyr of the Catholic Church
• Legenda Aurea: Life of Saint Sebastian
• Saint Sebastian
• Butler, The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other
Principal Saints, St Sebastian
• “St. Sebastian”. Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913.
Media related to Saint Sebastian at Wikimedia Commons
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sebastian, St".
Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
• Representations of Saint Sebastian
• St.Sebastian’s Church, Udayamperoor
EXTERNAL LINKS
7
7
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
7.1
Text
• Saint Sebastian Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Sebastian?oldid=633048557 Contributors: Derek Ross, William Avery,
Panairjdde, Leandrod, Patrick, Paul Barlow, Gabbe, Shoaler, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, Darkwind, DropDeadGorgias, Error, BRG, RodC,
Charles Matthews, Nv8200p, Wetman, Slawojarek, Jni, Chuunen Baka, Robbot, Jredmond, Mirv, Mushroom, Tobias Bergemann, Dominick, Andries, Fennec, Zigger, Everyking, BalthCat, Varlaam, Gugganij, OldakQuill, Oneiros, Bepp, Sam, TJSwoboda, Hugh7, Klemen Kocjancic, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, Guanabot, Pjrich, FyreFiend, Man vyi, Polylerus, Caeruleancentaur, Patsw, Alansohn, Walter Görlitz, Druid816, Arthena, Hydriotaphia, Carbon Caryatid, Flyspeck, Wtmitchell, Paul From Ottawa, SidP, Ghirlandajo, Killing
Vector, Zntrip, Velho, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Before My Ken, GeorgeTSLC, Jeff3000, Hailey C. Shannon, Cuchullain, Ketiltrout, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, BlueMoonlet, Tangotango, SMC, FlaBot, Kerowyn, RexNL, Ewlyahoocom, Gurch, Xcia0069,
TheDJ, DTOx, YurikBot, RobotE, NTBot, RussBot, Manicsleeper, IanManka, Lord Voldemort, Aljodasch, Shreshth91, MeTV, Radiowar, RattleMan, BlackAndy, Multichill, Raven4x4x, Mlouns, Tony1, JacksonLeonard, Sebastian Prospero, Evrik, CLW, Alpha 4615,
FF2010, Closedmouth, KGasso, Shyam, ArielGold, Jcub, Stevouk, Junglecat, Nodoubt9203, Luk, SpLoT, Attilios, Amalthea, SmackBot, KnowledgeOfSelf, Patrickneil, Eskimbot, Jab843, Edgar181, HeartofaDog, HalfShadow, Alana Smithy, Slj, Pacholeknbnj, Gilliam,
Hmains, Carl.bunderson, Cabe6403, Keegan, CKA3KA, Persian Poet Gal, Jprg1966, Roscelese, Baronnet, Nedlum, Zephyrad, Colonies
Chris, Darth Panda, Mladifilozof, TheKMan, Stevenmitchell, John.McDougall, Akriasas, Springnuts, ChaChaFut, SumDude, SashatoBot,
Stubbsy67, Vanished user 9i39j3, Disavian, MarkSutton, Noah Salzman, Erwin, Avant Guard, Bwpach, Hu12, SimonD, Izau, UncleDouggie, Ewulp, Adam sk, Tawkerbot2, SkyWalker, JForget, Fetofsbot2, Giua, Eric, Drinibot, Basawala, JFMATLOCK, Dagunslinger,
MAlanH, Gregbard, Nilfanion, Cydebot, Mato, Travelbird, TicketMan, Frosty0814snowman, Agne27, Nasugbu batangas, FastLizard4,
Jguard18, Algabal, CieloEstrellado, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Alvincura, Marek69, James086, Iulius, Lunamaria, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, SummerPhD, Elfbadger, Jj137, Fayenatic london, Nipisiquit, J. Patrick Fischer, AubreyEllenShomo, Res2216firestar,
Aibara, Barek, Bhamv, Acroterion, I80and, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JNW, JamesBWatson, Waacstats, Catgut, WhatamIdoing, Gabriel Kielland, Allstarecho, Arweissman, DerHexer, FisherQueen, MartinBot, STBot, G-my, Rettetast, AlexiusHoratius, BONGU
SEAN, Kguirnela, Bgold4, Bcballard, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Trusilver, Chayama, JoDonHo, Ginsengbomb, AgainErick, Merlot70, LoserTalent, Johnbod, Phated, Sub999, Twelvesongs, Uncompetence, James miuccio, Michael Patrick Wilson, Lumendelumine, Gregfitzy, Macarrones, Student7, Vanished user 39948282, IceDragon64, Useight, Signalhead, Lights, Meiskam, WillHarper, Jeff G.,
Aesopos, Philip Trueman, Johnred32, John Carter, Vanityjunkie, JhsBot, Aspire3623WXCi, Watchdogb, Tancrede, Dirkbb, Falcon8765,
Thomsonsr, Mark13732, Deconstructhis, Smboyan, SieBot, WereSpielChequers, Dialx003, BotMultichill, Ori, Jauerback, Krawi, Pailott,
Winchelsea, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Digwuren, Toddst1, Flyer22, VAwebteam, Yerpo, Lagrange613, Liana28, Sickandwasted, Lauracs, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Thelmadatter, Jordi Roqué, Pinkadelica, Denisarona, Escape Orbit, ImageRemovalBot,
Benkenobi18, Church, ClueBot, PipepBot, Dracian56, Wysprgr2005, TIY, Foofbun, Louis-garden, Fenwayguy, CounterVandalismBot,
Beth S T, SSebastianus, Richerman, Piledhigheranddeeper, Lollipopo, Auntof6, Omcd, Jusdafax, Dantefc, TheRedPenOfDoom, Matthew
Dillenburg, Ecmcpike, Stepheng3, AMC0712, Aitias, Mattissa, Red shirt guy, Masterofknowledge5, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid,
Travisandkara, Jijo009, Nepenthes, Frood, Minicoop58, MystBot, North RB2313, Bradley0110, Otisjimmy1, Lowk, Maricon remix, Yobmod, Totakeke423, Laurinavicius, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jańczuk, BabelStone, Ka Faraq Gatri, Jim10701, ShepBot, HoboJones,
FCSundae, Favonian, Organic Cabbage, Mdnavman, Azullang813, Jc121383, Tide rolls, Lightbot, QuadrivialMind, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Anthonygrig, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, AnakngAraw, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, DemocraticLuntz, Ciphers,
Marauder40, BlazerKnight, Piano non troppo, Ambrosiaster, Aff123a, Citation bot, Bob Burkhardt, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Addihockey10,
Pgh librarian, 4twenty42o, Jsharpminor, Ruy Pugliesi, GrouchoBot, WilliamTheaker, Fernandoespañol, Joaquin008, Erik9, Spongefrog,
Lionelt, FrescoBot, Blackguard SF, LucienBOT, VI, HamburgerRadio, Mainzer1992, Biker Biker, Tomcat7, RedBot, ActivExpression,
Tim1357, Orangesodakid, Dinamik-bot, Rush176, Maynilad, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, EmausBot, Racerx11, Skyy Train, Scaryparanormaltruth, Wikipelli, PBS-AWB, MithrandirAgain, Farmount1989, Erinmichellebyrnes, Jimmy3670, Wayne Slam, RaptureBot, L Kensington, Senjuto, MonoAV, Willthacheerleader18, Carmichael, Stephenrumson, ChuispastonBot, DASHBotAV, Roypeter347, Petrb, ClueBot
NG, Tideflat, Widr, Ryan Vesey, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Jean-Pol GRANDMONT, WNYY98, Greengrounds, Rijinatwiki, ElphiBot, Artwork Only, MusikAnimal, Mark Arsten, Dainomite, Smeat75, CitationCleanerBot, Superipkurwo, Banana014, Greenknight dv,
Funny bunny1239, Minecraftnerd, Pratyya Ghosh, ChrisGualtieri, GoShow, EuroCarGT, Djinx.esq, Webclient101, Jeccabreen, MonteGargano, Lugia2453, QvisDevs, Xyphoid, The Anonymouse, LimosaCorel, Vincent13579, Daniel992011, RyanChamberlyn, BadKittieKat76, Nyflod, LahmacunKebab, Konveyor Belt, Barkersc, Tocoolforschool0921, CogitoErgoSum14, Mugsalot, Elnino78, BrightonC,
Bjude64, TerryAlex and Anonymous: 714
7.2
Images
• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark
• File:0_Saint_Sébastien_secouru_par_les_anges_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_(1).JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/02/0_Saint_S%C3%A9bastien_secouru_par_les_anges_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_%281%29.JPG License: Public domain
Contributors: User:Jean-Pol GRANDMONT (2013) Original artist: Peter Paul Rubens
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Georges de La Tour
• File:Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg Source: http://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_
371995.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Walters Art Museum: <a href='http://thewalters.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img
alt='Nuvola filesystems folder home.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.
svg/20px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/30px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
8
7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/40px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='128'
data-file-height='128' /></a> Home page <a href='http://art.thewalters.org/detail/6193' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information
icon.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_
icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x'
data-file-width='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Josse Lieferinxe
• File:Lodovico_Carracci_(Italian_-_St._Sebastian_Thrown_into_the_Cloaca_Maxima_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Lodovico_Carracci_%28Italian_-_St._Sebastian_Thrown_into_the_Cloaca_
Maxima_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: swHrqozopNFZnQ at Google Cultural Institute, zoom level
maximum Original artist: Ludovico Carracci
• File:P_christianity.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/P_christianity.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:San_Sebastian_El_Greco.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/San_Sebastian_El_Greco.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/g/greco_el/06/0605grec.jpg' data-xrel='nofollow'><img
alt='Inkscape.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.
svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='60' data-fileheight='60' /></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/g/greco_el/06/0605grec.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information
icon.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_
icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x'
data-file-width='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: El Greco
• File:Sebastia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Sebastia.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Sodoma_003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Sodoma_003.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA
Publishing GmbH. (was corrupt, new version from [1]) Original artist: Il Sodoma
• File:Stsebastian.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Stsebastian.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/art-and-design-in-renaissance-europe-1400-1500/ Original artist: VAwebteam at English
Wikipedia
• File:Woodblock_of_St_Sebastian.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Woodblock_of_St_Sebastian.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: BabelStone
7.3
Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0